Many scholars have theorized that economic development, particularly i

Many scholars have theorized that economic development, particularly industrialization and urbanization, contributes to the growth of participatory democracy; according to this theory, it would seem logical that women would both demand and gain suffrage in ever greater numbers whenever economic development expanded their economic opportunities. However, the economic development theory is inadequate to explain certain historical facts about the implementation of women's suffrage. For example, why was women's suffrage, instituted nationally in the United States in 1920, not instituted nationally in Switzerland until the 1970's? Industrialization was well advanced in both countries by 1920: over 33 percent of American workers were employed in various industries, as compared to 44 percent of Swiss workers. Granted, Switzerland and the United States diverged in the degree to which the expansion of industry coincide with the degree of urbanization: only 29 percent of the Swiss population lived in cities of 10,000 or more inhabitants by 1920. However, urbanization cannot fully explain women's suffrage. Within the United States prior to 1920, for example, only less urbanized states had granted women suffrage. Similarly, less urbanized countries such as Cambodia and Ghana had voting rights for women long before Switzerland did. It is true that Switzerland urbanized cantons (political subdivisions) generally enacted women's suffrage legislation earlier than did rural cantons. However, these cantons often shared other characteristics—similar linguistic background and strong leftist parties—that may help to explain this phenomenon.

1. The primary purpose of the passage is to

A. contrast two explanations for the implementation of women's suffrage
B. demonstrate that one factor contributes more than another factor to the implementation of women's suffrage
C. discuss the applicability of a theory for explaining the implementation of women's suffrage
D. clarify certain assumptions underlying a particular theory about the implementation of women's suffrage
E. explain how a particular historical occurrence was causally connected to the implementation of women's suffrage

2. The passage states which of the following about Switzerland's urbanized cantons?

A. These cantons shared characteristics other than urbanization that may have contributed to their implementation of women's suffrage.
B. These cantons tended to be more politically divided than were rural cantons.
C. These cantons shared with certain rural cantons characteristics such as similar linguistic backgrounds and strong leftist parties.
D. The populations of these cantons shared similar views because urbanization furthered the diffusion of ideas among them.
E. These cantons were comparable to the most highly urbanized states in the United States in their stance toward the implementation of women's suffrage.


3. The passage suggests which of the following about urbanization in Switzerland and the United States by 1920?

A. A greater percentage of Swiss industrial workers than American industrial workers lived in urban areas.
B. There were more cities of 10,000 or more inhabitants in Switzerland than there were in the United States.
C. Swiss workers living in urban areas were more likely to be employed in industry than were American workers living in urban areas.
D. Urbanized areas of Switzerland were more likely than similar areas in the United States to have strong leftist parties.
E. A greater percentage of the United States population than the Swiss population lived in urban areas.
4. The passage suggests which of the following about states in the United States prior to 1920?

A. The states that were not highly urbanized were slow to grant women's suffrage.
B. The states that were highly urbanized were the most influential in determining national policies regarding suffrage.
C. The most highly urbanized states were more likely to have strong leftist parties.
D. The most highly urbanized states were not necessarily the most industrialized ones.
E. The most highly urbanized states had not yet granted women's suffrage.
5. According to the passage, the scholars mentioned in the highlighted text assert which of the following about the growth of participatory democracy within a particular nation?

A. It is not necessarily correlated with increasing income and opportunities for women in that nation.
B. It is not necessarily related to the implementation of women's suffrage within that nation.
C. It cannot adequately explain the nation's level of economic development.
D. It tends to be encouraged by the occurrence of industrialization in that nation.
E. It is to increase with the growth of leftist parties in that nation.