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One small to Mr. Alit. By pre - empting the answer, it is not going to be interesting. I suggest that you float your question for a while and then come out with your reasoning. This will invite various dimensions and you will get deeper insight.

Coming to the passage, ‘why do’ or ‘why does’ is used in direct speech while the ‘do or does” will be dropped in reported or indirect speech. So we can drop A, C and E.

Another split is that we need to use ‘between’ because there are only two categories namely rich and poor. So choices using among rcan be eliminated. Between B and D, the decider is the user of the correct idiom, ‘status over’. ‘Status to’ is a wrong idiom . Hence D can be ignored, leaving only B as the royal answer.
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"asks" does not require "do" or "does". Eliminate A, C and E.

Between B and D, D contains two errors. "have a preferred status to another", here another cannot be used as a pronoun so it does not properly complete the comparison. Also "in theory" should contain a "which" before it because "which" will refer directly to the noun right before it, namely the courts.

Answer would then be B.
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IMO B

B - main verb is 'have' - have a status over another ..... preferred modifies status - it is not the main verb

D - main verb is preferred - preferred status to another (meaning changes as it says status is preferred to something else like prefer icecreams to chocolates) .... Actually meaning is some people have preferred status over others' (status).

Hope it helps in some way ..... i couldnot better explain than this....
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daagh
One small to Mr. Alit. By pre - empting the answer, it is not going to be interesting. I suggest that you float your question for a while and then come out with your reasoning. This will invite various dimensions and you will get deeper insight.

Coming to the passage, ‘why do’ or ‘why does’ is used in direct speech while the ‘do or does” will be dropped in reported or indirect speech. So we can drop A, C and E.

Another split is that we need to use ‘between’ because there are only two categories namely rich and poor. So choices using among rcan be eliminated. Between B and D, the decider is the user of the correct idiom, ‘status over’. ‘Status to’ is a wrong idiom . Hence D can be ignored, leaving only B as the royal answer.

Coming to the passage, ‘why do’ or ‘why does’ is used in direct speech while the ‘do or does” will be dropped in reported or indirect speech. So we can drop A, C and E.

Can you simplify the above with an explanation and example

thanks in advance
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Going through the above posts i am not able to conclude regarding which is the correct idiom - "status over" / "status to".
Can anyone please help?
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The idiom needs prefer. Status is a noun so is not a part of an idiomatic expression.

"preferred" is not being used as a verb in any of the answer choices, so the idiom "prefer x to y" does not apply here..

"which" totally refers to "courts", as it should, and everything is fine. i couldn't tell what you thought the problem was with "which"..
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Judge Lois Forer's study asks why do some litigants have a preferred status over others in the use of a public resource, the courts, which in theory are available to all but in fact are unequally distributed among rich and poor.

Is this not a subjuntive case. use of 'ask'.

Pls help
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Judge Lois Forer's study asks why do some litigants have a preferred status over others in the use of a public resource, the courts, which in theory are available to all but in fact are unequally distributed among rich and poor.

Is this not a subjuntive case. use of 'ask'.

Pls help

No, it does not require a subjunctive case. Here "ask" is used to put forward a question, not to demand something.

Moreover, "that" would be required after "ask", even if it were used as a bossy verb that requires subjunctive.

I asked him why he was late. (question: not a bossy verb, hence does not require subjunctive)
I asked him to leave. (bossy verb, but without "that": subjunctive is not required).
I asked that he leave. (bossy verb with "that": subjunctive required)
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A.among rich and poor - incorrect. among is used for more than 2.
B. seems correct.
C.among rich and poor - incorrect. among is used for more than 2.
D. preferred status to another. It should be preferred status over another
E. among rich and poor - incorrect. among is used for more than 2.

KocharRohit
1.Judge Lois Forer’s study asks why do some litigants have a preferred status over others in the use of a public resource, the courts, which in theory are available to all but in fact are unequally distributed among rich and poor.

