Last visit was: 19 Nov 2025, 05:47 It is currently 19 Nov 2025, 05:47
Home
GMAT
Messages
Tests
Schools
Events
Rewards
Chat
My Profile
Close
GMAT Club Daily Prep
Thank you for using the timer - this advanced tool can estimate your performance and suggest more practice questions. We have subscribed you to Daily Prep Questions via email.

Customized
for You

we will pick new questions that match your level based on your Timer History

Track
Your Progress

every week, we’ll send you an estimated GMAT score based on your performance

Practice
Pays

we will pick new questions that match your level based on your Timer History
Not interested in getting valuable practice questions and articles delivered to your email? No problem, unsubscribe here.
Go to My Error Log Learn more
Close
Request Expert Reply
Confirm Cancel
Back to Forum
Create Topic
   1   2   3   
User avatar
TooLong150
User avatar
Joined: 10 Mar 2013
Last visit: 07 Feb 2022
Posts: 135
Own Kudos:
536
 [2]
Given Kudos: 2,412
GMAT 1: 620 Q44 V31
GMAT 2: 610 Q47 V28
GMAT 3: 700 Q49 V36
GMAT 4: 690 Q48 V35
GMAT 5: 750 Q49 V42
GMAT 6: 730 Q50 V39
GPA: 3
Products:
My Reviews
GMAT 6: 730 Q50 V39
Posts: 135
Kudos: 536
 [2]
During the past decade, the labor market in France has not been operat 27 Nov 2013, 16:43
2
Kudos
Add Kudos
Bookmarks
Bookmark this Post
I also had to choose between B and E, but I picked E, because the second part of the sentence starting with "instead" seemed to signal the beginning of a new thought, and I thought that it should be placed in an independent clause. Because it will be in an independent clause, it should separated with a conjunction or a semicolon.
User avatar
scofield1521
User avatar
MBA Blogger
Joined: 19 Apr 2014
Last visit: 06 Oct 2017
Posts: 61
Own Kudos:
133
 [1]
Given Kudos: 59
Location: India
Concentration: Strategy, Technology
Schools: NTU '19
WE:Analyst (Computer Software)
Schools: NTU '19
Posts: 61
Kudos: 133
 [1]
During the past decade, the labor market in France has not been operat 05 Aug 2014, 23:39
1
Kudos
Add Kudos
Bookmarks
Bookmark this Post
According to Manhattan, OA is E.
But my choice was B as ';' is used between 2 independent sentences. Is E an independent sentence? :!: :!:
Anyone please explain!! :?
User avatar
Thoughtosphere
User avatar
Joined: 02 Jul 2012
Last visit: 24 Nov 2021
Posts: 149
Own Kudos:
795
 [2]
Given Kudos: 84
Location: India
Schools: IIMC  (A)
GMAT 1: 720 Q50 V38
GPA: 2.6
WE:Information Technology (Consulting)
Products:
My Reviews
Schools: IIMC  (A)
GMAT 1: 720 Q50 V38
Posts: 149
Kudos: 795
 [2]
During the past decade, the labor market in France has not been operat 30 Sep 2014, 08:40
2
Kudos
Add Kudos
Bookmarks
Bookmark this Post
scofield1521
According to Manhattan, OA is E.
But my choice was B as ';' is used between 2 independent sentences. Is E an independent sentence? :!: :!:
Anyone please explain!! :?
Show more

Dear Scofield,

The later part of E, i.e instead, its functioning has been stifled by various government regulations restricting the hiring and firing of workers, is an independent clause. The correct way to judge whether a clause is an independent clause or not is to see, whether all alone, it makes any sense or not. The best way to do that is by using a full-stop, instead of the punctuation.

The second part does make sense and moreover, the presence of the word instead doesn't makes a clause dependent. The word instead just suggest that some topic is continued from the last sentence.

Thus B is incorrect and E is acceptable.

