In establishing economic policy, policymakers usually rely on preexist

Answers are in bold.

1. Which one of the following best describes the organization of the passage?
(A) A predicament is outlined, factors leading up to the predicament are scrutinized, and an example of the predicament is offered.
(B) A phenomenon is described, an implication of the phenomenon is suggested, and an illustration of that implication is offered.
(C) A problem is presented, an example of the problem is provided, and a course of action addressing the problem is suggested.
(D) A generalization is made, evidence supporting the generalization is presented, and a particular instance illustrating the generalization is evaluated.
(E) A particular worldview is explained, its shortcomings are discussed, and an evaluation of these shortcomings is presented.

Explanation of question 1
These are tricky, since you need to go through each choice to make sense if that is the correct arrangement.
A - Predicament - dominant theory loosing credibility?
factors leading to predicament - not really discussed;
example - not for the predicament itself, i.e. there are no examples offered for dominant theory loosing credibility.
This is not the answer.

B - phenomenon - policymakers adapt dominant theory
implication of phenomenon - adversely affect economic development of developing nations
illustration of implication - when IMF forced many countries to follow neoclassical policies, that turned out to be disastrous for these countries.
This choice looks good.

C - problem - dominant theory loosing credibility
example of problem - none given
course of action - also not given

D - there is no generalisation made, so we will skip this choice.

E - this is also a close choice.
worldview - There is definitely a view, the view of adoption of dominant development theory, but I do not think this is a WORLD view. It is a view of the author.
worldview's shotcomings - shortcomings are it is loosing credibility, as a result of FLAWS. These flaws are the shortcomings. But it is not discussed what flaws in particular.
evaluation of shortcomings - Definitely not evaluated the flaws.
This is not the answer.
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2. Which one of the following best describes the relationship of the second paragraph to the passage as a whole?
(A) It predicts a future development.
(B) It qualifies an assertion made earlier by the author.
(C) It introduces a hypothesis that the author later expands upon.
(D) It clarifies a claim made in the preceding paragraph.
(E) It presents a counterexample to a general thesis.

Explanation of question 2
We do not have para demarcation in this passage, possibly because of formatting errors. but we kind of know what the two sides of the passage are -a)there is a problem for countries with established economy, and b) what happens in developing (not established economy) nations.
So we can actually demarcate the two paragraphs, based on what the author intends to mean.

In establishing economic policy, policymakers
usually rely on preexisting models of development and
tend to adopt the dominant development theory of their
era. With dominant theories quickly losing credibility
(5) as a result of flaws exposed through their application,
alternative theories often take hold. Such intellectual
shifts are welcome in academia, but can adversely affect
the economic development of developing nations.

Unlike most first-world countries whose economic
(10) policies are subject to scrutiny by democratically-elected
government officials and tend to change gradually,
developing nations can be easily compelled to accept
structural adjustment policies by international regimes
such as the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the
(15) International Monetary Fund (IMF). In the early 1980’s,
for instance, the IMF forced many developing countries
to accept neoclassical policies in return for funding. This
quickly devalued the states’ currency, cut government
spending, raised prices, and phrased out agricultural
(20) subsidies. By compelling developing countries to abolish
trade protections and participate in free trade regimes,
the IMF left those markets vulnerable to exploitation and
predation.

Now thats more like it. We are now equipped to answer this question.

A - It does predicts a future development - IMF left those markets vulnerable to exploitation and predation. But look at what the question is asking... relationship of the 2nd para with the passage as a whole. So in the context of the whole passage, predicting a future development is not the intended function of the second paragraph.
B - There was an assertion made earlier by the author. But is this qualifying that assertion? I don't think so.
C -It is more describing than introducing a new hypothesis.
D - This is our answer. Lets see what the claim was - but can adversely affect the economic development of developing nations. Ok so this was the claim. Then in the second paragraph the author say this - "the IMF left those markets vulnerable to exploitation and predation." So that is the structure of the second paragraph which clarifies the claim made in the first para.
E - this is not a counter-example. This is not countering an argument.

1. Which one of the following best describes the organization of the passage?

(A) A predicament is outlined, factors leading up to the predicament are scrutinized, and an example of the predicament is offered. (correct)
(B) A phenomenon is described, an implication of the phenomenon is suggested, and an illustration of that implication is offered.
This is not a phenomenon
(C) A problem is presented, an example of the problem is provided, and a course of action addressing the problem is suggested.
There is no course of action
(D) A generalization is made, evidence supporting the generalization is presented, and a particular instance illustrating the generalization is evaluated.
A generalization is incorrect
(E) A particular worldview is explained, its shortcomings are discussed, and an evaluation of these shortcomings is presented. evaluation is not done

2. Which one of the following best describes the relationship of the second paragraph to the passage as a whole?
second para states the example of the preeceding problem faced by some economies.
(A) It predicts a future development. ( no future development is given only a ex of a problem is given
(B) It qualifies an assertion made earlier by the author. ( Correct)
(C) It introduces a hypothesis that the author later expands upon. The second paa contains a fact not hypothesis
(D) It clarifies a claim made in the preceding paragraph. The claim statd in preceeding para doesn't need clatification
(E) It presents a counterexample to a general thesis. No counterexample is provided. The example in line with the main point of the author is stated.

