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Hi GMATNinja Sir/EGMAT,

In option D we have it has healed, is this correct use of present perfect tense. I have eliminated option D on the basis of that.Can you please explain on this. I am aware that resulting is incorrectly modifying the body's response to sunburn in option A.

Thanks and Regards,
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gourab1234
Hi GMATNinja Sir/EGMAT,

In option D we have it has healed, is this correct use of present perfect tense. I have eliminated option D on the basis of that.Can you please explain on this. I am aware that resulting is incorrectly modifying the body's response to sunburn in option A.

Thanks and Regards,
gourab1234
Well, if a construction shows up in the correct answer, it has to be okay! :)

In this case, I'm guessing you were thrown off by the fact that it might not make sense to you to suggest that the action is ongoing into the present. It might help to consider another example:

    When Lebron rolls an ankle during the regular season, he tends to go to the Bahamas until he has fully healed.

At first glance, you might think, "wait a second. Does this mean Lebron is still healing now?" Not exactly. First, note that we're talking about a general case. The sentence isn't conveying that Lebron actually suffered an injury, but that when he does, he will perform an action until he's all better. In other words, Lebron's action begins in a hypothetical past -- when he got hurt -- and continues into a hypothetical present, namely, the moment when he's fully healed.

It's more or less the same thing in this question. The sentence isn't about a body that has actually suffered cuts and sprains, but rather, how the body reacts generally in such circumstances.

This is all to say that when we're talking about a general case, or a hypothetical, the tenses of the verbs might seem a little funky. However, the real takeaway isn't about an esoteric usage of the perfect tense. Instead, the takeaway is that English is complicated, and when you see something that's a little confusing -- but that you're not 100% sure is wrong -- try to avoid using it as a decision point. As you noted, there are other concrete errors you can rely on here, and those are a better place to start.

I hope that clears things up a bit!
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Hi guys, sharing how i arrived at my solution.. hope this helps


Unlike the body’s inflammatory response to cuts and sprains, with widespread swelling and stiffness immobilizing the injured area until it heals, the body’s response to sunburn is more localized and resulting in a distinct line dividing affected and unaffected areas of the skin.

(A) with widespread swelling and stiffness immobilizing the injured area until it heals, the body’s response to sunburn is more localized and resulting - here the sentence is stating a fact and hence it should be simple present.. incorrect

(B) where the injured area is immobilized with widespread swelling and stiffness until it has healed, sunburn generates a more localized response in the body, which results instead - unlike a, b should be comparable.. here sunburn is not comparable to body's inflammatory response. incorrect

(C) with the injured area immobilized by means of widespread swelling and stiffness until healing, sunburn generates a more localized response in the body, one resulting - again as we saw in b, sunburn is not comparable to body's inflammatory response. incorrect


(D) in which widespread swelling and stiffness immobilize the injured area until it has healed, the body’s more localized response to sunburn results .. correct option, in which usage is correct, body's inflammatory response correctly compared to body's localized response

(E) in which widespread swelling and stiffness immobilize the injured area until healing, instead, the body’s more localized response to sunburn results - incorrect, swelling and stiffness immobilize until healing is not the intended meaning and i felt its illogical and awkward.. D is a better concise option
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D) in which widespread swelling and stiffness immobilize the injured area until it has healed, the body’s more localized response to sunburn results

what is the referent of "IT" in the correct answer choice, if referent is " widespread swelling and stiffness " then how come "it" is referring to plural subject
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D) in which widespread swelling and stiffness immobilize the injured area until it has healed, the body’s more localized response to sunburn results

what is the referent of "IT" in the correct answer choice, if referent is " widespread swelling and stiffness " then how come "it" is referring to plural subject
The sentence says that "it has healed." So, what noun in the sentence can heal? It doesn't make sense for "widespread swelling and stiffness" to heal, so we know that doesn't work.

Luckily, there's another option: "the injured area." An injured area can heal, so that's the logical referent for the pronoun "it."

I hope that helps!
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I was about to choose answer choice D, but i was hesitant on correctness of present perfect tense usage "until it has healed" for general fact, so I picked answer choice A then...
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I was about to choose answer choice D, but i was hesitant on correctness of present perfect tense usage "until it has healed" for general fact, so I picked answer choice A then...

Hello Vesper2018,

We hope this finds you well.

To provide a bit of clarity here, in Option D, the statement of fact is conveyed through the verb "immobilize"; the phrase "until it has healed" is a conditional that modifies the simple present tense verb "immobilize".