Hope this helps to resolve your query.
User avatar
Thoughtosphere
User avatar
Joined: 02 Jul 2012
Last visit: 24 Nov 2021
Posts: 149
Own Kudos:
795
 [1]
Given Kudos: 84
Location: India
Schools: IIMC  (A)
GMAT 1: 720 Q50 V38
GPA: 2.6
WE:Information Technology (Consulting)
Products:
My Reviews
Schools: IIMC  (A)
GMAT 1: 720 Q50 V38
Posts: 149
Kudos: 795
 [1]
During the past decade, the labor market in France has not been operat 04 Oct 2014, 10:50
1
Kudos
Add Kudos
Bookmarks
Bookmark this Post
Dear LS,

The instead in the second part of sentence is just continuing the topic from the last sentence.
User avatar
GMAT888
User avatar
Joined: 01 Jul 2009
Last visit: 09 Mar 2022
Posts: 136
Own Kudos:
93
 [1]
Given Kudos: 39
Posts: 136
Kudos: 93
 [1]
During the past decade, the labor market in France has not been operat 19 Oct 2014, 12:43
1
Kudos
Add Kudos
Bookmarks
Bookmark this Post
It's too long so there should be a break for two sentences also the second part should use past perfect, which renders only viable answer E.
User avatar
mvictor
User avatar
Board of Directors
Joined: 17 Jul 2014
Last visit: 14 Jul 2021
Posts: 2,124
Own Kudos:
1,263
Given Kudos: 236
Location: United States (IL)
Concentration: Finance, Economics
Schools: Stanford '20 (WD)
GMAT 1: 650 Q49 V30
GPA: 3.92
WE:General Management (Transportation)
Products:
My Reviews
Schools: Stanford '20 (WD)
GMAT 1: 650 Q49 V30
Posts: 2,124
Kudos: 1,263
During the past decade, the labor market in France has not been operat 30 Apr 2015, 12:38
Kudos
Add Kudos
Bookmarks
Bookmark this Post
karlfurt
During the past decade, the labor market in France has not been operating according to free market principles, but instead stifling functioning through its various government regulations restricting the hiring and firing of workers.
Show more

let's understand the meaning of the sentence:
the labor market in France has not been operating according to the free market principles
BUT introduces a new clause
instead stifling functioning through its various government regulations restricting the hiring and firing of workers.

but instead - 2 contrasting words, using both of them are redundant. if we use but - then we have a fragment, since the part that comes after the conjunction doesn't have a verb.
if we use only instead, then we have a run-on sentence. 2 independent clauses are separated by a comma only.


A) principles, but instead stifling functioning through its various government regulations restricting the hiring and firing of workers
wrong as mentioned

B) principles, instead it has been functioning in a stifled manner as a result of various government regulations that restrict the hiring and firing of workers
2 independent clauses are not properly connected.

C) principles, rather functioning despite being stifled as a result of government regulations that variously restrict worker hiring and firing
this answer is awkwardly constructed.
now the underlined portion is an ing modifier.
ing modifier can either modify the entire clause, or present result of the first clause.
neither of the functions of ing modifier is logical here.


D) principles; the hiring and firing of workers is restricted there by various government regulations, its functioning being stifled
this choice changes the meaning. now the focus is on hiring and firing of workers and not on how the labor market is functioning.

E) principles; instead, its functioning has been stifled by various government regulations restricting the hiring and firing of workers
this choice correctly uses semi-colon.
its correctly refers to labor market.
the tense is correctly used, and parallel to the first IC.
restricting correctly modifies regulations
User avatar
PathFinder007
User avatar
Joined: 10 Mar 2014
Last visit: 21 Oct 2018
Posts: 129
Own Kudos:
733
Given Kudos: 13
Posts: 129
Kudos: 733
During the past decade, the labor market in France has not been operat 08 Jan 2016, 07:44
Kudos
Add Kudos
Bookmarks
Bookmark this Post
plumber250
During the past decade, the labor market in France has not been operating according to free market principles, but instead stifling functioning through its various government regulations restricting the hiring and firing of workers. Not parallel - wrong!