(A) do some litigants have a preferred status over others in the use of a public resource, the courts, which in theory are available to all but in fact are unequally distributed among
(B) some litigants have a preferred status over others in the use of a public resource, the courts, which in theory are available to all but in fact are unequally distributed between
(C) do some litigants have a preferred status over another in the use of a public resource, the courts, in theory available to all but in fact are unequally distributed among
(D) some litigants have a preferred status to another in the use of a public resource, the courts, in theory available to all but in fact not equally distributed between
(E) does one litigant have a preferred status over the other in the use of a public resource, the courts, in theory available to all but in fact they are not equally distributed among
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) “Between X and Y” is the correct idiom. “Among” is used to compare more than 2 items.
Hence, A, C, and E are incorrect. “among X and Y”� unidiomatic.

Idiom: prefer X to/over Y, both X and Y must be logically parallel.
D: "a preferred status to another" - i.e. status vs. another, �not parallel.

The intent of this sentence is to compare the “status” of some litigants with the “status” other litigants. So some has preferred “status over others (status)” ...
Hence, B is the answer.
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KocharRohit
Judge Lois Forer’s study asks why do some litigants have a preferred status over others in the use of a public resource, the courts, which in theory are available to all but in fact are unequally distributed among rich and poor.


(A) do some litigants have a preferred status over others in the use of a public resource, the courts, which in theory are available to all but in fact are unequally distributed among

(B) some litigants have a preferred status over others in the use of a public resource, the courts, which in theory are available to all but in fact are unequally distributed between

(C) do some litigants have a preferred status over another in the use of a public resource, the courts, in theory available to all but in fact are unequally distributed among

(D) some litigants have a preferred status to another in the use of a public resource, the courts, in theory available to all but in fact not equally distributed between

(E) does one litigant have a preferred status over the other in the use of a public resource, the courts, in theory available to all but in fact they are not equally distributed among


SC48461.01

https://www.nytimes.com/1984/06/17/books/unequal-before-the-law.html

While many have objected to crowded calendars, trial delays and overworked judges, she is among the few to ask a different kind of question. Why, she inquires, do ''some litigants have such a preferred status over others'' in the use of public resources, the courts, which in theory are available to all but in fact are so unequally distributed between rich and poor? Furthermore, why do we tolerate the great disparity in access to the legal and investigative talent required to protect precious rights?

Official Explanation

Diction; Parallelism

The word do between why and some is unnecessary here. It would be used if we were to present the question in quotation marks, for example: “Why do some litigants . . . ?” However, when simply reporting that a person has asked the question, we simply say X asks why some litigants.

Additionally, the sentence appears to be attempting to say that the rich have better access to courts than the poor. Given that there are only two groups, the appropriate preposition is between (used for two and only two things) rather than among (used for three or more things). That is, the sentence would more appropriately read unequally distributed between rich and poor.

A. This choice is flawed for the reasons indicated above.

B. Correct. This version of the sentence uses the appropriate preposition between and clearly conveys the intended idea.

C. This choice has the same flaws as choice A. Additionally, remember that the sentence attempts to communicate that some litigants have preferred status over some others rather than simply over one specific person. For this reason, over another is incorrect; the correct wording would be over others. Finally, the wording of the final clause is unacceptable; which in theory are available to all but in fact are unequally distributed is preferable.

D. The correct preposition to use after preferred status is over, not to. Additionally, as in choice C, others rather than another would be correct. Finally, the sentence would be more clearly worded if unequally rather than not equally had been used.

E. As in choice A, the use of does is unnecessary. Note also that the question regarding the preferred status in the use of a public resource is not about two particular litigants, but about litigants in general. Therefore, one litigant . . . over the other does not clearly convey the intended meaning. Furthermore, the use of does is unnecessary, and the final clause would be better worded which in theory are available to all but in fact are unequally distributed between than what is found here.

The correct answer is B.
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here after comma, which is referring to courts as it is stated just after "courts". to my understanding which refers to status??
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rachnak82
here after comma, which is referring to courts as it is stated just after "courts". to my understanding which refers to status??
Hi Rachna, courts (and not status) are available to all but in fact are unequally distributed between rich and poor.

