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09 Jul 2026, 08:00
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C
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
75%
(hard)
Question Stats:
69% (02:22) correct
31%
(03:00)
wrong
based on 430
sessions
History
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Not Attempted Yet
Professor: Wittgenstein formulated concepts pertaining to the metaphysics of language, and Russell developed closely analogous concepts on the same subject. The traditional opinion among scholars holds that these two philosophers developed their concepts independently of each other. Historians have, however, uncovered Russell’s notes that examine one of Wittgenstein’s books on language. Many now argue that since this book includes a presentation of Wittgenstein’s metaphysics of language, and since the notes precede Russell’s own conception of the metaphysics of language, the traditional opinion is obviously false. However, this discovery warrants a more circumspect conclusion. Russell’s notes are restricted to early parts of Wittgenstein’s text, parts that come before the ones in which Wittgenstein launches into his investigation of the metaphysics of language.
In the professor’s reasoning, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?
(A) The first provides evidence supporting the overall position defended by the professor; the second is evidence that has been used in support of an opposing position.
(B) The first provides evidence supporting the overall position defended by the professor; the second is that position.
(C) The first is evidence used in support of a conclusion criticized by the professor; the second is evidence offered to support the professor’s own position.
(D) The first provides evidence supporting an intermediate conclusion drawn to support the overall position defended by the professor; the second provides evidence against that intermediate conclusion.
(E) The first is evidence used in support of a conclusion criticized by the professor; the second is further information that corroborates that evidence.
In the professor’s reasoning, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?
(A) The first provides evidence supporting the overall position defended by the professor; the second is evidence that has been used in support of an opposing position.
(B) The first provides evidence supporting the overall position defended by the professor; the second is that position.
(C) The first is evidence used in support of a conclusion criticized by the professor; the second is evidence offered to support the professor’s own position.
(D) The first provides evidence supporting an intermediate conclusion drawn to support the overall position defended by the professor; the second provides evidence against that intermediate conclusion.
(E) The first is evidence used in support of a conclusion criticized by the professor; the second is further information that corroborates that evidence.
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09 Jul 2026, 09:00
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Bunuel
Experts' Global Official Explanation
Strategy: Determining the main conclusion of the argument and finding the relation of the boldfaced portions with this conclusion
Logic: The argument presents a professor’s thoughts on whether Wittgenstein and Russell independently formulated concepts of metaphysics of language. The argument mentions that the traditional view is that the two linguists formulated their concepts independently and that a finding suggests that, as the first boldface states, Russell referred to Wittgenstein’s work before Russell formulated his concepts, thus drawing an intermediate conclusion that the traditional view is false. The argument goes on to conclude that a more circumspect conclusion is needed because, as the second boldface states, Wittgenstein’s work referred by Russell came before references to metaphysics of language. In the context of the main conclusion – the first boldface is a fact that is used to establish an intermediate conclusion that the argument disapproves; the second boldface is a fact that the argument uses to explain the disapproval of the intermediate conclusion.
Intermediate conclusion: The traditional view is false.
Main conclusion: A more circumspect conclusion than inferring that traditional view is false is needed.
Broad expectation from the correct answer choice:
The first boldface is a fact that is used to establish an intermediate conclusion that the argument disapproves.
The second boldface is a fact that the argument uses to explain the disapproval of the intermediate conclusion.
A.
Merit(s):
The first boldface presents a concrete fact; therefore, it is correct to state that the first boldface is an “evidence”.
The second boldface presents a concrete fact; therefore, it is correct to state that the second boldface is an “evidence”.
Demerit(s):
The first boldface is used to cast doubt on the traditional view; however, the professor goes on to conclude that a more circumspect conclusion is needed; so, the professor criticizes the position supported by the first boldface; therefore, it is incorrect to state that the first boldface “supports the overall position defended by the professor”.
The professor uses the second boldface to disapprove the intermediate conclusion; so, the second boldface defends the professor’s position; therefore, it is incorrect to state that the second boldface “supports a position opposite to an overall position defended by the professor”.
Because this answer choice does not correctly highlight the roles played by the two portions in boldface, this answer choice is incorrect.
B.
Merit(s):
The first boldface presents a concrete fact; therefore, it is correct to state that the first boldface is an “evidence”.
Demerit(s):
The first boldface is used to cast doubt on the traditional view; however, the professor goes on to conclude that a more circumspect conclusion is needed; so, the professor criticizes the position supported by the first boldface; therefore, it is incorrect to state that the first boldface “supports the overall position defended by the professor”.
