Before 1988, insurance companies in California were free to charge whatever rates the market would bear, needing no approval from regulators before raising rates.

(A) needing no approval from regulators before raising
(B) and it needed no approval by regulators before raising
(C) and needing no approval from regulators before they raised
(D) with approval not needed by regulators before they raised
(E) with no approval needed from regulators before the raising of

comma + with (adverbial modifier) = LINK 1 & LINK 2 & LINK 3 & LINK 4 &LINK 5 & LINK 6


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The following is how I chose answer choice (A)

Before 1988, insurance companies in California were free to charge whatever rates the market would bear, needing no approval from regulators before raising rates.

(A) needing no approval from regulators before raising
=> This option contains a participial phrase modifying the preceding clause. No error is spotted. Logical meaning.
CORRECT!

(B) and it needed no approval by regulators before raising
=> Wrong. There is no singular subject that can be antecedent of this pronoun. In this case, agent of the action "needed no approval..." should be "insurance companies" which is a plural noun.

(C) and needing no approval from regulators before they raised
=> Wrong. "and" requires parallelism, but "leading" is not parallel with "were"

(D) with approval not needed by regulators before they raised
=> Wrong. First, "with" makes the sentence more wordy. Second, why do we have to use a passive voice "approval not needed by..." while active voice in option (A) is available? Finally, pronoun "they" is ambiguous.

(E) with no approval needed from regulators before the raising of
=> Wrong. Usage of "with" and passive voice make this option less attractive. Also, "the raising of" is a noun in V-ing form, which is less preferred to the verb "raising" in option (A).

A. needing no approval from regulators before raising
CORRECT

B. and it needed no approval by regulators before raising
"it" here is wrong since "insurance companies" is prural.

C. and needing no approval from regulators before they raised
"and needing" isn't parallel to "were"

D. with approval not needed by regulators before they raised
"they" here is ambiguous since it could refer "insurance companies" or "regulators"

E. with no approval needed from regulators before the raising of
"the raising of" is wordy. "raising" is better
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Before 1988, insurance companies in California were free to charge whatever rates the market would bear, needing no approval from regulators before raising rates.

A. needing no approval from regulators before raising
Correct
B. and it needed no approval by regulators before raising
- Use of AND is incorrect since such use means that "Approval from regulator for increase in rate" and "insurance companies can charge any rate" are two different act, an idea contrary to original intent. Use of Singular pronoun "IT" for plural antecedent "COMPANIES" is incorrect. Hence Incorrect.
C. and needing no approval from regulators before they raised - Use of AND is incorrect as explained in option B. Use of NEEDING along with RAISED doesn't make any sense. Hence Incorrect.
D. with approval not needed by regulators before they raised
Use of NEEDING along with RAISED doesn't make any sense. Use of WITH leads to RUN-ON sentence. Passive voice is not preferred. Hence Incorrect.
E. with no approval needed from regulators before the raising of
Use of WITH leads to RUN-ON sentence. Hence Incorrect
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Non-expert here but hope that I can help you on this issue.

2 options (D) and (E) have more than one problem, as follows

D. with approval not needed by regulators before they raised
--> First, pronoun ambiguity - "they" could refer to both "insurance companies in California" and "regulators".
Second, passive voice "approval not needed by regulators" is insufficient and less preferred to active voice used in options (A) and (B).

E. with no approval needed from regulators before the raising of
--> First, insufficient passive voice (as in above choice).
Second, "the raising" is a noun (in the form of complex gerund). According to V-A-N rule, this noun is less preferred to its verb form ("raising"/"raised") as used in options (A), (B) and (C).
Lastly, this option fails to identify agent of the action (raising rates), while based on the original sentence, the agent is insurance companies in California. This causes a slight change in the meaning of sentence. That's why this choice is clearly out.

Before 1988, insurance companies in California were free to charge whatever rates the market would bear, needing no approval from regulators before raising rates.

(A) needing no approval from regulators before raising
correctly modifies the preceding clause "were free to charge whatever rates the market would bear"
What was free to charge? The insurance companies were

(B) and it needed no approval by regulators before raising
"it" can only refer to market. Market need no approval from regulators is not the intended meaning of the original sentence.
Insurance companies don't need approval.

