Inspired by the Helsinki Accords and outraged by the harsh sentences m

this want to cheat us to think that Charter 77 can not be a group. but in face it is name of a group and so d is logic.

Inspired by the Helsinki Accords and outraged by the harsh sentences meted out to a group of Czech rock musicians called the Plastic People of the Universe, Charter 77 was established by dissident writers, philosophers, and other professionals to be a human rights group.

(a) Charter 77 was established by dissident writers, philosophers, and other professionals to be -- Modifier issue - illogical

(b) Charter 77 had been established by dissident writers, philosophers, and other professionals as -- Modifier issue - illogical

(c) Charter 77 established by dissident writers, philosophers, and other professionals were -- Modifier issue - illogical

(d) dissidents writers, philosophers, and other professionals established Charter 77 as - Correct

(e) dissidents writers, philosophers, and other professionals had established Charter 77 to be -- Past perfect is not needed

Answer D

Inspired by the Helsinki Accords and outraged by the harsh sentences meted out to a group of Czech rock musicians called the Plastic People of the Universe, Charter 77 was established by dissident writers, philosophers, and other professionals to be a human rights group.

Issues: Modifier Construction | Idiom

Analysis:
1. "Inspired by... and outraged by..." modify what follows immediately after comma. It is non-sensical to say that "Charter 77" was inspired and outraged. The correct noun here is the compound noun - "dissident writers, philosophers, and other professionals"
- Eliminate (A), (B) and (C)
2. Also it is unidiomatic to say "established X to be Y". "established X as Y" is more preferable.
- Eliminate (E)

(a) Charter 77 was established by dissident writers, philosophers, and other professionals to be

(b) Charter 77 had been established by dissident writers, philosophers, and other professionals as

(c) Charter 77 established by dissident writers, philosophers, and other professionals were

(d) dissidents writers, philosophers, and other professionals established Charter 77 as

(e) dissidents writers, philosophers, and other professionals had established Charter 77 to be

Answer: (d)

Option d corrects the error of modifier and idiom

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IMO : D

Chapter 7 cannot be inspired by X & outraged by Y (wrong modifier usage)

So A,B & C are out.

D is correct.

E is wrong for wrong usage of had as there is no sequential events.

Regards
Raju

verb-ed modifier modifies the noun next to it. Hence we can eliminate A B C.
Between D and E.
E has 2 errors.
1 - Established X as Y - idiom
2 - The outraged and inspired .. established these things happened like a cause and effect. so there is no need for past perfect.

Correct idiom :

X was established as Y.
Not
X was established to be Y.

Could anyone please explain the use of 'to be' vs 'as' in the context of this question? i.e. How should we confirm that charter77 was established as a human rights group, rather than to be a human rights group?

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(A) Charter 77 was established by dissident writers, philosophers, and other professionals to be

(B) Charter 77 had been established by dissident writers, philosophers, and other professionals as

(C) Charter 77 established by dissident writers, philosophers, and other professionals were

(D) dissident writers, philosophers, and other professionals established Charter 77 as

(E) dissident writers, philosophers, and other professionals had established Charter 77 to be

GMATNinja, can you help me this one..

Hi Rhl5084, can you please tell us your specific query on this one? so that it becomes easier to provide help. I can provide my two cents here.

The sentence starts off with a noun modifier "Inspired by the Helsinki Accords and outraged" so we know whatever comes after comma should be a noun which the modifier modifies logically. Now let's look at the option choices



As mentioned above the sentence starts off with a noun modifier we need a noun which the modifier can modify logically, this option is out because it makes more sense for the modifier to modify "writers, philosophers and other professionals", rather than to modify "Charter 77"



same as A, additionally the tense in this sentence is not correct, we use past perfect tense when we need to show the sequence of two past events, but here it is not required



Same as A



The issue with the modifier is fixed now as the opening modifier correctly modifies "writers, philosophers, and other professionals", so no issues in D, let's move on to see what E has to offer


The issue with the modifier is fixed but this has the same tense problem as mentioned for B above, we do not need past perfect had.

So we are left with D. I hope this helps. Let us know in case of any further queries.

This one is particularly tricky for those who don't know what a "Charter" is.
Once you know what a "Charter" is, it's easy to eliminate A, B, and C, as a "Charter" (Subject of Modification of the Intro. Modifier) can't be outraged.