The second boldface is a concrete fact and not a point of view; therefore, it is incorrect to state that the second boldface is a “position”.
The second boldface supports the professor’s position but is itself not the position; therefore, it is incorrect to state that the second boldface is the “overall position defended by the professor”.
Because this answer choice does not correctly highlight the roles played by the two portions in boldface, this answer choice is incorrect.
C.
Merit(s):
The first boldface presents a concrete fact; therefore, it is correct to state that the first boldface is an “evidence”.
The first boldface is used to cast doubt on the traditional view that the two linguists formulated their concepts independently; so, the first boldface supports an intermediate conclusion; however, the professor’s position criticizes the intermediate conclusion; therefore, it is correct to state that the first boldface is “used to support a conclusion criticized by the professor”.
The second boldface presents a concrete fact; therefore, it is correct to state that the second boldface is an “evidence”.
The professor uses the second boldface to establish his position that a more circumspect conclusion than casting doubt on the traditional view is needed; therefore, it is correct to state that the second boldface “offers support of the professor’s own position”.
Demerit(s):
None
Because this answer choice correctly highlights the roles played by the two portions in boldface, this answer choice is correct.
D.
Merit(s):
The first boldface presents a concrete fact; therefore, it is correct to state that the first boldface is an “evidence”.
The second boldface presents a concrete fact; therefore, it is correct to state that the second boldface is an “evidence”.
Demerit(s):
The first boldface leads to the conclusion that the traditional view is false; so, the first boldface “supports an intermediate conclusion”; however, the professor’s position opposes the intermediate conclusion; therefore, it is incorrect to state that the first boldface “supports an intermediate conclusion that supports the overall position defended by the professor”.
The professor uses the second boldface to disapprove the conclusion that the traditional view is false; therefore, it is incorrect to state that the second boldface goes against an intermediate conclusion that “supports the overall position defended by the professor”.
Because this answer choice does not correctly highlight the roles played by the two portions in boldface, this answer choice is incorrect.
E.
Merit(s):
The first boldface presents a concrete fact; therefore, it is correct to state that the first boldface is an “evidence”.
The first boldface supports an intermediate conclusion; however, the professor’s position criticizes the intermediate conclusion; therefore, it is correct to state that the first boldface is “used to support a conclusion criticized by the professor”.
The second boldface is the fact the professor uses to establish his position; therefore, it is correct to state that the second boldface is “further information”.
The second boldface presents a concrete fact; therefore, it is correct to state that the second boldface is an “information”.
Demerit(s):
The second boldface states that Wittgenstein’s work referred by Russell precedes references to metaphysics of language; the first boldface states that Russell referred to Wittgenstein’s work before Russell formulated his concepts; so, the second boldface does not provide additional information about the first boldface; therefore, it is incorrect to state that the second boldface “corroborates the first boldface’s evidence used to support a conclusion criticized by the professor”.
Because this answer choice does not correctly highlight the roles played by the two portions in boldface, this answer choice is incorrect.
C is the best answer choice.
General Discussion
09 Jul 2026, 08:12
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Answer: C)
Wittgenstein and Russell developed similar concepts -> traditional view is: they did so independently -> evidence leads historians to conclude they didn't do so independently -> Professor calls into question the absolute truth behind this conclusion given the timeline of the evidence
A) INCORRECT, the author isn't defending an overall position
B) INCORRECT, the author isn't supporting an overall position
C) CORRECT, the first is supportive of the conclusion of the historians that W and R didn't develop their concepts independently; the second is supportive of the author's belief that whilst R did cite W's books, he only did so at a time before W developed his own concepts.
D) INCORRECT, whilst it could be considered an intermediate conclusion it isn't used to support the overall position defended by the author
E) INCORRECT, the second is further evidence that DOESN'T corroborate the first (quite the opposite)
Wittgenstein and Russell developed similar concepts -> traditional view is: they did so independently -> evidence leads historians to conclude they didn't do so independently -> Professor calls into question the absolute truth behind this conclusion given the timeline of the evidence
A) INCORRECT, the author isn't defending an overall position
B) INCORRECT, the author isn't supporting an overall position
C) CORRECT, the first is supportive of the conclusion of the historians that W and R didn't develop their concepts independently; the second is supportive of the author's belief that whilst R did cite W's books, he only did so at a time before W developed his own concepts.
D) INCORRECT, whilst it could be considered an intermediate conclusion it isn't used to support the overall position defended by the author
E) INCORRECT, the second is further evidence that DOESN'T corroborate the first (quite the opposite)