So, which should indeed refer to courts.
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Hello Everyone!

Let's tackle this question, one thing at a time, and narrow down our options quickly so we know how to answer questions like this when they pop up on the GMAT! To begin, let's take a quick look at the question and highlight any major differences between the options in orange:

Judge Lois Forer’s study asks why do some litigants have a preferred status over others in the use of a public resource, the courts, which in theory are available to all but in fact are unequally distributed among rich and poor.

(A) do some litigants have a preferred status over others in the use of a public resource, the courts, which in theory are available to all but in fact are unequally distributed among
(B) some litigants have a preferred status over others in the use of a public resource, the courts, which in theory are available to all but in fact are unequally distributed between
(C) do some litigants have a preferred status over another in the use of a public resource, the courts, in theory available to all but in fact are unequally distributed among
(D) some litigants have a preferred status to another in the use of a public resource, the courts, in theory available to all but in fact not equally distributed between
(E) does one litigant have a preferred status over the other in the use of a public resource, the courts, in theory available to all but in fact they are not equally distributed among

After a quick glance over the options, there are a few things we can focus on to narrow down our choices:

1. do some / some / does one
2. over others / over another / to another / over the other
3. which in theory / in theory
4. among / between


Since the quickest way to eliminate options is the look for the easy splits, let's start with #4 on our list: among vs. between. No matter which one we choose, we'll eliminate 2-3 options rather quickly. Here is a quick reminder of the difference between the two:

among = 3+ items (I am the worst mathematician among all of my classmates.)
between = 2 items (Teenagers often feel stuck between childhood and adulthood.)

Let's see how each option handles this, and eliminate the ones that do it incorrectly. To help, we'll add in the end of the sentence (a major clue as to which one you'll need):

(A) do some litigants have a preferred status over others in the use of a public resource, the courts, which in theory are available to all but in fact are unequally distributed among rich and poor.
(B) some litigants have a preferred status over others in the use of a public resource, the courts, which in theory are available to all but in fact are unequally distributed between rich and poor.
(C) do some litigants have a preferred status over another in the use of a public resource, the courts, in theory available to all but in fact are unequally distributed among rich and poor.
(D) some litigants have a preferred status to another in the use of a public resource, the courts, in theory available to all but in fact not equally distributed between rich and poor.
(E) does one litigant have a preferred status over the other in the use of a public resource, the courts, in theory available to all but in fact they are not equally distributed among rich and poor.

We can eliminate options A, C, & E right away because they use "among" to talk about 2 items (rich and poor).

Now that we're left with only 2 options, let's see if we can find any other problems:

(B) some litigants have a preferred status over others in the use of a public resource, the courts, which in theory are available to all but in fact are unequally distributed between

This is CORRECT! It uses the proper "between" for 2 items. It also uses parallel structure to compare "some litigants" having preference "over others," both of which are plural.

(D) some litigants have a preferred status to another in the use of a public resource, the courts, in theory available to all but in fact not equally distributed between

This is INCORRECT because there is a parallelism issue. When comparing two items, even if one is better/more advantaged than another, the two things need to be similar. In this sentence, the writer is comparing the plural "some litigants" to the singular "another."


There you have it - option B is the correct choice! If we focus first on the "either/or" splits, we can eliminate options quickly - and maybe avoid wasting time on more complex issues! If we hadn't started with the "among/between" split, we'd have to take a longer route to get to the correct answer.


Don't study for the GMAT. Train for it.

Hello Sir,

Please explain the following splits-

1) do some / some / does one. Which one correct. Does it have any role to play if easy splits are not there in the sentence.
2) which in theory / in theory. Per my understanding the information cited is essential then why the sentence uses comma which.

Use of comma which structure makes a modifier a non essential modifier.

Per my understanding the courts, which in theory are available to all but in fact are unequally distributed between rich and poor is a Noun + Noun modifier. If it is not so then we have to join the two clauses together by coordination conjunction.

Rambo blasted the mud trail and ran for the enemy's blood.
Rambo blasted the mud trail and he ran for the enemy' blood.

