Last visit was: 19 Nov 2025, 05:27 It is currently 19 Nov 2025, 05:27
Close
GMAT Club Daily Prep
Thank you for using the timer - this advanced tool can estimate your performance and suggest more practice questions. We have subscribed you to Daily Prep Questions via email.

Customized
for You

we will pick new questions that match your level based on your Timer History

Track
Your Progress

every week, we’ll send you an estimated GMAT score based on your performance

Practice
Pays

we will pick new questions that match your level based on your Timer History
Not interested in getting valuable practice questions and articles delivered to your email? No problem, unsubscribe here.
Close
Request Expert Reply
Confirm Cancel
User avatar
Fdambro294
Joined: 10 Jul 2019
Last visit: 20 Aug 2025
Posts: 1,350
Own Kudos:
741
 [1]
Given Kudos: 1,656
Posts: 1,350
Kudos: 741
 [1]
1
Kudos
Add Kudos
Bookmarks
Bookmark this Post
User avatar
Anshul1223333
Joined: 04 Oct 2017
Last visit: 29 Nov 2022
Posts: 69
Own Kudos:
Given Kudos: 36
Posts: 69
Kudos: 2
Kudos
Add Kudos
Bookmarks
Bookmark this Post
User avatar
ExpertsGlobal5
User avatar
Experts' Global Representative
Joined: 10 Jul 2017
Last visit: 19 Nov 2025
Posts: 5,195
Own Kudos:
Given Kudos: 43
Location: India
GMAT Date: 11-01-2019
Expert
Expert reply
Active GMAT Club Expert! Tag them with @ followed by their username for a faster response.
Posts: 5,195
Kudos: 4,765
Kudos
Add Kudos
Bookmarks
Bookmark this Post
User avatar
Anshul1223333
Joined: 04 Oct 2017
Last visit: 29 Nov 2022
Posts: 69
Own Kudos:
Given Kudos: 36
Posts: 69
Kudos: 2
Kudos
Add Kudos
Bookmarks
Bookmark this Post
ExpertsGlobal5

when do we prefer 'as well as' over 'and'?

what difference does it bring in meaning. For e.g in C] here v/s right answer


ExpertsGlobal5
Anshul1223333
please review my understanding below:


(C) included among these the threat from a rival???s multibillion-dollar patent-infringement suit as well as a decline in sales for

is there a strict rule that 'these' should be followed by a noun?

is the usage of 'as well as' correct here. what is the underline difference b/w 'as well as' and 'AND'

Hello Anshul1223333,

We hope this finds you well.

To answer your queries, no; "these" could also be followed by the verb "were", and yes; the use of "as well as" is acceptable in this context.

We hope this helps.
All the best!
Experts' Global Team
User avatar
GMATNinja
User avatar
GMAT Club Verbal Expert
Joined: 13 Aug 2009
Last visit: 18 Nov 2025
Posts: 7,443
Own Kudos:
Given Kudos: 2,060
Status: GMAT/GRE/LSAT tutors
Location: United States (CO)
GMAT 1: 780 Q51 V46
GMAT 2: 800 Q51 V51
GRE 1: Q170 V170
GRE 2: Q170 V170
Products:
Expert
Expert reply
GMAT 2: 800 Q51 V51
GRE 1: Q170 V170
GRE 2: Q170 V170
Posts: 7,443
Kudos: 69,783
Kudos
Add Kudos
Bookmarks
Bookmark this Post
Anshul1223333
please review my understanding below:

(C) included among these the threat from a rival???s multibillion-dollar patent-infringement suit as well as a decline in sales for

is there a strict rule that 'these' should be followed by a noun?

is the usage of 'as well as' correct here. what is the underline difference b/w 'as well as' and 'AND'
Sorry for the late response, but if you're still wondering about "as well as" vs. "and", check out this post: https://gmatclub.com/forum/diesel-engin ... l#p2279380.
User avatar
Fido10
Joined: 12 Aug 2020
Last visit: 27 Aug 2024
Posts: 103
Own Kudos:
Given Kudos: 298
Location: Morocco
Products:
Posts: 103
Kudos: 165
Kudos
Add Kudos
Bookmarks
Bookmark this Post
daagh
There is a short cut to cross this long passage. ‘Sales for’ is bad idiom, and so skip 1, 3 and 5. ‘Sales of’ is good idiom. Between 2 and 4, choice 2 no doubt sticks to the relative pronoun touch rule – ‘which’ touches and means ‘company’ - but sadly flouts logical predication by not referring to ‘challenges’ and hence dump it. Merrily tread along 4.

