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26 May 2024, 02:11
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E
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
45%
(medium)
Question Stats:
51% (00:46) correct
49%
(00:46)
wrong
based on 717
sessions
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Is there a causal relationship between smoking and lung cancer?
(1) Research consistently shows a strong correlation between smoking and the development of lung cancer
(2) Some medical researchers support a proposed mechanism by which smoking could cause lung cancer.
ID: 700322
(1) Research consistently shows a strong correlation between smoking and the development of lung cancer
(2) Some medical researchers support a proposed mechanism by which smoking could cause lung cancer.
ID: 700322
Source: OG 2025-25 Code: 700322
20 Jul 2024, 09:32
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RJ_Joker
[url=https://gmatclub.com:443/forum/memberlist.php?mode=viewprofile&un=GMATNinja%5D%5Bb%5DGMATNinja%5B/b%5D%5B/url%5D requesting your explanation for the same. How come its D. Why not B?
Well, this is a weird one, but weird is not uncommon these days. 
We're asked if there's a causal relationship between smoking and lung cancer -- in other words, does smoking cause lung cancer? Straightforward enough.
Quote:
Research consistently shows a strong correlation between smoking and the development of lung cancer
If you've taken a statistics class, you're probably very tired of hearing that correlation is not causation, but... well, correlation is not causation. The fact that smoking and lung cancer are correlated doesn't mean one causes the other. Maybe drinking bourbon causes lung cancer and people who smoke are more likely to drink bourbon. Maybe people who have lung cancer are more likely to start smoking after their diagnosis.
We simply don't know. So this statement is not sufficient.
Quote:
Some medical researchers support a proposed mechanism by which smoking could cause lung cancer.
Okay, great. So there's a proposed mechanism, meaning that there's some theoretical way smoking could cause lung cancer. Is there any evidence to support that the proposed mechanism is, you know, correct? We don't know. We know that "some" researchers support the "proposed" mechanism, but have no idea whether it's actually correct. So this statement is insufficient, too.
Taken together, all we have is a correlation -- which isn't causation -- and a theoretical mechanism, which isn't actual evidence. So even together, the statements are not sufficient. The answer is (E).
I hope that helps!
General Discussion
26 May 2024, 11:27
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Is there a causal relationship between smoking and lung cancer?
(1) Research consistently shows a strong correlation between smoking and the development of lung cancer.
(2) Some medical researchers support a proposed mechanism by which smoking could cause lung cancer.
Source: OG 2025-25 Code: 700322
OFFICIAL EXPLANATION
Inference
(1) Research-based evidence has consistently shown a high positive correlation between smoking and lung cancer. A strong positive correlation between two factors P and Q indicates that there is a similar pattern of variation in data for P and data for Q (the degree of similarity can vary). For example, long-term data might show that as smoking increases in a population, the data regarding the incidence of lung cancer increases in tandem. Over several years, if the data regarding smoking in a population decreases, the data for lung cancer might also decrease. In both cases, a positive correlation occurs. But such a statistical pattern, by itself, can, at best, suggest some association or dependency, direct or indirect, between the two factors smoking and lung cancer. But correlation evidence, by itself, provides no proof of a causal relationship; NOT sufficient.
(2) The information provided is insufficiently specific to sustain a claim that smoking is causally related to lung cancer. What (2) indicates is a hypothesis proposed by some researchers, but no information is provided to indicate confirmation of that hypothesis; NOT sufficient.
The correct answer is E; both statements together are still not sufficient.
(1) Research consistently shows a strong correlation between smoking and the development of lung cancer.
(2) Some medical researchers support a proposed mechanism by which smoking could cause lung cancer.
Source: OG 2025-25 Code: 700322
OFFICIAL EXPLANATION
Inference
(1) Research-based evidence has consistently shown a high positive correlation between smoking and lung cancer. A strong positive correlation between two factors P and Q indicates that there is a similar pattern of variation in data for P and data for Q (the degree of similarity can vary). For example, long-term data might show that as smoking increases in a population, the data regarding the incidence of lung cancer increases in tandem. Over several years, if the data regarding smoking in a population decreases, the data for lung cancer might also decrease. In both cases, a positive correlation occurs. But such a statistical pattern, by itself, can, at best, suggest some association or dependency, direct or indirect, between the two factors smoking and lung cancer. But correlation evidence, by itself, provides no proof of a causal relationship; NOT sufficient.
(2) The information provided is insufficiently specific to sustain a claim that smoking is causally related to lung cancer. What (2) indicates is a hypothesis proposed by some researchers, but no information is provided to indicate confirmation of that hypothesis; NOT sufficient.
The correct answer is E; both statements together are still not sufficient.