During the past decade, the labor market in France has not been operating according to free market principles, instead it has been functioning in a stifled manner as a result of various government regulations that restrict the hiring and firing of workers. Very awkward construction, the two sections are not joined properly with a comma

During the past decade, the labor market in France has not been operating according to free market principles, rather functioning despite being stifled as a result of government regulations that variously restrict worker hiring and firing. Require a 'but' or similar to contrast the two sections either side of the comma

During the past decade, the labor market in France has not been operating according to free market principles; the hiring and firing of workers is restricted there by various government regulations, its functioning being stifled Being is a danger word - avoid at all costs.

During the past decade, the labor market in France has not been operating according to free market principles; instead, its functioning has been stifled by various government regulations restricting the hiring and firing of workers. Looks good to me, parallel, consistent. I'm happy
Show more


Hi,

I have a query for option A. cant we say this is run on . as ,but requires a clause but where is the verb for this sentence.

Please clarify.

Thanks
User avatar
daagh
User avatar
Major Poster
Joined: 19 Feb 2007
Last visit: 16 Oct 2020
Posts: 5,264
Own Kudos:
42,418
Given Kudos: 422
Status: enjoying
Location: India
WE:Education (Education)
Expert
Expert reply
Posts: 5,264
Kudos: 42,418
During the past decade, the labor market in France has not been operat 08 Jan 2016, 08:33
Kudos
Add Kudos
Bookmarks
Bookmark this Post
Pathfinder wrote

Quote:
Hi,

I have a query for option A. cannot we say this is run on. As, but requires a clause but where is the verb for this sentence.

Please clarify.

Thanks
Show more

When there is no verb after a fanboy, then it will be called a fragment, since the RHS is just a phrase and not a clause as you have correctly pointed out. On the contrary, B is a run – on, since there are full- fledged clauses, connected by just a comma.
User avatar
PrakharGMAT
User avatar
Joined: 12 Jan 2015
Last visit: 02 May 2017
Posts: 148
Own Kudos:
725
Given Kudos: 79
Posts: 148
Kudos: 725
During the past decade, the labor market in France has not been operat 03 Mar 2016, 23:59
Kudos
Add Kudos
Bookmarks
Bookmark this Post
Hi Experts / chetan2u / daagh ,


I want to discuss the non-underlined part-

During the past decade, the labor market in France has not been operating

If we are discussing about the past decade--shouldn't we use past tense..?
If it was written Since past decade--> In that case present perfect tense should be used.

But in this scenario we are discussing about PAST. So, how the usage of present perfect tense is correct.
Can you please shed some light into it..?

Additionally, is it correct approach to try to parallel operating and functioning in this sentence...??
If so, the first part will be in active voice and the second part will be in passive voice.

But, I have learnt that if two things are connected with conjunction then both part should be either in active or in passive voice.....????
Can I say INSTEAD is working as a conjunction here.....??

Please assist.
User avatar
sayantanc2k
User avatar
Joined: 14 Dec 2013
Last visit: 09 Dec 2022
Posts: 2,393
Own Kudos:
15,523
 [2]
Given Kudos: 26
Location: Germany
Schools:
GMAT 1: 780 Q50 V47
WE:Corporate Finance (Pharmaceuticals and Biotech)
Expert
Expert reply
Schools:
GMAT 1: 780 Q50 V47
Posts: 2,393
Kudos: 15,523
 [2]
During the past decade, the labor market in France has not been operat 04 Mar 2016, 16:53
2
Kudos
Add Kudos
Bookmarks
Bookmark this Post
PrakharGMAT
Hi Experts / chetan2u / daagh ,


I want to discuss the non-underlined part-

During the past decade, the labor market in France has not been operating

If we are discussing about the past decade--shouldn't we use past tense..?
If it was written Since past decade--> In that case present perfect tense should be used.

