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Question 1
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
35%
(medium)
Question Stats:
60% (02:39) correct
40%
(02:49) wrong
based on 4175
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Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Question 2
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Difficulty:
65%
(hard)
Question Stats:
43% (01:03) correct 57%
(01:05) wrong
based on 4016
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History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Question 3
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
35%
(medium)
Question Stats:
67% (01:18) correct 33%
(01:35) wrong
based on 3936
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
According to P. F. Drucker, the management philosophy known as Total Quality Management (TQM), which is designed to be adopted consistently throughout an organization and to improve customer service by using sampling theory to reduce the variability of a product's quality, can work successfully in conjunction with two older management systems. As Drucker notes, TQM's scientific approach is consistent with the statistical sampling techniques of the "rationalist" school of scientific management, and the organizational structure associated with TQM is consistent with the social and psychological emphases of the "human relations" school of management.
However, TQM cannot simply be grafted onto these systems or onto certain other non-TQM management systems. Although, as Drucker contends, TQM shares with such systems the ultimate objective of increasing profitability, TQM requires fundamentally different strategies. While the other management systems referred to use upper management decision-making and employee specialization to maximize shareholder profits over the short term, TQM envisions the interests of employees, shareholders, and customers as convergent. For example, lower prices not only benefit consumers but also enhance an organization's competitive edge and ensure its continuance, thus benefiting employees and owners. TQM's emphasis on shared interests is reflected in the decentralized decision-making, integrated production activity, and lateral structure of organizations that achieve the benefits of TQM.
However, TQM cannot simply be grafted onto these systems or onto certain other non-TQM management systems. Although, as Drucker contends, TQM shares with such systems the ultimate objective of increasing profitability, TQM requires fundamentally different strategies. While the other management systems referred to use upper management decision-making and employee specialization to maximize shareholder profits over the short term, TQM envisions the interests of employees, shareholders, and customers as convergent. For example, lower prices not only benefit consumers but also enhance an organization's competitive edge and ensure its continuance, thus benefiting employees and owners. TQM's emphasis on shared interests is reflected in the decentralized decision-making, integrated production activity, and lateral structure of organizations that achieve the benefits of TQM.
1. The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A) point out contradictions in a new management system
(B) compare and contrast the objectives of various management systems
(C) identify the organizational features shared by various management systems
(D) explain the relationship of a particular management system to certain other management systems
(E) explain the advantages of a particular management system over certain other management systems
(A) point out contradictions in a new management system
(B) compare and contrast the objectives of various management systems
(C) identify the organizational features shared by various management systems
(D) explain the relationship of a particular management system to certain other management systems
(E) explain the advantages of a particular management system over certain other management systems
This question asks you to evaluate the relationship between the two paragraphs in the passage. The best choice is the third. Drucker's claim is presented in the first paragraph and is qualified in the second paragraph: However, TQM cannot simply be grafted onto these systems or onto certain other non-TQM management systems.
The first choice is not correct. While TQM's consistency with other management styles might conceivably be interpreted as a phenomenon presented in the first paragraph, the second paragraph clearly does not present contrasting explanations of this consistency.
The second choice is also incorrect. The first paragraph reports Drucker’s claim, which could be construed as applying generally to various uses of the two older systems, but the position expressed in the second paragraph is a general qualification of Drucker’s position and does not offer an exception.
While Drucker's assertion is correctly identified in the fourth choice as a claim, the second paragraph does not provide an example that strengthens the claim.
The fifth choice is also incorrect; the first paragraph does not discuss a problem, and the second paragraph does not clearly offer an alternative approach.
The first choice is not correct. While TQM's consistency with other management styles might conceivably be interpreted as a phenomenon presented in the first paragraph, the second paragraph clearly does not present contrasting explanations of this consistency.
The second choice is also incorrect. The first paragraph reports Drucker’s claim, which could be construed as applying generally to various uses of the two older systems, but the position expressed in the second paragraph is a general qualification of Drucker’s position and does not offer an exception.
While Drucker's assertion is correctly identified in the fourth choice as a claim, the second paragraph does not provide an example that strengthens the claim.
The fifth choice is also incorrect; the first paragraph does not discuss a problem, and the second paragraph does not clearly offer an alternative approach.
(A) It presents contrasting explanations for a phenomenon presented in the first paragraph.
(B) It discusses an exception to a general principle outlined in the first paragraph.
(C) It provides information that qualifies a claim presented in the first paragraph.
