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During the eighteenth century, widespread changes in agriculture, know 13 Mar 2018, 23:30
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sunny91

Here, we can see that the structure that needs to be parallel is the introduction of X & Y & the substitution of Z. (X- enclosed fields , Y- new farming techniques, z-he substitution of commercial for subsistence farming. )
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Hi sunny91, so the current parallelism is:

X & Y & the substitution of Z.

Notice how much easier it gets on the eye, if we introduce a comma:

X & Y, & the substitution of Z.

Now it is so much more apparent that X & Y occur together as a group, while the third element is separate.

Let's take an example:

Peter likes apples and oranges and loves farming.

The sentence just seems to be going on and on, with (seemingly) numerous usages of and, making the sentence very difficult to comprehend.

A better way sentence would be:

Peter likes apples and oranges, and loves farming.
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During the eighteenth century, widespread changes in agriculture, know 13 Mar 2018, 23:36
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anuj04
A is out as Involving (VerbIng) modifies preceding clause but here” widespread changes in agriculture” or known as the agrarian revolution is phrase not Clause. Therefore, we need to use VerbED modifier, Verb+ed before comma, modifies the preceding “Noun-PHRASE”. Here Involved should be used, which modifies “Changes”

Other than B no options have this structure. Hence “B” is the answer.
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Hi anuj04, involved is not really used as modifier here, but as a simple past tense verb.

This is an important distinction and often a source of confusion. Hence, we encourage students to explicitly use the terms simple past tense and past participle.

p.s. Our book EducationAisle Sentence Correction Nirvana discusses Simple Past Tense Vs Past Participle, its application and examples in significant detail. If someone is interested, PM me your email-id; I can mail the corresponding section.
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During the eighteenth century, widespread changes in agriculture, know 15 Jun 2020, 09:48
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During the eighteenth century, widespread changes in agriculture, known as the agrarian revolution, involving the large-scale introduction of enclosed fields, of new farming techniques and crops, and the substitution of commercial for subsistence farming.
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ykaiim
A. revolution, involving the large-scale introduction of enclosed fields, of new farming techniques and crops, and
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This answer choice is a fragment. There is no independent clause. "involving" needs to be changed to "involved" so that we have a working verb.

Incomplete Sentence.

We also have an unparallel list. "....introduction of fields, of techniques and crops, and the substitution of commercial for farming.

ykaiim
B. revolution, involved the large-scale introduction of enclosed fields and of new farming techniques and crops, and
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Correct. Our subject is "revolution." Our working verb is "involved." We have a parallel structure, although it is pretty messy, mostly because we have two different verbs "introduction" and "substitution."

"...introduction of fields and of techniques and crops, and the substitution of commercial for farming.

The construction is basically this, "... the introduction of X and of Y and Z, and the substitution of A for B."

ykaiim
C. revolution, which involved the large-scale introduction of enclosed fields and of new farming techniques and crops, and
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This answer choice is a fragment. There is no independent clause. "which involved" introduces a modifier referring to agrarian revolution, but we don't have a working verb.

Incomplete Sentence.

ykaiim
D. revolution involved the large-scale introduction of enclosed fields, new farming techniques and crops, and of
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We have an unparallel structure. "... introduction of fields, new farming techniques and crops, and of the substitution of commercial for farming.

Also, our subject verb construction doesn't make much sense. "widespread changes, known as the agrarian revolution involved the introduction of..."

The "known as" construction is introducing our subject, revolution. Immediately after the subject, without a comma, we get the verb involved. This isn't grammatically correct. We need a comma after the "known as" construction.

ykaiim
E. revolution that involved the large-scale introduction of enclosed fields and new farming techniques and crops, and of
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This one is a hot mess. Incorrect usage of "that." As well as an unparallel construction.
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During the eighteenth century, widespread changes in agriculture, know 28 Aug 2020, 10:51
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During the eighteenth century,
widespread changes in agriculture,
known as the agrarian revolution,
involving the large-scale introduction of enclosed fields, of
new farming techniques
and crops,
and the substitution of commercial for subsistence farming.


A. revolution, involving the large-scale introduction of enclosed fields, of new farming techniques and crops, and

B. revolution, involved the large-scale introduction of enclosed fields and of new farming techniques and crops, and

C. revolution, which involved the large-scale introduction of enclosed fields and of new farming techniques and crops, and

D. revolution involved the large-scale introduction of enclosed fields, new farming techniques and crops, and of

E. revolution that involved the large-scale introduction of enclosed fields and new farming techniques and crops, and of

IMO B
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During the eighteenth century, widespread changes in agriculture, know 28 Oct 2021, 10:15
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So there can be multiple ands in a single list?
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During the eighteenth century, widespread changes in agriculture, know 29 Oct 2021, 03:25
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linuschoudhury
So there can be multiple ands in a single list?
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Hello linuschoudhury,

We hope this finds you well.

Having gone through the question and your query, we believe we can help resolve your doubt.

In any list with more than two elements, the last element is joined to the list with the "comma + conjunction" construction, and the others are always joined through commas. However, individual elements within the list can feature conjunctions, if the element is a compound noun, as is the case here.

The subject of the sentence is "changes in agriculture", and the sentence informs us that the changes involved two things in a list - a "large-scale introduction" and a "substitution"; these elements are joined by an "and". Within this list, the first element is an "introduction" of two things, also in a list, - "enclosed fields" and "new farming techniques and crops": these elements are also joined by an "and". Further, as you can see, the second element is also a compound noun - "farming techniques" and "crops" listed together and joined by an "and".

Essentially, although we see three instances of "and" here, there are not three conjunctions in the list; rather, there are three lists, one within another, each containing one "and".

