| Critical Reasoning Butler: April 2025 |
| April 23 | CR 1 | CR 2 |
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CR 1 Many skin-whitening creams and similar cosmetics utilize heavy metal compounds to block the production of the skin pigment melanin. The metal compounds bleach the skin by destroying melanocytes, the cells that produce melanin, lightening the skin’s tone. Critics fear that exposure to these compounds could have numerous negative health effects, including a heightened risk of skin cancer, but a defender responds, “The average dose of metal compounds absorbed via skin-whitening creams is less than what one might absorb from a few minutes of exposure to gasoline smoke. Using these creams will not hurt anyone.”
Which of the following issues would it be most important to resolve in evaluating the dispute concerning the health effects of the skin-whitening creams?
A. Whether the creams affect all areas that they are applied to equally
B. Whether treatments for hyperpigmentation disorders use metal compounds to reduce melanin production
C. Whether the typical amount described by the defender is the amount absorbed via one use or a cumulative amount, absorbed over a lifetime
D. The cultural impact of skin-whitening creams
E. Whether the skin-whitening creams were tested for safety on a broad cross-section of the population
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CR 2 Prosecutor: The current Mayor of Tivo was elected in 2015. Each year since then, at least seven companies have been prosecuted for violating anti-pollution laws. In 2015, under the previous mayor, only two companies were prosecuted for violating anti-pollution laws. So, the previous mayor was more tolerant of polluters than the new one is.
Journalist: But in 2015, far fewer companies actually violated the anti-pollution laws, and now many more companies regularly do so.
The journalist challenges the prosecutor’s argument by doing which of the following?
A) Including data from further into the past than the prosecutor’s data
B) Highlighting that the argument illegitimately forms a general conclusion with a sample of only a few cases as a basis
C) Challenging the veracity of the evidence presented in support of the conclusion reached by the prosecutor
D) Introducing evidence that undercuts an assumption in the argument made by the prosecutor
E) Stating that the argument assumes that information about some members of a group applies to all members of that group