But in this scenario we are discussing about PAST. So, how the usage of present perfect tense is correct.
Can you please shed some light into it..?

Additionally, is it correct approach to try to parallel operating and functioning in this sentence...??
If so, the first part will be in active voice and the second part will be in passive voice.

But, I have learnt that if two things are connected with conjunction then both part should be either in active or in passive voice.....????
Can I say INSTEAD is working as a conjunction here.....??

Please assist.
Show more

1. Use of since: The word since is used to refer to a point in time, not a period of time. Hence since the past decade in any case would be wrong. Since 2006 would be correct.

2. Use of present perfect: You would be right if past decade were actually a time period in the past; however it is not. The past decade indicates a time interval that started 10 years ago and the present moment is at the end of the 10 year span; the period is ending now. The verb has not been operating is used to indicate that the operation is not going on at this moment, the moment in which the past decade is ending, and it has not been going on during the past decade. For an action which started in the past and is still continuing, we use a present perfect - here not operating is the action.

3. The mixing of active and passive voice on two sides of a conjunction is allowed. See the following example ( from Manhattan SC guide):
The shuttle launch TOOK place flawlessly and WAS SEEN on television.... correct.

Hope the above explanations help.
User avatar
vanam52923
User avatar
Joined: 17 Jul 2017
Last visit: 12 Jun 2025
Posts: 202
Own Kudos:
102
Given Kudos: 228
Posts: 202
Kudos: 102
During the past decade, the labor market in France has not been operat 17 Dec 2018, 13:03
Kudos
Add Kudos
Bookmarks
Bookmark this Post
karlfurt
During the past decade, the labor market in France has not been operating according to free market principles, but instead stifling functioning through its various government regulations restricting the hiring and firing of workers.

(A) principles, but instead stifling functioning through its various government regulations restricting the hiring and firing of workers

(B) principles, instead it has been functioning in a stifled manner as a result of various government regulations that restrict the hiring and firing of workers

(C) principles, rather functioning despite being stifled as a result of government regulations that variously restrict worker hiring and firing

(D) principles; the hiring and firing of workers is restricted there by various government regulations, its functioning being stifled

(E) principles; instead, its functioning has been stifled by various government regulations restricting the hiring and firing of workers
Show more

daagh
Sir i have one confusion in concept of ICs.
An Ic must have subject and verb so E here is IC and 2 ics cannot be connected by , so b is wrong.
But my doubt is if i read it without "instead"
i can say
subject is :Its functioning
verb:has been stifled
but the use of instead gives me a feeling of this being part being a dependent clause so how to differentiate. Please guide.
Instead, its functioning has been stifled by various government regulations restricting the hiring and firing of workers
is this a sentence.
is not is like saying
In place of ,its functioning has been stifled by various government regulations restricting the hiring and firing of workers
(in place of x happening ,,,,then what ,,what else is happening)?
So how is this an Ic?
User avatar
daagh
User avatar
Major Poster
Joined: 19 Feb 2007
Last visit: 16 Oct 2020
Posts: 5,264
Own Kudos:
42,418
 [2]
Given Kudos: 422
Status: enjoying
Location: India
WE:Education (Education)
Expert
Expert reply
Posts: 5,264
Kudos: 42,418
 [2]
During the past decade, the labor market in France has not been operat 17 Dec 2018, 13:17
1
Kudos
Add Kudos
1
Bookmarks
Bookmark this Post
'Instead' means, "on the contrary, but, etc ", just an introductory remark. 'Instead of' means 'in the place of'. Please do not get confused between the two.
avatar
vortex91
avatar
Joined: 05 Jul 2018
Last visit: 24 Jan 2022
Posts: 1
Given Kudos: 5
Posts: 1
Kudos: 0
During the past decade, the labor market in France has not been operat 17 Jul 2021, 11:53
Kudos
Add Kudos
Bookmarks
Bookmark this Post
daagh
During the past decade, the labor market in France has not been operating according to free market principles, but instead stifling functioning through its various government regulations restricting the hiring and firing of workers.

