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Bunuel
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Bunuel
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Here is how I tried to solve the question:

Consider XXXX = Assume the first three position is taken as for letters ABC those can be filled in 3! ways and then last letter can be filled in 3 ways... thus a total 18 ways.

Next, assume, that it XABC = 18 ways; next. CXAB = 18 ways; next BCXA = 18 ways... thus a total of 18*4 = 72ways!

Note that the correct answer to this question is 36, not 72.

A-ABC can be arranged in 4!/2!=12 ways;
B-ABC can be arranged in 4!/2!=12 ways;
C-ABC can be arranged in 4!/2!=12 ways;

Total: 12+12+12=36.

Answer: C.


Sorry but I am really struggling to understand this:

-ABC can be arranged in 4!/2!=12

Many thanks
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Bunuel
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Here is how I tried to solve the question:

Consider XXXX = Assume the first three position is taken as for letters ABC those can be filled in 3! ways and then last letter can be filled in 3 ways... thus a total 18 ways.

Next, assume, that it XABC = 18 ways; next. CXAB = 18 ways; next BCXA = 18 ways... thus a total of 18*4 = 72ways!

Note that the correct answer to this question is 36, not 72.

A-ABC can be arranged in 4!/2!=12 ways;
B-ABC can be arranged in 4!/2!=12 ways;
C-ABC can be arranged in 4!/2!=12 ways;

Total: 12+12+12=36.

Answer: C.


Sorry but I am really struggling to understand this:

-ABC can be arranged in 4!/2!=12

Many thanks

There are 4 letters not 3. For example, it says A-ABC can be arranged in 4!/2!=12 ways. AABC, so 4-letter out of which two A's are identical can be arranged in 4!/2!=12 ways.
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To visualize:



The trap to avoid is that you don't only have to multiply the 3P3 by 3 possibilities for the 4th letter (which would be 18) but also multiply by 2 for the position (either in front or behind).
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I will explain in detail :-
Using Fundamental Principle of counting
Assuming Four blocks are there _ _ _ _ which needs to filled by A,B,C.
1st can be filled in 3 ways (A,B,C)
2nd can be filled in 2 ways(2 remaining as one from A,B,C has already been given a place)
3rd can be filled in 1 ways (2 remaining as 2 from A,B,C have already been given a place and repetition is allowed )
4 can be filled in again 3 ways ( as we have already satisfied the condition for previous 3 spaces now this space can again be filled in 3 ways)
total outcomes :- 3*2*2*3=36
Is my reasoning correct in this case ?
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Zuki1803
I will explain in detail :-
Using Fundamental Principle of counting
Assuming Four blocks are there _ _ _ _ which needs to filled by A,B,C.
1st can be filled in 3 ways (A,B,C)
2nd can be filled in 2 ways(2 remaining as one from A,B,C has already been given a place)
3rd can be filled in 1 ways (2 remaining as 2 from A,B,C have already been given a place and repetition is allowed )
4 can be filled in again 3 ways ( as we have already satisfied the condition for previous 3 spaces now this space can again be filled in 3 ways)
total outcomes :- 3*2*2*3=36
Is my reasoning correct in this case ?


No, you may be getting the answer, but you have missed out on arrangements where both As or Bs or Cs could be together.
For example AABC or BBAC.

Let me take another example- and we have 2 digits and A and B and we have to make 3 blocks.
As per your method
First any 2, next the one remaining and finally any of the two so 2*1*2=4

But actual method.
3 digits in which two are same so 3!/2=3 but the digit which is used twice can be any of the two, A or B, so 3*2=6

Calculating arrangements
AAB, ABA, BAA, BBA, BAB, ABB ——— 6 ways
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But is the wording of the question a bit inprecise? If a code consists of A, B, or C, does it mean that there are no other letters present? Also, saying that the code includes all the 3 letters does not exclude the possibility that other letters are present, or am I wrong?! Additionally, is it always the case that in codes we are dealing with distinct letters or numbers unless otherwise mentioned?­
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SergejK
But is the wording of the question a bit inprecise? If a code consists of A, B, or C, does it mean that there are no other letters present? Also, saying that the code includes all the 3 letters does not exclude the possibility that other letters are present, or am I wrong?! Additionally, is it always the case that in codes we are dealing with distinct letters or numbers unless otherwise mentioned?­
The phrase 'A 4-letter code word consists of letters A, B, and C' implies that the code contains only these letters. Regarding your other question, a properly formulated GMAT problem would clarify whether the symbols in the code are unique or distinct.
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Such a good problem. Subtle and concise:

­
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Just consider the repeat letter as A for a case.
So we have ABCA- these 4 letters can be arranged in 4!/2! ways = 12 ways.

Now we have 3 letters that can be repeated (A, B, and C)
Total ways for A = ways for B = ways for C.
Hence 12x3 = 36 ways.
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Bunuel

MBAwannabe10
here is my approach:
3*2*1*3 = 18 but there is 4!/2! of arranging them =>36 ways in the end
I don't see how the above way is giving 36 as an answer.

