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10 Aug 2019, 10:07
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Difficulty:
85%
(hard)
Question Stats:
53% (02:10) correct
47%
(02:14)
wrong
based on 662
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Many symptoms of mental illnesses are affected by organic factors such as a deficiency in a compound in the brain. What is surprising, however, is the tremendous variation among different countries in the incidence of these symptoms in people with mental illnesses. This variation establishes that the organic factors that affect symptoms of mental illnesses are not distributed evenly around the globe.
The reasoning above is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that it
(A) does not say how many different mental illnesses are being discussed
(B) neglects the possibility that nutritional factors that contribute to deficiencies in compounds in the brain vary from culture to culture
(C) fails to consider the possibility that cultural factors significantly affect how mental illnesses manifest themselves in symptoms
(D) presumes, without providing justification, that any change in brain chemistry manifests itself as a change in mental condition
(E) presumes, without providing justification, that mental phenomena are only manifestations of physical phenomena
The reasoning above is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that it
(A) does not say how many different mental illnesses are being discussed
(B) neglects the possibility that nutritional factors that contribute to deficiencies in compounds in the brain vary from culture to culture
(C) fails to consider the possibility that cultural factors significantly affect how mental illnesses manifest themselves in symptoms
(D) presumes, without providing justification, that any change in brain chemistry manifests itself as a change in mental condition
(E) presumes, without providing justification, that mental phenomena are only manifestations of physical phenomena
08 Dec 2021, 06:28
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We learn that some symptoms of mental illness are affected by deficiencies of compounds in the brain -- you could think of vitamin or hormone deficiencies, say. But in different places, these symptoms occur at different rates, and the argument concludes that these "organic factors", or deficiencies, are not evenly distributed around the world.
Answers B, C and D all seem to have had some support in posts above. D is certainly wrong before we even consider its effect on the argument, because it isn't true. The argument does not "presume that any change in brain chemistry manifests as a change in mental condition". It says many symptoms are affected by deficiencies, not that any deficiency (or more broadly, any brain chemistry change, something the argument never even mentions) produces symptoms.
Answer B might seem tempting, but it is actually (and this point hasn't been addressed in the thread, which is why I'm replying) the exact opposite of what we want. Answer B is not a criticism of the argument. Answer B instead explains why the argument might be true. The argument posits that there is worldwide variation in the deficiencies it describes. The argument doesn't explain any reason why there would be such variation. Answer B provides that explanation: if diets vary widely from country to country, you might reasonably expect a deficiency common in one place to be uncommon in another. That would explain why certain symptoms are more common in some places and less common in others. If an answer explains why an argument might be true, it can't be the "criticism" we're looking for.
Answer C is right. The argument presumes that the varying incidence of deficiencies globally explains the varying incidence of mental illness symptoms. There might be an alternate cause. The argument is assuming brain chemistry primarily explains the symptoms of mental illness, and that might not be true. It might be the case that climate or culture or something else also significantly contributes to those symptoms, and is the reason for the global variation the argument describes.
Answers B, C and D all seem to have had some support in posts above. D is certainly wrong before we even consider its effect on the argument, because it isn't true. The argument does not "presume that any change in brain chemistry manifests as a change in mental condition". It says many symptoms are affected by deficiencies, not that any deficiency (or more broadly, any brain chemistry change, something the argument never even mentions) produces symptoms.
Answer B might seem tempting, but it is actually (and this point hasn't been addressed in the thread, which is why I'm replying) the exact opposite of what we want. Answer B is not a criticism of the argument. Answer B instead explains why the argument might be true. The argument posits that there is worldwide variation in the deficiencies it describes. The argument doesn't explain any reason why there would be such variation. Answer B provides that explanation: if diets vary widely from country to country, you might reasonably expect a deficiency common in one place to be uncommon in another. That would explain why certain symptoms are more common in some places and less common in others. If an answer explains why an argument might be true, it can't be the "criticism" we're looking for.
Answer C is right. The argument presumes that the varying incidence of deficiencies globally explains the varying incidence of mental illness symptoms. There might be an alternate cause. The argument is assuming brain chemistry primarily explains the symptoms of mental illness, and that might not be true. It might be the case that climate or culture or something else also significantly contributes to those symptoms, and is the reason for the global variation the argument describes.
General Discussion