egmat, can you help !
Daagh has written that the use of which is incorrect in choice B, and you stated that which is not incorrect in choice B, Can you help!
GMATNinja, sayantanc2k
User avatar
egmat
User avatar
e-GMAT Representative
Joined: 02 Nov 2011
Last visit: 19 Nov 2025
Posts: 5,108
Own Kudos:
Given Kudos: 700
GMAT Date: 08-19-2020
Expert
Expert reply
Active GMAT Club Expert! Tag them with @ followed by their username for a faster response.
Posts: 5,108
Kudos: 32,884
Kudos
Add Kudos
Bookmarks
Bookmark this Post
Fido10
daagh
There is a short cut to cross this long passage. ‘Sales for’ is bad idiom, and so skip 1, 3 and 5. ‘Sales of’ is good idiom. Between 2 and 4, choice 2 no doubt sticks to the relative pronoun touch rule – ‘which’ touches and means ‘company’ - but sadly flouts logical predication by not referring to ‘challenges’ and hence dump it. Merrily tread along 4.

egmat[/url], can you help !
Daagh has written that the use of which is incorrect in choice B, and you stated that which is not incorrect in choice B, Can you help!

Hey Fido10,

Thank you for the question.

Here's what Shraddha has said about choice B and the use of "which":

Quote:

Choice B - Again, there is no problem with the modification of "which" here because "facing the company" is a noun modifier that modifies "the numerous challenges" and cannot be placed anywhere. So "which" can jump over this modifier and correctly modify "challenges". But yes, singular Verb "includes" does not agrre in number with plural Subject "challenges".

Now, if you scroll further to this response by daagh in 2015, you'll notice that he acknowledges the possibility of "which" also referring to "challenges'. He states clearly, and I quote:

daagh
If we were to argue that it might refer to the ‘challenges” then the verb includes is wrong

So, as you can see, we've pretty much said the same thing. :)

And this brings us to the concept of "Far-away-noun Modification". Always remember, a relative pronoun can modify either the immediately preceding noun, or the head noun in the immediately preceding noun phrase by jumping over its modifiers in between.

So, how do we identify the valid antecedent?
Simple, through logical analysis. We need to understand what's written in the dependent clause and logically figure out which of the two preceding nouns it applies to.

  • If it can apply to only one of the preceding nouns (in the immediately preceding noun phrase), then that noun is considered the valid antecedent and the use of the relative pronoun is NOT considered ambiguous.
  • However, if the idea in the dependent clause can apply equally logically to both nouns, then we have a modifier error (error of ambiguity) on our hands.

Next Steps:

I hope this resolves the matter and improves your understanding further. Please revert for further clarification, if required.

Happy Learning!

Abhishek
User avatar
Krishnahelps
Joined: 15 Nov 2020
Last visit: 10 Sep 2025
Posts: 134
Own Kudos:
Given Kudos: 1,686
Schools: ISB '27 (A)
Schools: ISB '27 (A)
Posts: 134
Kudos: 33
Kudos
Add Kudos
Bookmarks
Bookmark this Post
egmat
kinjiGC
AbhiJ
At the annual stockholders meeting, investors heard a presentation on the numerous challenges facing the company, including among them the threat from a rival’s multibillion-dollar patent infringement suit and the declining sales for the company’s powerful microprocessor chip.
A. including among them the threat from a rival’s multibillion-dollar patent-infringement suit and the declining sales for
B. which includes the threat of a rival’s multibillion-dollar patent-infringement suit and declining sales of
C. included among these the threat from a rival’s multibillion-dollar patent-infringement suit as well as a decline in sales for
D. among them the threat of a rival’s multibillion-dollar patent-infringement suit and the decline in sales of
E. among these the threat from a rival’s multibillion-dollar patent-infringement suit as well as the decline in sales for

Can some one explain what type of modifier is used in the correct option and some other usages of this type modifier.