Between Choices B and E


b) principles, instead it has been functioning in a stifled manner as a result of various government regulations that restrict the hiring and firing of workers - Wordy

e) principles; instead, its functioning has been stifled by various government regulations restricting the hiring and firing of workers –

IMO, -instead - is not a subordinate conjunction. It is an adverbial conjunction that is used to bring out the transition of something from the original idea, just as a co-ordinate conjunction – but- would do. In comparison, words such as - although, while and even as - are subordinate conjunctions, still contrasting the two sides of sentence.

Secondly a fragment is in effect a collection or a jumble of words, essentially without a verb. But the second part of the sentence has a rock solid passive voice verb- has been stifled.-

But the biggest problem in B is the ungrammatical joining of two independent clauses by a mere comma, a serious style error


So E
Show more


Hi guys,

Wanted to check if someone could help me clear up how I may properly distinguish between an independent clause and a subordinate clause. Would the underlined portion of the below question be a subordinate clause and what exactly makes this subordinate?

Sixty-five million years ago, according to some scientists, an asteroid bigger than Mount Everest slammed into North America, an event that caused the plant and animal extinctions that mark the end of the geologic era known as the Cretaceous Period.
avatar
mayuri1404nayak
avatar
Joined: 19 Nov 2020
Last visit: 13 Dec 2021
Posts: 5
Own Kudos:
4
Given Kudos: 1
Posts: 5
Kudos: 4
During the past decade, the labor market in France has not been operat 29 Jul 2021, 19:36
Kudos
Add Kudos
Bookmarks
Bookmark this Post
Is the first sentence in passive form - if yes, then how?

--the labor market in France has not been operating according to free market principles
User avatar
Vetrick
User avatar
Joined: 19 Jul 2021
Last visit: 10 Dec 2022
Posts: 46
Own Kudos:
64
 [1]
Given Kudos: 30
Location: India
Posts: 46
Kudos: 64
 [1]
During the past decade, the labor market in France has not been operat 05 Nov 2021, 07:40
1
Kudos
Add Kudos
Bookmarks
Bookmark this Post
Looks like the word 'Instead', here, is a conjunctive adverb that can be used to link two independent clauses.

(Ref: https://www.mit.edu/course/21/21.guide/cnj-adv.htm)
User avatar
gloomybison
User avatar
Joined: 30 Mar 2021
Last visit: 02 Jan 2024
Posts: 227
Own Kudos:
210
Given Kudos: 93
Location: Turkey
Schools: Yale '26 (A) LBS '26 (WL) Booth '26 (A) Columbia CBS'26 (A) Kellogg '26 (A) Tuck '26 (A) Wharton '26 (D) Sloan '26 (D)
GMAT 1: 720 Q51 V36
GPA: 3.69
Schools: Yale '26 (A) LBS '26 (WL) Booth '26 (A) Columbia CBS'26 (A) Kellogg '26 (A) Tuck '26 (A) Wharton '26 (D) Sloan '26 (D)
GMAT 1: 720 Q51 V36
Posts: 227
Kudos: 210
During the past decade, the labor market in France has not been operat 26 Dec 2021, 12:30
Kudos
Add Kudos
Bookmarks
Bookmark this Post
Hi generis DmitryFarber

in B, why do we consider a sentence that begins with "instead" an independent clause? isn't instead a conjuction?

