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Hi,

The phrase starting with "each argument" is a modifier phrase. ie. it adds some more info to the clauses present before it.

In that sense trying to find a subject in this modifier phrase would be wrong IMO.

Regards,
Dom.
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Between A and D, I choose A. the underlined sentence is a modifier adding additional information about the each of the arguments made. If you use a pronoun here it may refer argument or conclusion which doesn't make any sense.
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GMATNinja, Can you please help here to understand how A is correct?

Choice C and E are definitely out. In choice C, its refers to all and in choice E, their modifies every.

Grammatically, All other seems OK.

Also I have a doubt in the given, non-underlined sentence -

The existence of the soul, a controversial philosophic idea, has been the subject of various arguments

This appears to be a complete independent clause, don't we need conjunction to join this with another clause?
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B,C,D,E - run-on sentences.

A is the clear winner
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@Mikemcgarry- can you please help as you did an article on On the White Bus. Please help us understand what is going on this sentence. Many thanks!
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KungFuGmat
@Mikemcgarry- can you please help as you did an article on On the White Bus. Please help us understand what is going on this sentence. Many thanks!

Hi KungFuGmat,

Let me try

The existence of the soul, a controversial philosophic idea, has been the subject of various arguments, each argument a carefully considered conclusion based on a particular moral outlook.

each argument a carefully considered conclusion based on a - Noun + Noun Modifier modifying argument

all arguments carefully considered conclusions based on their - meaning error - arguments are not having their own particular moral books

all the arguments carefully considered conclusions based on its - Prounoun and meaning error

each argument is a carefully considered conclusion based on its - two ICs can not be separated by just a comma + meaning error

every argument is a carefully considered conclusion based on their - same as D
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RMD007
GMATNinja, Can you please help here to understand how A is correct?

Choice C and E are definitely out. In choice C, its refers to all and in choice E, their modifies every.

Grammatically, All other seems OK.

Also I have a doubt in the given, non-underlined sentence -

The existence of the soul, a controversial philosophic idea, has been the subject of various arguments

This appears to be a complete independent clause, don't we need conjunction to join this with another clause?

This would only apply to D and E, which are certainly wrong. None of the others present a second independent clause, so this isn't a concern. AS Kchaudhary points out, in the correct version, we just have a modifier that applies to "arguments."
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