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04 Jul 2025, 03:22
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A. Parasaurolophus likely traveled in herds, where long-distance calls may have had limited usefulness.
This targets the usefulness of the calls, which is not the hypothesis we have to weaken. Incorrect.
B. Similar hollow-crest structures are found in many other herbivorous dinosaur species.
This tells us how common the structures were, not how loud a sound they could produce. Incorrect.
C. Fossil reconstructions of the Parasaurolophus crest suggest it was reinforced with cartilage, making it slightly more rigid than bone alone.
This seems to slightly weaken the hypothesis by suggesting that there was some structure other than bone providing rigidity to the crests, but we don't know if rigidity helps in producing high volume sound. Incorrect.
D. The crest may have served multiple functions, including both sound production and thermoregulation.
What other functions the crest may have had are not relevant. Incorrect.
E. Soft-tissue structures that do not fossilize could have been involved in vocalization in Parasaurolophus.
This suggests that there were some structures that didn't fossilize, but it's possible they could have been used for producing sound. So the bone and soft tissue together could've been enough to produce sounds at the levels required. This is a strong weakener. Correct.
This targets the usefulness of the calls, which is not the hypothesis we have to weaken. Incorrect.
B. Similar hollow-crest structures are found in many other herbivorous dinosaur species.
This tells us how common the structures were, not how loud a sound they could produce. Incorrect.
C. Fossil reconstructions of the Parasaurolophus crest suggest it was reinforced with cartilage, making it slightly more rigid than bone alone.
This seems to slightly weaken the hypothesis by suggesting that there was some structure other than bone providing rigidity to the crests, but we don't know if rigidity helps in producing high volume sound. Incorrect.
D. The crest may have served multiple functions, including both sound production and thermoregulation.
What other functions the crest may have had are not relevant. Incorrect.
E. Soft-tissue structures that do not fossilize could have been involved in vocalization in Parasaurolophus.
This suggests that there were some structures that didn't fossilize, but it's possible they could have been used for producing sound. So the bone and soft tissue together could've been enough to produce sounds at the levels required. This is a strong weakener. Correct.
04 Jul 2025, 03:44
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(A) Irrelevant — questions the usefulness of long-distance calls, not the crest’s ability to produce them.
(B) Irrelevant — presence of similar crests in other species doesn’t address sound volume capability.
(C) Incorrect — slight rigidity increase doesn’t show the crest could exceed 100 decibels.
(D) Off-topic — multiple functions don’t rebut the volume-related objection.
(E) Correct — suggests missing soft tissues could have enabled louder sound production than fossils indicate.
Option E.
(B) Irrelevant — presence of similar crests in other species doesn’t address sound volume capability.
(C) Incorrect — slight rigidity increase doesn’t show the crest could exceed 100 decibels.
(D) Off-topic — multiple functions don’t rebut the volume-related objection.
(E) Correct — suggests missing soft tissues could have enabled louder sound production than fossils indicate.
Option E.
04 Jul 2025, 03:53
Kudos
Bookmarks
(A) Parasaurolophus likely traveled in herds, where long-distance calls may have had limited usefulness.
(B) Similar hollow-crest structures are found in many other herbivorous dinosaur species.
(C) Fossil reconstructions of the Parasaurolophus crest suggest it was reinforced with cartilage, making it slightly more rigid than bone alone.
(D) The crest may have served multiple functions, including both sound production and thermoregulation.
(E) Soft-tissue structures that do not fossilize could have been involved in vocalization in Parasaurolophus.
My guess is C. If we are rebutting the paleontologist's objection, we would have to show that the hypothesis of using the crest to produce resonant calls for long-distance communication is in fact plausible.
(B) Similar hollow-crest structures are found in many other herbivorous dinosaur species.
(C) Fossil reconstructions of the Parasaurolophus crest suggest it was reinforced with cartilage, making it slightly more rigid than bone alone.
(D) The crest may have served multiple functions, including both sound production and thermoregulation.
(E) Soft-tissue structures that do not fossilize could have been involved in vocalization in Parasaurolophus.
My guess is C. If we are rebutting the paleontologist's objection, we would have to show that the hypothesis of using the crest to produce resonant calls for long-distance communication is in fact plausible.
