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Question 1
E
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35%
(medium)
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71% (03:16) correct
29%
(03:29) wrong
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Time
Result
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Question 2
A
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5%
(low)
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87% (00:58) correct 13%
(01:23) wrong
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Question 3
E
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80% (01:00) correct 20%
(01:21) wrong
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Question 4
C
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C
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D
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Question 7
A
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75%
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(01:39) wrong
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Like Charles Darwin, Alfred Wegener revolutionized an entire science. Unlike Darwin’s ideas, which still stir up much controversy, Wegener’s theory of drifting continents is accepted almost without question, but it did not succeed without a struggle.
In 1912 Wegener suggested that Africa and South America are estranged pieces of a single, ancient supercontinent, Pangaea, that had drifted apart, leaving the Atlantic Ocean between them. However, even Wegener believed that geological wear and tear over the ages would have damaged the fine detail of ancient coastlines, destroying the best evidence for drift. He never tested the fit between African and South American coastlines with any exactitude, and for a time his ideas were virtually ignored. In 1924 Harold Jeffreys, who would become one of the strongest critics of the theory, dismissed it in his landmark book The Earth. Apparently after casually observing the shorelines on a globe, Jeffreys concluded that the fit between Africa and South America was very poor.
Disturbed by Jeffreys’obviously perfunctory observation, S. W. Carey used careful techniques of geometric proportion to correct, better than most maps do, for the fact that the continents’ margins lie on a sphere rather than on a flat surface. He found a remarkably close fit. At about the same time, Keith Runcorn found other evidence for drift. When volcanic lava cools and hardens into basalt, it is magnetized by the earth’s own magnetic field. The rock’s poles become aligned with the earth’s magnetic poles. Though the Planet’s poles have wandered over the past few hundred million years, the magnetic field of each basalt garment is still aligned the way the earth’s poles were at the rime the rock was formed. Although one would expect that the magnetic fields of rocks of the same age from any continent would all be aligned the same way the earth’s magnetic field was aligned at that time, the magnetic fields of basalts in North America are now aligned quite differently from rocks formed in the same epoch in Europe. Thus, the rocks provided clear evidence that the continents had drifted with respect to each other. True to form, Jeffreys brusquely rejected Runcorn’s studies. His casual disdain for such observational data led some field geologists to suggest that his classic should be retitled An Earth.
In 1966 compelling proof that the seafloor spreads from the midocean ridges confirmed the hypothesis that molten rock wells up at these ridges from deep within the earth and repaves the seafloor as giant crustal plates move apart. Thus, seafloor spreading not only explained the long-standing puzzle of why the ocean basins are so much younger than the continents, but also provided evidence that the plates, and so the continents on them, move. Overnight, plate tectonic theory, with continental drift, became the consensus view.
In 1912 Wegener suggested that Africa and South America are estranged pieces of a single, ancient supercontinent, Pangaea, that had drifted apart, leaving the Atlantic Ocean between them. However, even Wegener believed that geological wear and tear over the ages would have damaged the fine detail of ancient coastlines, destroying the best evidence for drift. He never tested the fit between African and South American coastlines with any exactitude, and for a time his ideas were virtually ignored. In 1924 Harold Jeffreys, who would become one of the strongest critics of the theory, dismissed it in his landmark book The Earth. Apparently after casually observing the shorelines on a globe, Jeffreys concluded that the fit between Africa and South America was very poor.