(D) It presents an example that strengthens a claim presented in the first paragraph.
(E) It presents an alternative approach to solving a problem discussed in the first paragraph.
3. According to the passage, the rationalist and human relations schools of management are alike in that they
A. are primarily interested in increasing profits
B. place little emphasis on issues of organizational structure
C. use statistical sampling techniques to increase profitability
D. are unlikely to lower prices in order to increase profitability
E. focus chiefly on setting and attaining long-term objectives
A. are primarily interested in increasing profits
B. place little emphasis on issues of organizational structure
C. use statistical sampling techniques to increase profitability
D. are unlikely to lower prices in order to increase profitability
E. focus chiefly on setting and attaining long-term objectives
Solving this question helps.
Taking a timed set of similar questions in
GMAT Club Forum Quiz →
is even better.
ShashankDave
Joined: 03 Apr 2013
Last visit: 25 Jan 2020
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Location: India
Concentration: Marketing, Finance
Schools: McDonough '21 (A) Kelley '21 ISB '21 (I)
GMAT 1: 740 Q50 V41
GPA: 3
Got all Correct. Here's my 2 cents regarding explanations..I request Experts to comment on my analysis.
1. The primary purpose of the passage is to
A. point out contradictions in a new management system
No. It's not indicated anywhere in the passage whether any of the discussed management methods is "new"
B. compare and contrast the objectives of various management systems
No. In totality 3 methods have been discussed in the passage - rational school, human relations school, and TQM. In the second paragraph, it has been mentioned that the objective of all the three methods is to increase the profitability. Quoting from the passage - Although, as Drucker contends, TQM shares with such systems the ultimate objective of increasing profitability, TQM requires fundamentally different strategies.
C. identify the organizational features shared by various management systems
No. Although the first paragraph discuss primarily this only, but the complete passage is about something else as the author argues something entirely different in the second paragraph.
D. explain the relationship of a particular management system to certain other management systems
Yes. In the first paragraph, the author discusses what someone else has said about the relation between TQM and the other two schools. In the second paragraph, the author sets out to explain that TQM cannot simply be used with the other two methods by pointing out the differences between TQM and the other schools. In all, the author is trying to convince that the relationship is not exactly as close as it may seem to be.
E. explain the advantages of a particular management system over certain other management systems
No. This can be tricky. Yes, the author has pointed out that TQM cares about employees, shareholders, and customers alike, while the other systems only worry about shareholders. But if you read closely, you would understand that the author has discussed WHAT THE STRATEGIES ARE RATHER THAN POINTING OUT ANY STRATEGY AS BEING ADVANTAGEOUS OVER THE OTHER.
2. Which of the following best describes the relationship of the second paragraph to the first paragraph?
A. It presents contrasting explanations for a phenomenon presented in the first paragraph.
No. What "phenomenon"? There is no such thing in the passage. What "contrasting explanations"? Only differences between strategies and why TQM cannot be used with the other systems has been discussed, not any "contrasting explanations". Out of Scope
B. It discusses an exception to a general principle outlined in the first paragraph.
No. What "general principle"? Out of Scope.
C. It provides information that qualifies a claim presented in the first paragraph.
Yes. "qualifies" means to reduce in strength or value. The first paragraph makes a claim that TQM can be used with the other 2 systems. But the second paragraph says that TQM cannot be used with the other systems because of underlying fundamental differences. So the second paragraph weakens the claim made in the first paragraph.
D. It presents an example that strengthens a claim presented in the first paragraph.
No. The exact opposite has happened.
E. It presents an alternative approach to solving a problem discussed in the first paragraph.
No. No alternative approach has been discussed, and no "problem" has been talked about. Moreover, no "solution" has been discussed.
3. According to the passage, the rationalist and human relations schools of management are alike in that they
A. are primarily interested in increasing profits
Yes. Read the lines in the second paragraph - "While the other management systems referred to use upper management decision-making and employee specialization to maximize shareholder profits over the short term, TQM envisions the interests of employees, shareholders, and customers as convergent."
A line before this points out that the "ultimate objective" is to increase profitability.
