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04 Jul 2025, 07:26
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The paleontologist objects to the hypothesis that Parasaurolophus used its crest for loud, long-distance calls. The objection is based on the premise that the call would need to exceed 100 decibels to travel the required distances, and the crest's structure "does not appear capable of producing such high-volume sound."
To rebut this objection, we need to find an option that suggests the crest could have produced high-volume sound, despite its apparent limitations, or that the premise about the crest's sound-producing capabilities is flawed.
Let's analyze each option:
(A) Parasaurolophus likely traveled in herds, where long-distance calls may have had limited usefulness. This option challenges the need for long-distance calls but does not address the paleontologist's specific objection about the crest's ability to produce loud sounds. It doesn't rebut the core of the argument.
(B) Similar hollow-crest structures are found in many other herbivorous dinosaur species. This provides comparative information but doesn't explain how Parasaurolophus' crest (or similar ones) could produce high-volume sounds.
(C) Fossil reconstructions of the Parasaurolophus crest suggest it was reinforced with cartilage, making it slightly more rigid than bone alone. While rigidity might play a role in sound production, "slightly more rigid" doesn't necessarily imply the capability to produce sounds exceeding 100 decibels. It's a weak counter to the paleontologist's strong claim about the volume.
(D) The crest may have served multiple functions, including both sound production and thermoregulation. This suggests additional functions for the crest but doesn't explain how it could produce loud sounds, which is the paleontologist's core objection.
(E) Soft-tissue structures that do not fossilize could have been involved in vocalization in Parasaurolophus. This option directly addresses the paleontologist's objection. The paleontologist's argument is based on the fossilized structure of the crest appearing incapable of producing high-volume sound. If soft-tissue structures (like vocal cords, membranes, or sacs) that don't fossilize were also involved, they could have amplified or modified the sound produced by the crest, allowing it to reach the required decibel levels. This effectively rebuts the paleontologist's conclusion that the crest's apparent structure limits its sound production capability.
Final Answer: E
To rebut this objection, we need to find an option that suggests the crest could have produced high-volume sound, despite its apparent limitations, or that the premise about the crest's sound-producing capabilities is flawed.
Let's analyze each option:
(A) Parasaurolophus likely traveled in herds, where long-distance calls may have had limited usefulness. This option challenges the need for long-distance calls but does not address the paleontologist's specific objection about the crest's ability to produce loud sounds. It doesn't rebut the core of the argument.
(B) Similar hollow-crest structures are found in many other herbivorous dinosaur species. This provides comparative information but doesn't explain how Parasaurolophus' crest (or similar ones) could produce high-volume sounds.
(C) Fossil reconstructions of the Parasaurolophus crest suggest it was reinforced with cartilage, making it slightly more rigid than bone alone. While rigidity might play a role in sound production, "slightly more rigid" doesn't necessarily imply the capability to produce sounds exceeding 100 decibels. It's a weak counter to the paleontologist's strong claim about the volume.
(D) The crest may have served multiple functions, including both sound production and thermoregulation. This suggests additional functions for the crest but doesn't explain how it could produce loud sounds, which is the paleontologist's core objection.
(E) Soft-tissue structures that do not fossilize could have been involved in vocalization in Parasaurolophus. This option directly addresses the paleontologist's objection. The paleontologist's argument is based on the fossilized structure of the crest appearing incapable of producing high-volume sound. If soft-tissue structures (like vocal cords, membranes, or sacs) that don't fossilize were also involved, they could have amplified or modified the sound produced by the crest, allowing it to reach the required decibel levels. This effectively rebuts the paleontologist's conclusion that the crest's apparent structure limits its sound production capability.
Final Answer: E
04 Jul 2025, 07:28
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the structure of the crest does not appear capable of producing such high-volume sound.
this is a question of fine margins.
A)We are trying to prove they did use the crest for communication. however limited it's use.
B) This does't bring any useful information. Lets all animals have it from that time. Still does't tell us if they could communicate via long distances.
C) This is a rebuttal. But a weak one.' making it slightly more rigid than bone alone.' Firstly the change is slight. secondly What is the correlation between rigidity and vocalization?
D) Let them reproduce with their crest. I don't care.
E)Unaccounted for soft tissues enhance vocalization. In the throat in the crest? I don't know. But this does open up possibilities. CORRECT.
this is a question of fine margins.
A)We are trying to prove they did use the crest for communication. however limited it's use.
B) This does't bring any useful information. Lets all animals have it from that time. Still does't tell us if they could communicate via long distances.
C) This is a rebuttal. But a weak one.' making it slightly more rigid than bone alone.' Firstly the change is slight. secondly What is the correlation between rigidity and vocalization?
D) Let them reproduce with their crest. I don't care.
E)Unaccounted for soft tissues enhance vocalization. In the throat in the crest? I don't know. But this does open up possibilities. CORRECT.
Bunuel
04 Jul 2025, 07:30
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(A) Parasaurolophus likely traveled in herds, where long-distance calls may have had limited usefulness.
This actually supports the paleontologist's position by suggesting loud calls were unnecessary. It doesn't challenge the objection about sound production capability.
(B) Similar hollow-crest structures are found in many other herbivorous dinosaur species.
Just because many species had crests doesn't tell us whether Parasaurolophus's crest could produce loud sounds. It's irrelevant to the sound volume debate.
(C) Fossil reconstructions of the Parasaurolophus crest suggest it was reinforced with cartilage, making it slightly more rigid than bone alone.
While this makes the crest slightly stronger, "slightly more rigid" doesn't meaningfully address the >100 decibel requirement. It's too weak a rebuttal.
(D) The crest may have served multiple functions, including both sound production and thermoregulation.
The paleontologist already acknowledges the crest might produce sound. The question is about volume.
(E) Soft-tissue structures that do not fossilize could have been involved in vocalization in Parasaurolophus.
It attacks the paleontologist's main weakness. They're judging sound ability only by bones. It explains how loud sounds could still happen with missing soft tissues.
Answer E
This actually supports the paleontologist's position by suggesting loud calls were unnecessary. It doesn't challenge the objection about sound production capability.
(B) Similar hollow-crest structures are found in many other herbivorous dinosaur species.
Just because many species had crests doesn't tell us whether Parasaurolophus's crest could produce loud sounds. It's irrelevant to the sound volume debate.
(C) Fossil reconstructions of the Parasaurolophus crest suggest it was reinforced with cartilage, making it slightly more rigid than bone alone.
While this makes the crest slightly stronger, "slightly more rigid" doesn't meaningfully address the >100 decibel requirement. It's too weak a rebuttal.
(D) The crest may have served multiple functions, including both sound production and thermoregulation.
The paleontologist already acknowledges the crest might produce sound. The question is about volume.
(E) Soft-tissue structures that do not fossilize could have been involved in vocalization in Parasaurolophus.
It attacks the paleontologist's main weakness. They're judging sound ability only by bones. It explains how loud sounds could still happen with missing soft tissues.
Answer E