Meaning : At the annual SHM investors heard numerous challenges. Among those challenges were two challenges : threat from a rival's MDPI and decline in sales of company's powerful microprocessor chip.

verbing modifier should modify the preceding clause and should make sense with the subject of the preceding clause. Here including modifies the challenges and doesn't fit well with "investors" subject of the preceding clause.
A. including among them the threat from a rival’s multibillion-dollar patent-infringement suit and the declining sales for
Rejecting the option A for the above reason and also sales of instead of "for".

B. which includes the threat of a rival’s multibillion-dollar patent-infringement suit and declining sales of
which should replace challenges and includes has SV issue

C. included among these the threat from a rival’s multibillion-dollar patent-infringement suit as well as a decline in sales for
included should modify the closest noun "challenges" that is correct. "included among these" construction doesn't seem correct. sales of should be used instead of "for".

D. among them the threat of a rival’s multibillion-dollar patent-infringement suit and the decline in sales of
This looks the least of the devil.

E. among these the threat from a rival’s multibillion-dollar patent-infringement suit as well as the decline in sales for
"sales for" is the issue.

Doubts:
1) Any issue in "among them" and "among these"?
2) them should refer to the animate pronouns. Isn't it?
3) Any other errors?


Hi kinjiGC,

Thanks for posting your doubt here. :-)

It is true that "comma + verb-ing modifier" modifies the preceding action and must make sense with the doer of the modified action. However, "including" is an exception to this rule. Preceded or not preceded by a comma, "including" ALWAYS modifies a noun entity. In this sentence, "including" modifies "the numerous challenges" because what follows "including" are some of the challenges that the company faced.

Hence, Choice A is not incorrect from "comma + including". It is incorrect, as you have already mentioned, for the use of preposition "for" after "the declining sales" and use of preposition "from" after "threat". The correct preposition in the context of this sentence will be "threat of".

Choice B - Again, there is no problem with the modification of "which" here because "facing the company" is a noun modifier that modifies "the numerous challenges" and cannot be placed anywhere. So "which" can jump over this modifier and correctly modify "challenges". But yes, singular Verb "includes" does not agrre in number with plural Subject "challenges".

Choice C: Again, "included" in this choice is not incorrect for the same reason already explained in Choice B. "these" is demonstrative pronoun and must be followed by a noun. Per the context of the sentence, "these" should be followed by "challenges". But it is not. Hence, use of "these" is incorrect. This choice also repeats both teh incorrect prepositions of Choice A.

Choice D: This choice is correct. Here, "among them...." is a Noun Modifier that correctly modifies "the numerous challenges". Note that "them" can be used to refer to animate as well as inanimate objects.

Choice E: This Choice repeats the "these" error of Choice C and the preposition errors of Choice A.

All your doubts have been addressed in the analysis here. Please study them well, compare it to your analysis, and understand what all you possibly missed in your analysis.

Hope this helps. :-)
Thanks.
SJ

Hi egmat KarishmaB GMATNinja , Can you explain if declining sales and threat of are parallel? I know why it is incorrect in this context but I believe that they are parallel because core entities sales and the threat are nouns. I have gone through the forum but am feeling slightly confused. Please help here.
User avatar
KarishmaB
Joined: 16 Oct 2010
Last visit: 18 Nov 2025
Posts: 16,267
Own Kudos:
76,989
 [1]
Given Kudos: 482
Location: Pune, India
Expert
Expert reply
Active GMAT Club Expert! Tag them with @ followed by their username for a faster response.
Posts: 16,267
Kudos: 76,989
 [1]
1
Kudos
Add Kudos
Bookmarks
Bookmark this Post
ankitapugalia


Hi egmat KarishmaB GMATNinja , Can you explain if declining sales and threat of are parallel? I know why it is incorrect in this context but I believe that they are parallel because core entities sales and the threat are nouns. I have gone through the forum but am feeling slightly confused. Please help here.

It depends on what options you have available. Stand alone, I cannot decide whether they are parallel or not.
What I can say is that 'threat of A' and 'decline in B' are better than 'threat of A' and 'declining sales' but it depends on what options I have available.

Do not think of parallelism in absolute terms. The more parallelism you have, the better it is (since it makes the meaning clear) but you can make do with less if that is all you have.

It's all relative. Check this concept here: https://youtu.be/P9FMzbopfik
   1   2   3   4 
Moderators:
GMAT Club Verbal Expert
7443 posts
GMAT Club Verbal Expert
231 posts
188 posts