B. place little emphasis on issues of organizational structure
No. We can't say as it has not been explicitly stated
C. use statistical sampling techniques to increase profitability
No. Only "rational" school has this, not "human relations"
D. are unlikely to lower prices in order to increase profitability
No. Nothing in the passage points to this
E. focus chiefly on setting and attaining long-term objectives
No. It has been stated that both have "short term objectives"
1. The primary purpose of the passage is to
A. point out contradictions in a new management system
No. It's not indicated anywhere in the passage whether any of the discussed management methods is "new"
B. compare and contrast the objectives of various management systems
No. In totality 3 methods have been discussed in the passage - rational school, human relations school, and TQM. In the second paragraph, it has been mentioned that the objective of all the three methods is to increase the profitability. Quoting from the passage - Although, as Drucker contends, TQM shares with such systems the ultimate objective of increasing profitability, TQM requires fundamentally different strategies.
C. identify the organizational features shared by various management systems
No. Although the first paragraph discuss primarily this only, but the complete passage is about something else as the author argues something entirely different in the second paragraph.
D. explain the relationship of a particular management system to certain other management systems
Yes. In the first paragraph, the author discusses what someone else has said about the relation between TQM and the other two schools. In the second paragraph, the author sets out to explain that TQM cannot simply be used with the other two methods by pointing out the differences between TQM and the other schools. In all, the author is trying to convince that the relationship is not exactly as close as it may seem to be.
E. explain the advantages of a particular management system over certain other management systems
No. This can be tricky. Yes, the author has pointed out that TQM cares about employees, shareholders, and customers alike, while the other systems only worry about shareholders. But if you read closely, you would understand that the author has discussed WHAT THE STRATEGIES ARE RATHER THAN POINTING OUT ANY STRATEGY AS BEING ADVANTAGEOUS OVER THE OTHER.
2. Which of the following best describes the relationship of the second paragraph to the first paragraph?
A. It presents contrasting explanations for a phenomenon presented in the first paragraph.
No. What "phenomenon"? There is no such thing in the passage. What "contrasting explanations"? Only differences between strategies and why TQM cannot be used with the other systems has been discussed, not any "contrasting explanations". Out of Scope
B. It discusses an exception to a general principle outlined in the first paragraph.
No. What "general principle"? Out of Scope.
C. It provides information that qualifies a claim presented in the first paragraph.
Yes. "qualifies" means to reduce in strength or value. The first paragraph makes a claim that TQM can be used with the other 2 systems. But the second paragraph says that TQM cannot be used with the other systems because of underlying fundamental differences. So the second paragraph weakens the claim made in the first paragraph.
D. It presents an example that strengthens a claim presented in the first paragraph.
No. The exact opposite has happened.
E. It presents an alternative approach to solving a problem discussed in the first paragraph.
No. No alternative approach has been discussed, and no "problem" has been talked about. Moreover, no "solution" has been discussed.
3. According to the passage, the rationalist and human relations schools of management are alike in that they
A. are primarily interested in increasing profits
Yes. Read the lines in the second paragraph - "While the other management systems referred to use upper management decision-making and employee specialization to maximize shareholder profits over the short term, TQM envisions the interests of employees, shareholders, and customers as convergent."
A line before this points out that the "ultimate objective" is to increase profitability.
B. place little emphasis on issues of organizational structure
No. We can't say as it has not been explicitly stated
C. use statistical sampling techniques to increase profitability
No. Only "rational" school has this, not "human relations"
D. are unlikely to lower prices in order to increase profitability
No. Nothing in the passage points to this
E. focus chiefly on setting and attaining long-term objectives
No. It has been stated that both have "short term objectives"
sayantanc2k
Expert
Joined: 14 Dec 2013
Last visit: 09 Dec 2022
Posts: 2,391
Location: Germany
GMAT 1: 780 Q50 V47
WE:Corporate Finance (Pharmaceuticals and Biotech)
Expert reply
2. Which of the following best describes the relationship of the second paragraph to the first paragraph?
(A) It presents contrasting explanations for a phenomenon presented in the first paragraph.
(B) It discusses an exception to a general principle outlined in the first paragraph.
(C) It provides information that qualifies a claim presented in the first paragraph.
(D) It presents an example that strengthens a claim presented in the first paragraph.
(E) It presents an alternative approach to solving a problem discussed in the first paragraph.
Responding to a PM. Why option C is better than option B?
The fastest way to eliminate option B (without going into the details below) would be to mark the word "an" before "exception" and realize that there are more than one systems mentioned in paragraph B.
Now to details....
Option B: The first paragraph describes a general PRINCIPLE. The second discusses AN EXCEPTION.
The PRINCIPLE in the first paragraph is that TQM is consistent with rationalist school and HR school. In order for B to be correct, we require an example which is an EXCEPTION to this principle, i.e. an example (exception) that shows that TQM is NOT consistent with rationalist and HR schools. Such exception is not shown in paragraph 2.
