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Bunuel
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daagh
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People have discovered the principles of solar energy whenever fuel becomes scarce and expensive but will forget them every time a new source of cheap energy is developed.

from above we can figure out that we want to convey a fact so present tense is best way to convey this so A,B,C are out .
Note we need to express condition so whenever is correct usage .

(A) have discovered the principles of solar energy whenever fuel becomes scarce and expensive but will forget (doesn't make logical sense - the tenses don't match and mess up meaning )
(B) have discovered the principles of solar energy whenever fuel has become scarce and expensive but they forget
(C) discovered the principles of solar energy every time fuel becomes scarce and expensive, forgetting


(D) discover the principles of solar energy every time(THIS EVERYTIME DOESN'T FIT HERE AS WE ARE EXPRESSING A CONDITION) fuel became (BECOMES) scarce and expensive, but they forget
(E) discover the principles of solar energy whenever fuel becomes scarce and expensive but forget -CORRECT PRESENT TENSE AND CONDITIONAL WHENEVER
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The clues to solve this quickly are in the non-underlined parts of the sentence.

The use of every time with the use of whenever tells us that it’s a recurring event, which some others have pointed out by saying that this amounts to a fact. We have to use the present tense with every time in this sentence even if we do not know about the conditional quality that whenever introduces.

For this reason we can eliminate A, B, and C.

With Option D – there is a became that is hiding in this. Eliminate.

Option E is the best option. Discover and Forget are parallel and this satisfies the condition of whenever.

Hope this helps!
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Parallelism and verbtense maintained
discover(Simple present ) but forget (Simple present)
fuel becomes scarce and expensive

E is correct
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