For instance; my uncle hates chocolate cake, though he loves chocolate.
Here we don't need to use a semicolon
would you explain the difference please?
Thank you
User avatar
ExpertsGlobal5
User avatar
Experts' Global Representative
Joined: 10 Jul 2017
Last visit: 19 Nov 2025
Posts: 5,195
Own Kudos:
4,765
 [1]
Given Kudos: 43
Location: India
GMAT Date: 11-01-2019
Expert
Expert reply
Active GMAT Club Expert! Tag them with @ followed by their username for a faster response.
Posts: 5,195
Kudos: 4,765
 [1]
During the past decade, the labor market in France has not been operat 27 Dec 2021, 08:27
1
Kudos
Add Kudos
Bookmarks
Bookmark this Post
gloomybison
Hi generis DmitryFarber

in B, why do we consider a sentence that begins with "instead" an independent clause? isn't instead a conjuction?

For instance; my uncle hates chocolate cake, though he loves chocolate.
Here we don't need to use a semicolon
would you explain the difference please?
Thank you
Show more

Hello gloomybison,

We hope this finds you well.

To answer your query, "instead" is a subordinating conjunction, a type of conjunction that can be used to begin independent sentences; thus, an independent clause that begins with "instead" should be preceded by a semicolon.

We hope this helps.
All the best!
Experts' Global Team
User avatar
GMATist1
User avatar
Joined: 23 Jul 2021
Last visit: 03 Dec 2023
Posts: 34
Own Kudos:
36
Given Kudos: 138
Location: India
Concentration: Entrepreneurship, Strategy
Schools: Rotman '25
WE:Other (Computer Software)
Schools: Rotman '25
Posts: 34
Kudos: 36
During the past decade, the labor market in France has not been operat 31 Jan 2022, 13:04
Kudos
Add Kudos
Bookmarks
Bookmark this Post
Does choice (E) incorrectly uses Present Perfect tense?
Shouldn't it be using Present Perfect continuous instead?

In the first clause "France has not been operating"
therefore isn't the following better?
"instead it has been functioning in a stifled manner "
User avatar
ryanstarr
User avatar
Manhattan Prep Instructor
Joined: 22 Sep 2021
Last visit: 17 Nov 2025
Posts: 55
Own Kudos:
127
 [1]
Given Kudos: 12
Location: United States
GMAT 1: 780 Q50 V49
GMAT 2: 790 Q51 V50 (Online)
Expert
Expert reply
GMAT 2: 790 Q51 V50 (Online)
Posts: 55
Kudos: 127
 [1]
During the past decade, the labor market in France has not been operat 31 Jan 2022, 16:46
1
Kudos
Add Kudos
Bookmarks
Bookmark this Post
Hello, everybody! I'm going to try to get you rapid-fire answers to some of the queries above. Here goes!

Quote:
Hi guys,

Wanted to check if someone could help me clear up how I may properly distinguish between an independent clause and a subordinate clause. Would the underlined portion of the below question be a subordinate clause and what exactly makes this subordinate?

Sixty-five million years ago, according to some scientists, an asteroid bigger than Mount Everest slammed into North America, an event that caused the plant and animal extinctions that mark the end of the geologic era known as the Cretaceous Period.
Show more

This is a great question. In general, as an earlier post said, an independent clause should be able to stand alone as a sentence; in a sense, it should feel complete when you read it on its own. Grammatically speaking, an independent clause needs to have a subject and a conjugated verb and express a complete thought, though that last bit gets complicated: what exactly constitutes a "complete thought"? It can be hard to say. As such, it's often easier to learn the words that signal dependent and subordinate clauses. Some examples of each can be found below:

    Dependent clause words (relative pronouns): that, which, who, whom, whose, and (in some cases) where and when. These words tend to introduce clauses that function as adjectives (noun modifiers) or as nouns themselves.

    Subordinate clause words (subordinating conjunctions): as, because, although, while, if, and (in some cases) before, after, where, and when. These words tend to introduce clauses that function as adverbs and respond in some way to the main (independent) clause of the sentence.