We hope this helps.
All the best!
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During the eighteenth century, widespread changes in agriculture, know 14 Aug 2022, 06:52
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AndrewN, MartyTargetTestPrep, GMATNinja, AjiteshArun

Hello All,

I read somewhere that comma+and only appear in two cases:

1. A listing containing at least 3 items in the list (x,y, and z)
2. Introducing an independent clause

Now looking at (B), no subject is contained in -> no independent clause

And as the sentence says that A involved B (with B having several items like introduction of X and Y), and C.

Maybe I made a mistake for 1. and it is possible also for shorter lists to contain a comma+and, as in:

The hard work caused exhaustion, and a feeling of emptiness.

Please advise!

Thanks
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During the eighteenth century, widespread changes in agriculture, know 14 Aug 2022, 09:31
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hadimadi
Hello All,

I read somewhere that comma+and only appear in two cases:

1. A listing containing at least 3 items in the list (x,y, and z)
2. Introducing an independent clause

Now looking at (B), no subject is contained in -> no independent clause

And as the sentence says that A involved B (with B having several items like introduction of X and Y), and C.

Maybe I made a mistake for 1. and it is possible also for shorter lists to contain a comma+and, as in:

The hard work caused exhaustion, and a feeling of emptiness.

Please advise!

Thanks
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A comma can be added before "and" in a two-item list to create a pause for emphasis. In, your example above, the use of the comma results in some additional emphasis on "and a feeling of emptiness."
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During the eighteenth century, widespread changes in agriculture, know 17 Aug 2022, 05:55
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hadimadi
Hello All,

I read somewhere that comma+and only appear in two cases:

1. A listing containing at least 3 items in the list (x,y, and z)
2. Introducing an independent clause

Now looking at (B), no subject is contained in -> no independent clause

And as the sentence says that A involved B (with B having several items like introduction of X and Y), and C.

Maybe I made a mistake for 1. and it is possible also for shorter lists to contain a comma+and, as in:

The hard work caused exhaustion, and a feeling of emptiness.

Please advise!

Thanks
A comma can be added before "and" in a two-item list to create a pause for emphasis. In, your example above, the use of the comma results in some additional emphasis on "and a feeling of emptiness."
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MartyTargetTestPrep

Thanks Marty, cleared things up. One remark:

Martin liked Paris and he visited the city often.

Martin liked Paris, and he visited the city often.

Is the second version also fine? “He visited the city often” can stand alone, and it doesn’t alter the meaning.

In case both are fine, which one is generally preferred on the GMAT?

Thanks
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During the eighteenth century, widespread changes in agriculture, know 05 Sep 2022, 23:45
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egmat sayantanc2k mikemcgarry

Isn't changes a verb ? People change over time - this is a ful setence with change as verb. Why won't changes be a verb here. How do I avoid such mistake if change is not a verb here, I thought A, C and E aren't run on because of changes
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During the eighteenth century, widespread changes in agriculture, know 06 Sep 2022, 03:00
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Rickooreo
Isn't changes a verb ? People change over time - this is a ful setence with change as verb. Why won't changes be a verb here. How do I avoid such mistake if change is not a verb here, I thought A, C and E aren't run on because of changes
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Here the usage is like this:

After Covid, global economy is witnessing widespread changes.

"is witnessing" is the verb here. Changes is a noun, with "widespread" being an adjective.
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During the eighteenth century, widespread changes in agriculture, know 06 Sep 2022, 04:45
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Rickooreo
egmat sayantanc2k mikemcgarry

Isn't changes a verb ? People change over time - this is a ful setence with change as verb. Why won't changes be a verb here. How do I avoid such mistake if change is not a verb here, I thought A, C and E aren't run on because of changes
Show more

Hello Rickooreo,

We hope this finds you well.

To answer your query, "changes" is also a noun that refers to the process of changing - "There has been a change in plans." - or to the result of the process, i.e what the change is - "I have made a change in my diet."

We hope this helps.
All the best!
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During the eighteenth century, widespread changes in agriculture, know 23 Jan 2023, 09:31
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In the correct answer choice, given the two parallel elements are introduction and substitution, is the comma before the substitution necessary? Can't the introduction of.... and the substitution... suffice?
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During the eighteenth century, widespread changes in agriculture, know 24 Jan 2023, 02:16
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bullishdutta
In the correct answer choice, given the two parallel elements are introduction and substitution, is the comma before the substitution necessary? Can't the introduction of.... and the substitution... suffice?
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Hey bullishdutta

Happy to help.

Yes, that comma is necessary. Here's why:

During the eighteenth century, widespread changes in agriculture, known as the agrarian revolution, involved the large-scale introduction of enclosed fields and of new farming techniques and crops, and the substitution of commercial for subsistence farming.

This sentence follows the structure:
  • X involved Y of A and of B, and Z.
This means:
  • Y and Z are two entities in a list of objects of the verb "involved", and
  • Only A and B modify Y.


Now let's look at the same sentence without the comma:
  • X involved Y of A and of B and Z.
This means:
  • The verb "involved" has only one object Y.
  • The phrases "of A" and "of B and Z" are two modifiers of Y.
  • B and Z are the two objects of the second preposition "of".



Now, since the widespread changes involved two things - the introduction of a few things and the substitution of one thing with another, we need that comma. That comma helps denote the end of the first entity (Y) in this list. Without that comma, B and Z can be viewed as part of the same list of objects of the second preposition "of".


I hope this helps.

Happy Learning!

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During the eighteenth century, widespread changes in agriculture, know 29 Jan 2024, 06:57
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