Meaning : In Egypt, climate changed and pastures became desserts, and thus the inhabitants were forced to withdraw from X to Y.

Mistake analysis: Correct idiom is Some result/change from X to Y and in the sentence it is from to X and from.

Due to the climate change the inhabitants were from forced to leave the hunting grounds to Nile.

Only Option C fits the bill.

B) After climate and then something happened, but not something had happened and climate change --> Incorrect. When we use had + participle there must be some sequence related to it.
D) Having been forced incorrect as per the sequence flow.
E) Because of withdraw the inhibitants are forced but it is climate that made them to leave.

In Egypt in the late Paleolithic period, the climate changed, pastures became deserts, and the inhabitants were forced to withdraw to the land bordering the Nile from their hunting grounds.

(A) inhabitants were forced to withdraw to the land bordering the Nile from their hunting grounds - Incorrect Idiom
(B) inhabitants had been forced to withdraw from their hunting grounds to the land that bordered the Nile. - Incorrect, had been is Past Perfect Continuous (Past continuous action), whereas in statement B) the action ended.
(C) inhabitants were forced to withdraw from their hunting grounds to the land bordering the Nile. Correct Idiom usage and Tense (were).
(D) inhabitants having been forced to, withdrew from their hunting grounds to the land that bordered the Nile. Incorrect -Having been would mean the action is still going.
(E) inhabitants withdrew, because they were forced to, from their hunting grounds to the land bordering the Nile. Awkward Wording