The para can be summarized in the following parts -
Part - 1: The making of an economic policy follows a particular technique
Part - 2: But this technique involves a sort of experimentation, which can be deterimental to the economies of the developing nations.
Part - 3: An instance of such experimentation is mentioned with its potential detrimental impact

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1. Which one of the following best describes the organization of the passage?

(A) A predicament is outlined, factors leading up to the predicament are scrutinized, and an example of the predicament is offered.[No scrutiny of factors done]
(B) A phenomenon is described, an implication of the phenomenon is suggested, and an illustration of that implication is offered.
(C) A problem is presented, an example of the problem is provided, and a course of action addressing the problem is suggested.[No adressing of the problems is done]
(D) A generalization is made, evidence supporting the generalization is presented, and a particular instance illustrating the generalization is evaluated. [No two examples are provided in the passage]
(E) A particular worldview is explained, its shortcomings are discussed, and an evaluation of these shortcomings is presented.[No mention of instance from the passage in this option]

Answer should be B, IMO. Elimination points mentioned against each option

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2. Which one of the following best describes the relationship of the second paragraph to the passage as a whole?

(A) It predicts a future development.[The para as a whole mentions instances of the past. Nothing related to future development here]
(B) It qualifies an assertion made earlier by the author.
(C) It introduces a hypothesis that the author later expands upon. [No new hypothesis introduced. Extended discussion is being done on the intital points]
(D) It clarifies a claim made in the preceding paragraph.
(E) It presents a counterexample to a general thesis.[No counter example presented. The whole passage is supporting the primary point]

I am not sure from where the second para starts but from the looks of it, it appears to start from 'Unlike most first-world countries whose economic (10) policies'

Answer, in respect to this being the start of the second para, should be D, IMO.

Was confused which to choose between B and D, but selected D because 'Qualifies' in option B seems to exemplify the initial assertion by the author.
But we know that this is not the case. The author is trying to build on the initial points mentioned by clarifying what the idea leads to in the real world.
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Q1.
A. There is no predicament discussed.
B. Policymaking is not a phenomenon.
C. Again, policymaking is not a problem.
D. Generalisation is made. "In establishing economic policy, policymakers usually rely on preexisting models of development and tend to adopt the dominant development theory of their era." This is generalisation, as it talks about policymakers as a whole, there could be exceptions. No evidence for genralisation is presented.
E. Correct This is the worldview of the author - "In establishing economic policy, policymakers usually rely on preexisting models of development and tend to adopt the dominant development theory of their era."
This is the shortcoming - "Such intellectual shifts are welcome in academia, but can adversely affect the economic development of developing nations."
The example of IMF forcing and the implications of such a move can be the evaluation of the shortcomings of such a worldview.

Q2. (assuming that para2 starts from line9)
A. No prediction
B. Almost true and close. But the para2 has nothing to "qualify" the assertion.
C. No hypothesis presented.
D. Correct Claim - " Such intellectual shifts are welcome in academia, but can adversely affect the economic development of developing nations." The entire para2 explains further on the claim.
E. No counter example presented.

1. Which one of the following best describes the organization of the passage?

(A) A predicament is outlined, factors leading up to the predicament are scrutinized, and an example of the predicament is offered.
(B) A phenomenon is described, an implication of the phenomenon is suggested, and an illustration of that implication is offered.
(C) A problem is presented, an example of the problem is provided, and a course of action addressing the problem is suggested.
(D) A generalization is made, evidence supporting the generalization is presented, and a particular instance illustrating the generalization is evaluated.
(E) A particular worldview is explained, its shortcomings are discussed, and an evaluation of these shortcomings is presented.


Correct Answer - E
Explanation: the passage, presents a view of how economic policies are established, then how are those policies beneficial for developed countries and not for developing countries is detailed, and then an example of the same has been mentioned in the end.
Options A,B, C,D,- we cannot say that's is a problem or a phenomenon or a predicament, its just a view of the author, and how the world views these economic policies differently.




2. Which one of the following best describes the relationship of the second paragraph to the passage as a whole?

(A) It predicts a future development.
(B) It qualifies an assertion made earlier by the author.
(C) It introduces a hypothesis that the author later expands upon.
(D) It clarifies a claim made in the preceding paragraph.
(E) It presents a counterexample to a general thesis.

Not sure where is the 2nd para mentioned, here is my answer:

Correct Answer - B
Explanation - as the author concludes the passage by mentioning: "By compelling developing countries to abolish trade protections and participate in free trade regimes, the IMF left those markets vulnerable to exploitation and predation.", implies that author agrees with what's mentioned earlier in the passage, and the this is a consequence of the same.
So B seems most appropriate.
Option A - no future development is predicted.
Option C - opposite of the same is true.
Options D,E - incorrect, as seems irrelevant to what's mentioned in the passage.

OAs of this RC are

1. B
2. D

Good work done by AnirudhaS and adstudy.

Please could you prove the OE for Q2.

I have a doubt in second question

why can we not consider the part written below as a Hypothesis that has been explained

"Unlike most first-world countries whose economic
(10) policies are subject to scrutiny by democratically-elected
government officials and tend to change gradually,
developing nations can be easily compelled to accept
structural adjustment policies by international regimes
such as the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the
(15) International Monetary Fund (IMF)."

Read explanation of question #2 in the link given below

https://gmatclub.com/forum/in-establish ... l#p2646281

Thank you

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