We hope this helps.

All the best!
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Ans:D
(A) with widespread swelling and stiffness immobilizing the injured area until it heals, the body’s response to sunburn is more localized and resulting

(B) where the injured area is immobilized with widespread swelling and stiffness until it has healed, sunburn generates a more localized response in the body, which results instead

(C) with the injured area immobilized by means of widespread swelling and stiffness until healing, sunburn generates a more localized response in the body, one resulting

(D) in which widespread swelling and stiffness immobilize the injured area until it has healed, the body’s more localized response to sunburn results

(E) in which widespread swelling and stiffness immobilize the injured area until healing, instead, the body’s more localized response to sunburn results
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Unlike the body’s inflammatory response to cuts and sprains, with widespread swelling and stiffness immobilizing the injured area until it heals, the body’s response to sunburn is more localized and resulting in a distinct line dividing affected and unaffected areas of the skin.

(A) with widespread swelling and stiffness immobilizing the injured area until it heals, the body’s response to sunburn is more localized and resulting

(B) where the injured area is immobilized with widespread swelling and stiffness until it has healed, sunburn generates a more localized response in the body, which results instead

(C) with the injured area immobilized by means of widespread swelling and stiffness until healing, sunburn generates a more localized response in the body, one resulting

(D) in which widespread swelling and stiffness immobilize the injured area until it has healed, the body’s more localized response to sunburn results

(E) in which widespread swelling and stiffness immobilize the injured area until healing, instead, the body’s more localized response to sunburn results

Since the non-underlined portion uses the word unlike, we are expected to compare 2 things. The first is body’s inflammatory response, so it follows that the second should be logically comparable. Examine the options, there is a clear split of the second compared item. sunburn v/s body’s more localized response . So choosing body’s more localized response we can eliminate other options, we have A, D, E left as potential answers.
A- at the end using resulting with localized is not parallel.
D-is correct
E- use of healing doesn't make sense. how can something happen until the end of a continuous process? Also since we have used unlike before, using instead isn't correct in this context.
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Hello Experts,

Is the usage of present perfect tense "It has healed" correct? in option D
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Hello Experts,

Is the usage of present perfect tense "It has healed" correct? in option D

Hello NamanPro,

We hope this finds you well.

To answer your query, the use of the present perfect tense is correct here; the present perfect tense (marked by the use of the helping verb “has/have”) is also used to refer to actions that concluded in the recent past - in other words, actions that have just concluded - and the verb in question is meant to refer to the point in time when the injured area has finished healing.

We hope this helps.
All the best!
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Hello Experts,

Is the usage of present perfect tense "It has healed" correct? in option D
Check out our response here. Let us know if that doesn't answer your question!
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Unlike the body’s inflammatory response to cuts and sprains, with widespread swelling and stiffness immobilizing the injured area until it heals, the body’s response to sunburn is more localized and resulting in a distinct line dividing affected and unaffected areas of the skin.

Option Elimination -

(A) with widespread swelling and stiffness immobilizing the injured area until it heals, the body’s response to sunburn is more localized and resulting - "and" demand parallelism. "more localized" is ok, but "more resulting" is not ok. Moreover, "is resulting" is present continuous as in it is happening now while the intent is to state the general fact for which the simple present is preferable.

(B) where the injured area is immobilized with widespread swelling and stiffness until it has healed, sunburn generates a more localized response in the body, which results instead - "Unlike the body’s inflammatory response" is compared with "sunburn" - wrong.

(C) with the injured area immobilized by means of widespread swelling and stiffness until healing, sunburn generates a more localized response in the body, one resulting - same comparison issue as B.

(D) in which widespread swelling and stiffness immobilize the injured area until it has healed, the body’s more localized response to sunburn results - ok.

"Until" is used to indicate the point in time when an action or event will stop or a condition will be met. It suggests that something will continue to happen or remain true up to a specific time or event. Example 1: "I will wait here until you come back." In this sentence, the action of waiting will continue until the person returns. As soon as the person returns, the waiting will stop.

(E) in which widespread swelling and stiffness immobilize the injured area until healing, instead, the body’s more localized response to sunburn results - We already have the contrast "Unlike X, Y." why do we need another contrast using "instead" - redundant? Yes. Also, there is another mess up. To complete these two idioms, we need Unline X, Y. Also, A instead of B. So here is an incomplete contrast. We have, Unlike X, Instead B. Wrong.
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