Notice that if you try to take a sentence and put one of these words at the beginning, it suddenly doesn't express a complete thought even though it still has a subject and a verb:

    I went to the store. <-- complete sentence
    That I went to the store. <-- sentence fragment
    Because I went to the store. <-- sentence fragment

All that said, to answer your question about the underlined portion, see if it feels complete when you read it alone. With any luck, it doesn't--it sort of leaves us hanging. On a technical level, this is because the underlined portion is an appositive (a noun used as a modifier) with two dependent clauses (each starting with that) attached to it. It's being used to describe the asteroid's slamming into North America in more detail.

mayuri1404nayak
Is the first sentence in passive form - if yes, then how?

--the labor market in France has not been operating according to free market principles
Show more

The first sentence is not in passive form but rather present perfect continuous/progressive form. To be in passive form, it would need to use a past participle (such as has been operated). However, to be clear, even if the first clause is using the active voice, the second clause can correctly use the passive voice (much as two clauses in the same sentence can have verbs in different tenses--more on this below).

gloomybison
Hi generis DmitryFarber

in B, why do we consider a sentence that begins with "instead" an independent clause? isn't instead a conjuction?

For instance; my uncle hates chocolate cake, though he loves chocolate.
Here we don't need to use a semicolon
would you explain the difference please?
Thank you
Show more

This is essentially because instead and though are grammatically different. As Vetrick said, instead is being used as an adverb here; as such, it functions much as "however," "therefore," "consequently," or "as such" would after a semicolon, and much like those words, it is not grammatically equipped to function as a conjunction. This means that instead can't be used with a comma alone to join two clauses. Though, on the other hand, is a subordinating conjunction, meaning it can be attached to the main clause with a comma.

GMATist1
Does choice (E) incorrectly uses Present Perfect tense?
Shouldn't it be using Present Perfect continuous instead?

In the first clause "France has not been operating"
therefore isn't the following better?
"instead it has been functioning in a stifled manner "
Show more

This is a good question. In a perfect world, the verb form used in both clauses might be equivalent just for the sake of neatness; however, there's no grammatical rule saying that two verbs in different clauses within a sentence (or even within the same clause within a sentence) need to have the same tense. Verb-tense choices are almost always governed by the intended meaning of the part of the sentence in which they appear rather than by parallelism. For a good example of this, check out this Official Guide question: Images of Hindu deities. As you'll see, the correct answer pairs the present indicative active-voice verb date with the past indicative passive-voice verb were fashioned. There are several other official examples that do similar things. It's very common to want verbs to be alike when they appear in the same sentence, but basically they never really have to be.

I hope all that helps!
User avatar
Ahmed9955
User avatar
Joined: 18 Feb 2019
Last visit: 02 Dec 2023
Posts: 83
Own Kudos:
24
Given Kudos: 326
Location: India
Schools: Booth '24 Fuqua '24 ISB '23 NTU NUS Ross '24 Rotman '24 Yale '24
GMAT 1: 570 Q46 V21
Schools: Booth '24 Fuqua '24 ISB '23 NTU NUS Ross '24 Rotman '24 Yale '24
GMAT 1: 570 Q46 V21
Posts: 83
Kudos: 24
During the past decade, the labor market in France has not been operat 08 Feb 2022, 23:52
Kudos
Add Kudos
Bookmarks
Bookmark this Post
karlfurt
During the past decade, the labor market in France has not been operating according to free market principles, but instead stifling functioning through its various government regulations restricting the hiring and firing of workers
Show more

Hi, BKimball GMATNinja
ryanstarr,

can you guys please help me clarify my understanding?

1. Why the sentence is in the perfect tense, although it talks about a specific period- past decade?

2. If it reflects that the market is still not operating according to free-market principles, that is the effect is still present, then can we use 'Since' instead of 'during'?
   1   2   3   
Moderators:
GMATNinja
GMAT Club Verbal Expert
7443 posts
GMATNinjaTwo
GMAT Club Verbal Expert
231 posts
miag
188 posts