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03 Mar 2019, 21:13
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AkshdeepS
Firstly, ignore both the in addition to... and the the automakers that were... because neither of them is part of the list of items introduced by the and.
This is the portion of the sentence that we are interested in:
The federal government’s books are being helped by lower defense spending, a drop in outlays for benefits like Medicaid, and proceeds from the sales of General Motors and Chrysler.
The three items in the list are:
1. lower defense spending
2. a drop in outlays for benefits like Medicaid
(and)
3. proceeds from the sales of General Motors and Chrysler
All of these words (spending, drop, and proceeds) are capable of playing other roles in a sentence, but in this specific case, we are looking at a list of nouns.
Lower (here) is an adjective that describes the entire noun phrase defense spending (spending is a noun here). For example, consider lower employee satisfaction. Clearly, the intent is not to talk about the satisfaction of lower employees. The intent is to describe employee satisfaction as a whole. If you aren't sure about the word spending itself, check this dictionary entry for spending.
Drop also happens to be a noun in this case.
And finally, proceeds is also a noun in this case.
04 Mar 2019, 10:49
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AjiteshArun
Thanks a lot Ajitesh. This makes things more clear. My other concern is regarding parallelism checking. I mean why did you ignore "lower" and choose only "spending" to make it parallel to " a drop". Don't we see the first word of the phrases to match it with the other one while looking for parallelism.
Lower = adjective : A drop = Noun
Why are we looking only word "spending" and not the entire noun phrase lower defense spending.
04 Mar 2019, 20:53
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AkshdeepS
We are looking at the entire noun phrase (underlined in my previous reply). It's just that in this case, spending is the most important word in that phrase. That's the one we need (the first word may or may not be the most important). Think of it this way: if you were allowed to pick only one element in that phrase to replace the whole phrase, which one would you pick? You will almost certainly lose some meaning in the process, so it may be better to think of this as getting to the "least bad" outcome. For example:
The company benefited from lower taxes and higher government spending.
Look at this sentence as:
The company benefited from (A and B).
Now try to find which element (in A and B) fits best (least bad):
The company benefited from taxes.
The company benefited from spending.
So now we know that the company benefited from taxes and spending.
Try this in another sentence:
The government wants to lower taxes and increase its spending.
The government wants to lower and increase.
In this case, lower and increase are what we'll focus on.
Keep practicing. Don't limit yourself to "the first word", and let the rest of the sentence also help you.