Moreover the second paragraph does not discuss AN (one) exception (even if it were an exception), but many other systems that are not consistent with TQM:
Option C: First paragraph presents a CLAIM. The second provides information that QUALIFIES the claim.
The claim is that TQM CAN WORK SUCCESSFULLY in conjunction with 2 other principles. The PRINCIPLE mentioned above (TQM is consistent with rationalist school and HR school) is used to support this claim.
The second paragraph qualifies the claim providing the information that TQM cannot be grafted to other non-TQM systems ( i.e. TQM is not consistent with other systems) and thereby adds reservation to the above CLAIM. ( qualify = add reservation to)
Therefore C is better than B.
(A) It presents contrasting explanations for a phenomenon presented in the first paragraph.
(B) It discusses an exception to a general principle outlined in the first paragraph.
(C) It provides information that qualifies a claim presented in the first paragraph.
(D) It presents an example that strengthens a claim presented in the first paragraph.
(E) It presents an alternative approach to solving a problem discussed in the first paragraph.
Responding to a PM. Why option C is better than option B?
The fastest way to eliminate option B (without going into the details below) would be to mark the word "an" before "exception" and realize that there are more than one systems mentioned in paragraph B.
Now to details....
Option B: The first paragraph describes a general PRINCIPLE. The second discusses AN EXCEPTION.
The PRINCIPLE in the first paragraph is that TQM is consistent with rationalist school and HR school. In order for B to be correct, we require an example which is an EXCEPTION to this principle, i.e. an example (exception) that shows that TQM is NOT consistent with rationalist and HR schools. Such exception is not shown in paragraph 2.
Moreover the second paragraph does not discuss AN (one) exception (even if it were an exception), but many other systems that are not consistent with TQM:
Option C: First paragraph presents a CLAIM. The second provides information that QUALIFIES the claim.
The claim is that TQM CAN WORK SUCCESSFULLY in conjunction with 2 other principles. The PRINCIPLE mentioned above (TQM is consistent with rationalist school and HR school) is used to support this claim.
The second paragraph qualifies the claim providing the information that TQM cannot be grafted to other non-TQM systems ( i.e. TQM is not consistent with other systems) and thereby adds reservation to the above CLAIM. ( qualify = add reservation to)
Therefore C is better than B.
Passage breakdown
In the first paragraph (P1), the author presents the claim that a certain management system can work with two older systems
- P. F. Drucker thinks that TQM is consistent with the "rationalist" and "human relations" schools of management.
In the second paragraph, the author qualifies the claim presented in P1:
- The author argues that "TQM requires fundamentally different strategies."
- He/she then explains the differences between TQM and the other schools of management.
For more on this process, check out this article and our live RC videos.
Explanations for individual questions
- Question 1
- Question 2
- Question 3
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General Discussion
Hi,
I read your reply to know why C is better than B. I was confused between A and C, finally chose A as most other people did.
Can you please explain how C is better than A?
I see there are contradicting explanations given in second paragraph to explain why TQM strategy can not work or can not be directly worked with other strategies...
Are there any specific keywords in A to identify it as a trap?
I read your reply to know why C is better than B. I was confused between A and C, finally chose A as most other people did.
Can you please explain how C is better than A?
I see there are contradicting explanations given in second paragraph to explain why TQM strategy can not work or can not be directly worked with other strategies...
Are there any specific keywords in A to identify it as a trap?
GMATNinjaTwo
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Last visit: 19 Aug 2026
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GRE 1: Q170 V169
Expert reply
Hi RMD007,
The claim in the first paragraph is that, "Total Quality Management (TQM) {...} can work successfully in conjunction with two older management systems." Paragraph two elaborates on this claim by telling us that TQM cannot work in conjunction with these systems if it is simply grafted onto them; therefore, the second paragraph qualifies the claim by giving us information that limits/modifies the claim.
As for choice A..
All of the information in the second paragraph supports the first sentence of the second paragraph. Nothing in the second paragraph explains a "phenomenon presented in the first paragraph". Furthermore, the second paragraph certainly does not contain contrasting explanations; rather, the statements in paragraph two provide a cohesive explanation of the statement made in the first sentence of paragraph two. In fact, the only thing "contrasted" in the second paragraph is the strategy of TQM with the strategy of the other systems, and this comparison does not explain anything presented in the first paragraph.