Out of the above sentences which is correct. Please kindly elaborate the conditions in which such structure will be used.
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KocharRohit
Judge Lois Forer’s study asks why do some litigants have a preferred status over others in the use of a public resource, the courts, which in theory are available to all but in fact are unequally distributed among rich and poor.


(A) do some litigants have a preferred status over others in the use of a public resource, the courts, which in theory are available to all but in fact are unequally distributed among

(B) some litigants have a preferred status over others in the use of a public resource, the courts, which in theory are available to all but in fact are unequally distributed between

(C) do some litigants have a preferred status over another in the use of a public resource, the courts, in theory available to all but in fact are unequally distributed among

(D) some litigants have a preferred status to another in the use of a public resource, the courts, in theory available to all but in fact not equally distributed between

(E) does one litigant have a preferred status over the other in the use of a public resource, the courts, in theory available to all but in fact they are not equally distributed among


SC48461.01

https://www.nytimes.com/1984/06/17/books/unequal-before-the-law.html

While many have objected to crowded calendars, trial delays and overworked judges, she is among the few to ask a different kind of question. Why, she inquires, do ''some litigants have such a preferred status over others'' in the use of public resources, the courts, which in theory are available to all but in fact are so unequally distributed between rich and poor? Furthermore, why do we tolerate the great disparity in access to the legal and investigative talent required to protect precious rights?


I eliminated option B, C, and E. I opted option D because of the idiom "preferred to" rather than "preferred over". Can anyone give a clear reason why is it wrong?
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arvind910619
EMPOWERgmatVerbal
Hello Everyone!

Let's tackle this question, one thing at a time, and narrow down our options quickly so we know how to answer questions like this when they pop up on the GMAT! To begin, let's take a quick look at the question and highlight any major differences between the options in orange:

Judge Lois Forer’s study asks why do some litigants have a preferred status over others in the use of a public resource, the courts, which in theory are available to all but in fact are unequally distributed among rich and poor.

(A) do some litigants have a preferred status over others in the use of a public resource, the courts, which in theory are available to all but in fact are unequally distributed among
(B) some litigants have a preferred status over others in the use of a public resource, the courts, which in theory are available to all but in fact are unequally distributed between
(C) do some litigants have a preferred status over another in the use of a public resource, the courts, in theory available to all but in fact are unequally distributed among
(D) some litigants have a preferred status to another in the use of a public resource, the courts, in theory available to all but in fact not equally distributed between
(E) does one litigant have a preferred status over the other in the use of a public resource, the courts, in theory available to all but in fact they are not equally distributed among

After a quick glance over the options, there are a few things we can focus on to narrow down our choices:

1. do some / some / does one
2. over others / over another / to another / over the other
3. which in theory / in theory
4. among / between


Since the quickest way to eliminate options is the look for the easy splits, let's start with #4 on our list: among vs. between. No matter which one we choose, we'll eliminate 2-3 options rather quickly. Here is a quick reminder of the difference between the two:

among = 3+ items (I am the worst mathematician among all of my classmates.)
between = 2 items (Teenagers often feel stuck between childhood and adulthood.)

Let's see how each option handles this, and eliminate the ones that do it incorrectly. To help, we'll add in the end of the sentence (a major clue as to which one you'll need):

(A) do some litigants have a preferred status over others in the use of a public resource, the courts, which in theory are available to all but in fact are unequally distributed among rich and poor.
(B) some litigants have a preferred status over others in the use of a public resource, the courts, which in theory are available to all but in fact are unequally distributed between rich and poor.
(C) do some litigants have a preferred status over another in the use of a public resource, the courts, in theory available to all but in fact are unequally distributed among rich and poor.
(D) some litigants have a preferred status to another in the use of a public resource, the courts, in theory available to all but in fact not equally distributed between rich and poor.
(E) does one litigant have a preferred status over the other in the use of a public resource, the courts, in theory available to all but in fact they are not equally distributed among rich and poor.

We can eliminate options A, C, & E right away because they use "among" to talk about 2 items (rich and poor).