A 4-letter code word consists of letters A, B, and C. If the code includes all the three letters, how many such codes are possible?

A. 72
B. 48
C. 36
D. 24
E. 18

As the code must include all three letters, the pattern of the code word is ABC - X, where X can be any letter out of A, B, or C. So we can have the code word consisting of letters:

ABC - A;
ABC - B;
ABC - C.
We can arrange the letters in each of the above 3 cases in \(\frac{4!}{2!}\) ways (since each case has 4 letters, with one letter repeated twice). So, the total number of code words is \(3*\frac{4!}{2!} = 36\).

Answer: C.

Hope it helps.­
­Bunuel

Can you please point what's the conceptual gap with the following approach:

Number of ways of selecting first letter = 3C1 = 3
Number of ways of selecting second letter = 2C1 = 2
Number of ways of selecting third letter = 1C1 = 1
Number of ways of selecting last letter = 3

arrangement = 4!/2! ( as 2 letters are same)

answer: 3*2*1*3*(4!/2!)­
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takamura72

Bunuel

MBAwannabe10
here is my approach:
3*2*1*3 = 18 but there is 4!/2! of arranging them =>36 ways in the end
I don't see how the above way is giving 36 as an answer.

A 4-letter code word consists of letters A, B, and C. If the code includes all the three letters, how many such codes are possible?

A. 72
B. 48
C. 36
D. 24
E. 18

As the code must include all three letters, the pattern of the code word is ABC - X, where X can be any letter out of A, B, or C. So we can have the code word consisting of letters:



ABC - A;
ABC - B;
ABC - C.
We can arrange the letters in each of the above 3 cases in \(\frac{4!}{2!}\) ways (since each case has 4 letters, with one letter repeated twice). So, the total number of code words is \(3*\frac{4!}{2!} = 36\).

Answer: C.

Hope it helps.­
­Bunuel

Can you please point what's the conceptual gap with the following approach:

Number of ways of selecting first letter = 3C1 = 3
Number of ways of selecting second letter = 2C1 = 2
Number of ways of selecting third letter = 1C1 = 1
Number of ways of selecting last letter = 3

arrangement = 4!/2! ( as 2 letters are same)

answer: 3*2*1*3*(4!/2!)­
­
3*2*1 = 6 already gives all 6 possible permutations of letters A, B, and C:

ABC
ACB
BAC
BCA
CAB
CBA
Next, each of the fourth letters, A, B, or C, can be attached to these sequences either at the beginning or at the end. For example, with A:

ABC - A
A - ABC

ACB - A
A - ACB

BAC - A
A - BAC

BCA - A
A - BCA

CAB - A
A - CAB

CBA - A
A - CBA
So, the correct calculation using your approach would be (3*2*1)*3*2 = 36.

Hope this helps.­
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Hi Bunuel,

I am kinda running in the same issue that I also came to 72 ways, but not sure where I did it wrong.

There are 4C3 ways to choose 3 positions for ABC
There are 3! ways to sort ABC in those 3 positions
The last position has 3 options (A,B, or C)
--> The number of ways are 4*3!*3= 72.

Do you mind telling me where my logic is wrong? Thank you!
Bunuel
pavanpuneet
A 4-letter code word consists of letters A, B, and C. If the code includes all the three letters, how many such codes are possible?

A. 72
B. 48
C. 36
D. 24
E. 18

Here is how I tried to solve the question:

Consider XXXX = Assume the first three position is taken as for letters ABC those can be filled in 3! ways and then last letter can be filled in 3 ways... thus a total 18 ways.

Next, assume, that it XABC = 18 ways; next. CXAB = 18 ways; next BCXA = 18 ways... thus a total of 18*4 = 72ways!

Note that the correct answer to this question is 36, not 72.

A-ABC can be arranged in 4!/2!=12 ways;
B-ABC can be arranged in 4!/2!=12 ways;
C-ABC can be arranged in 4!/2!=12 ways;

Total: 12+12+12=36.

Answer: C.
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The 4-letter code contains A, B, and C.

The code therefore contains the letters -> (A, B, C, and A or B or C)

Case 1: The letters are A, B, C, and A.

Number of codes possible = number of arrangements possible = \(\frac{4!}{2!}\)

Case 2: The letters are A, B, C, and B.

Number of codes possible = number of arrangements possible = \(\frac{4!}{2!}\)

Case 3: The letters are A, B, C, and C.

Number of codes possible = number of arrangements possible = \(\frac{4!}{2!}\)

Total number of codes possible = sum of the above = 3 x \(\frac{4!}{2!}\) = 3 x 3 x 4 = 36. Choice C.


Harsha
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3 cases :

AABC : total arrangements : 4!/2! :12
ABBC : same way 12
ABCC : same way 12
total: 36 (C)
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