_________________
Quote:
The claim in the first paragraph is that, "Total Quality Management (TQM) {...} can work successfully in conjunction with two older management systems." Paragraph two elaborates on this claim by telling us that TQM cannot work in conjunction with these systems if it is simply grafted onto them; therefore, the second paragraph qualifies the claim by giving us information that limits/modifies the claim.
As for choice A..
Quote:
All of the information in the second paragraph supports the first sentence of the second paragraph. Nothing in the second paragraph explains a "phenomenon presented in the first paragraph". Furthermore, the second paragraph certainly does not contain contrasting explanations; rather, the statements in paragraph two provide a cohesive explanation of the statement made in the first sentence of paragraph two. In fact, the only thing "contrasted" in the second paragraph is the strategy of TQM with the strategy of the other systems, and this comparison does not explain anything presented in the first paragraph.
_________________
bb61
In the primary purpose why not option E ?
could any one explain that ?
Question 1
Quote:
mkumar26
The first paragraph tells us that "Total Quality Management (TQM) {...} can work successfully in conjunction with two older management systems" (the "rationalist" school of scientific management and the "human relations" school of management).
Paragraph two elaborates on this claim by telling us that TQM cannot work in conjunction with such systems if it is simply grafted onto the others. Simply grafting TQM onto those other systems will not work because "TQM requires fundamentally different strategies".
Although the passage certainly discusses differences between TQM strategies and those of other systems, the passage does not explain the advantages of one system over the other. The passage gives us no reason to conclude that TQM is better or worse than the other management systems described. Instead, the passage objectively explains TQM's relationship with certain other management systems, so choice (D) is the best answer.
I hope this helps!
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Thanks ShashankDave for the in-depth explanation! I added a few comments in red, but in general this looks great!
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ShashankDave
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2. Which of the following best describes the relationship of the second paragraph to the first paragraph?
Can you explain why B is wrong? why is "exception to a general principle outlined" wrong here? I feel like "can work successfully in conjunction with two older management systems. As Drucker notes," notes is a key word that identifies principal.
Can you explain why B is wrong? why is "exception to a general principle outlined" wrong here? I feel like "can work successfully in conjunction with two older management systems. As Drucker notes," notes is a key word that identifies principal.
spatel2
Quote:
If the "general principle" is that TQM "can work successfully in conjunction with two older management systems", then an exception would be an example where TQM CANNOT work successfully in conjunction with two older management systems. The second paragraph does not describe such an exception. Rather, the second paragraph elaborates on that principle. In other words, yes, TQM can work successfully in conjunction with two older management systems, but to do so, you can't just graft it on. The second paragraph qualifies the claim by giving us information that limits/modifies the claim.
C is the best answer.
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question #2 of the RC.
I can't wrap head around this OA, must have missed something subtle.
Can someone please explain as to what does "qualifying a claim" actually mean.
Also, what is the claim that is being qualified in this RC.
Thanks in advance
I can't wrap head around this OA, must have missed something subtle.
Can someone please explain as to what does "qualifying a claim" actually mean.
Also, what is the claim that is being qualified in this RC.
Thanks in advance
GMATNinjaTwo
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Expert reply
piyush1995
Refering to the post below:
GMATNinja
The claim in the first paragraph is that, "TQM can work successfully in conjunction with two older management systems."
Paragraph two elaborates on this claim by telling us that TQM cannot work in conjunction with these systems if it is simply grafted onto them; therefore, the second paragraph qualifies the claim by giving us information that limits/modifies the claim.
_________________
Drshwetagupta
Quote:
The only mention of lower prices is in this portion:
Quote:
So we can infer that lowering prices IS probably consistent with TQM.
And we are also told that "the other management systems referred to (rationalist and human relations) use upper management decision-making and employee specialization to maximize shareholder profits over the short term." So this might at first glance lead you to think that those other systems are not interested in lowering prices.
But the point is that the other systems are more concerned with shareholder profits in the short term while TQM is more concerned with the shared interests of employees, shareholders, and customers. So a company adhering to TQM might lower prices because it's in the best interests of employees, shareholders, and customers.
A company adhering to the rationalist or human relations school of management also might lower prices but only in an effort to maximize short term profits. This company is still definitely interested in increasing profitability, and, if lowering prices will increase profitability, then the company would certainly want to do so. This company might have different MOTIVES than a company following TQM, but that does not mean that the company would be UNLIKELY to lower prices.
So (D) can be eliminated.
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