Now that we're left with only 2 options, let's see if we can find any other problems:

(B) some litigants have a preferred status over others in the use of a public resource, the courts, which in theory are available to all but in fact are unequally distributed between

This is CORRECT! It uses the proper "between" for 2 items. It also uses parallel structure to compare "some litigants" having preference "over others," both of which are plural.

(D) some litigants have a preferred status to another in the use of a public resource, the courts, in theory available to all but in fact not equally distributed between

This is INCORRECT because there is a parallelism issue. When comparing two items, even if one is better/more advantaged than another, the two things need to be similar. In this sentence, the writer is comparing the plural "some litigants" to the singular "another."


There you have it - option B is the correct choice! If we focus first on the "either/or" splits, we can eliminate options quickly - and maybe avoid wasting time on more complex issues! If we hadn't started with the "among/between" split, we'd have to take a longer route to get to the correct answer.


Don't study for the GMAT. Train for it.

Hello Sir,

Please explain the following splits-

1) do some / some / does one. Which one correct. Does it have any role to play if easy splits are not there in the sentence.
2) which in theory / in theory. Per my understanding the information cited is essential then why the sentence uses comma which.

Use of comma which structure makes a modifier a non essential modifier.

Per my understanding the courts, which in theory are available to all but in fact are unequally distributed between rich and poor is a Noun + Noun modifier. If it is not so then we have to join the two clauses together by coordination conjunction.

Rambo blasted the mud trail and ran for the enemy's blood.
Rambo blasted the mud trail and he ran for the enemy' blood.

Out of the above sentences which is correct. Please kindly elaborate the conditions in which such structure will be used.

Hello arvind910619!

Let's go through your questions, one at a time, and figure out how to best tackle each issue:

1: the do some / some / does one split

I took this directly from the official explanation:
The word do between why and some is unnecessary here. It would be used if we were to present the question in quotation marks, for example: “Why do some litigants . . . ?” However, when simply reporting that a person has asked the question, we simply say X asks why some litigants.

The phrases "why do some..." and "why does one..." don't work because they change the sentence from paraphrasing what the person said to directly quoting what the person said without adding in the appropriate quotation marks.

2: which in theory / in theory

One of the reasons this question is so difficult is that splits like this sometimes don't matter. You could honestly use both phrases and have it work - so you have to figure out another way of looking at it. This is more of a parallelism issue than anything. Here's how:

(A) which in theory are available to all but in fact are unequally distributed among
(B) which in theory are available to all but in fact are unequally distributed between
(C) in theory available to all but in fact are unequally distributed among
(D) in theory available to all but in fact not equally distributed between
(E) in theory available to all but in fact they are not equally distributed among

You could eliminate options C & E because the two items paired up aren't parallel. You would need to use other splits to eliminate the rest.

3: Non-Essential Modifiers

Both the noun between commas (the courts) and the modifier after it (which in theory are available...) are non-essential. If you eliminated them from the sentence, it would still stand as a complete thought (albeit missing some interesting details). As for your two sentences you wanted me to break down:

Rambo blasted the mud trail and ran for the enemy's blood. --> CORRECT
The sentence above is simply connecting two items together using "and." Since the phrase after "and" isn't a complete sentence, it doesn't need a comma.

Rambo blasted the mud trail and he ran for the enemy's blood. --> WRONG
The sentence above is wrong because it's connecting two complete sentences together with "and" and no comma. You can easily fix this by adding a comma before "and" to make it a coordinating conjunction!

I hope this helps! Please feel free to tag me at EMPOWERgmatVerbal with more questions!
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emcheeks
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idioms

1) prefer to...
e.g I prefer to swim.
2) prefer...to...
e.g. I prefer swimming over skiing.
3) prefer...over... (this construction is rare but still, it is correct on GMAT)
e.g. I prefer swimming to skiing.

Another problem with D is that "some litigants have a preferred status to another": "some" is plural and "another" is singular. Therefore, wrong.
In B, "some litigants have a preferred status over others": "some" plural and "others" plural. Correct.
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