(C) and needing no approval from regulators before they raised
"were" is not parallel with "needing". It is also unclear what "they" is referring to. Regulators? Insurance companies?

(D) with approval not needed by regulators before they raised
Same problem with (C)

(E) with no approval needed from regulators before the raising of
Passive voice, seems inferior to answer (A)

Please correct my explanation in (A) if I did it wrong.

Hi egmat,

I am confused why the construction 'with no approval needed' causes confusion. Is it true always?

What about the below sentence using the same phase -
With no approval needed, the visitors were allowed an easy entry into the premises.

As per my understanding - here the phrase 'with no approval needed' acts as an adverbial modifier and it modifies the subsequent main sentence - 'the visitors were allowed an easy entry into the premises'

Please let me know if I am wrong

Hello Everyone!

Let's take a closer look at this question, one issue at a time, so we can narrow down the options to the one correct answer! Before we dive in, here is the original question with important differences between the options highlighted in orange:

Before 1988, insurance companies in California were free to charge whatever rates the market would bear, needing no approval from regulators before raising rates.

(A) needing no approval from regulators before raising
(B) and it needed no approval by regulators before raising
(C) and needing no approval from regulators before they raised
(D) with approval not needed by regulators before they raised
(E) with no approval needed from regulators before the raising of

Right away, a few major differences between each option jump out:

1. approval from / approval by
2. raising / they raised / the raising of
3. needing / and it needed / and needing / with...not needed / with...needed

Since #1 on our list will knock either 2 or 3 options out of the way, let's start there: approval from / approval by. While both options are grammatically correct to use, there is a slight difference between the two:

approval from = ACTIVE VOICE / We need approval from the panel by 5:00pm Wednesday.
approval by = PASSIVE VOICE / We need approval by the panel by 5:00pm Wednesday.

Since the GMAT prefers active voice, we should eliminate any options that use "approval by" because they are written in passive voice:

(A) needing no approval from regulators before raising
(B) and it needed no approval by regulators before raising
(C) and needing no approval from regulators before they raised
(D) with approval not needed by regulators before they raised
(E) with no approval needed from regulators before the raising of

We can eliminate options B & D because they use passive voice.

Now we're left with options A, C, and E. Let's move on to #2 & #3 on our list: raising / they raised / the raising of and needing / and needing / with no...needed . For this part, let's make sure each option is concise, accurate, and doesn't contain any vague language:

(A) needing no approval from regulators before raising

This option is CORRECT because it's clear, concise, and makes logical sense! Starting with "needing" turns this into a modifier, and it's clear that the phrase is modifying the subject "insurance companies in California."

(C) and needing no approval from regulators before they raised

This option is INCORRECT for a couple reasons. First, the coordinating conjunction "and" isn't being used correctly here. Any time you use the conjunction "and," what comes before and after the comma MUST be able to stand alone as independent clauses. The phrase after the comma cannot stand alone, so it shouldn't have a conjunction with it. Second, the pronoun "they" here is vague and potentially misleading. It's unclear if "they" is referring to the insurance companies or regulators. If we follow general rules of grammar, "they" is referring to what's closest to it, which would be "regulators," which is not accurate. The insurance companies raise and lower rates, NOT the regulators!

(E) with no approval needed from regulators before the raising of

This option is INCORRECT for a couple reasons. First, it's overly wordy and awkward to say "with no approval needed" isn't as concise as "needing no approval." Second, the phrase "the raising of" is not only passive voice, which is a big no-no on the GMAT, but it's also unclear WHO is doing the action. There is no clear indication of who actually does "the raising of" the rates: the insurance companies, the regulators, or some other entity? If it's not 100% clear, then it's not likely to be a good option on the GMAT.

There you have it - option A is the correct answer because it uses active voice, concise wording, and clear indicators of who is carrying out which actions!


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There is nothing wrong with the usage of "with" in option E. There are several other errors, which are already described by the experts above.
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Thanks & Regards,
Vipul Chhabra

I went for C, thinking that "were" (without any repetition) as auxiliary verb is parallel with "needing". How is your reasoning that they are not parallel?