Disturbed by Jeffreys’obviously perfunctory observation, S. W. Carey used careful techniques of geometric proportion to correct, better than most maps do, for the fact that the continents’ margins lie on a sphere rather than on a flat surface. He found a remarkably close fit. At about the same time, Keith Runcorn found other evidence for drift. When volcanic lava cools and hardens into basalt, it is magnetized by the earth’s own magnetic field. The rock’s poles become aligned with the earth’s magnetic poles. Though the Planet’s poles have wandered over the past few hundred million years, the magnetic field of each basalt garment is still aligned the way the earth’s poles were at the rime the rock was formed. Although one would expect that the magnetic fields of rocks of the same age from any continent would all be aligned the same way the earth’s magnetic field was aligned at that time, the magnetic fields of basalts in North America are now aligned quite differently from rocks formed in the same epoch in Europe. Thus, the rocks provided clear evidence that the continents had drifted with respect to each other. True to form, Jeffreys brusquely rejected Runcorn’s studies. His casual disdain for such observational data led some field geologists to suggest that his classic should be retitled An Earth.
In 1966 compelling proof that the seafloor spreads from the midocean ridges confirmed the hypothesis that molten rock wells up at these ridges from deep within the earth and repaves the seafloor as giant crustal plates move apart. Thus, seafloor spreading not only explained the long-standing puzzle of why the ocean basins are so much younger than the continents, but also provided evidence that the plates, and so the continents on them, move. Overnight, plate tectonic theory, with continental drift, became the consensus view.
1) Which of the following best expresses the main idea of the passage?
(A) Confirmation of Wegener’s theory of continental drift came from unexpected sources.
(B) Critics of Wegener’s theory of continental drift provided information that contributed to its final acceptance
(C) The history of the theory of continental drift is similar in a number of ways to the history of Darwin’s most important theory.
(D) Though Wegener’s theory of continental drift is now generally accepted, Wegener himself was unable to provide any evidence of its accuracy.
(E) Though Wegener’s theory of continental drift had significant implications, many years and much effort were required to win its acceptance.
2. Jeffreys’ approach to Wegener’s theory is most like the approach of which one of the following?
(A) a botanist who concludes that two species are unrelated based on superficial examination of their appearance
(B) a driver who attempts to find a street in an unfamiliar city without a map
(C) a zoologist who studies animal behavior rather than anatomy
(D) a politician who bases the decision to run for office on the findings of a public opinion poll
(E) a psychiatrist who bases treatment decisions on patients’ past histories
3. According to the passage, evidence of seafloor spreading helped to explain which one of the following?
(A) the reason for the existence of the giant crustal plates on which the continents are found
(B) the reason basalts retain their magnetic field alignments
(C) the reason the earth’s poles have wandered
(D) the composition of the giant crustal plates on which the continents are found
(E) the disparity between the age of the continents and that of the ocean basins
4. Which one of the following phrases, as used in context, most clearly reveals the author’s opinion about Jeffreys?
(A) “virtually ignored”
(B) “very poor”
(C) “obviously perfunctory”
(D) “careful techniques”
(E) “consensus view”
5. The author’s mention of the fact that some field geologists suggested calling Jeffreys’ work An Earth serves to
(A) contrast two of Jeffreys’ ideas
(B) justify criticisms of Jeffreys’ work
(C) emphasize an opinion of Jeffreys’ work
(D) explain the reasons for Jeffreys’ conflict with Wegener
(E) support an assertion about Jeffreys’ crticis
6. It can be inferred that Carey believed Jeffreys’ 1924 appraisal to be
(A) authoritative and supported by indirect evidence
(B) obvious but in need of interpretation
(C) accurate but in need of validation
(D) unquestionably based on insufficient research
(E) so deficient as to be unworthy of investigation
7. The information in the passage suggests that which one of the following findings would most clearly undermine evidence for the theory of continental drift?
(A) It is discovered that the ocean basins are actually older than the continents
(B) New techniques of geometric projection are discovered that make much more accurate mapping possible
(C) It is determined that the magnetic fields of some basalts magnetized in Europe and North America during the twentieth century have the same magnetic field alignment
(D) It is found that the magnetic fields of some contemporaneous basalts in Africa and South America have different magnetic fields
(E) It is determined that Jeffreys had performed careful observational studies of geological phenomena
(A) Confirmation of Wegener’s theory of continental drift came from unexpected sources.
(B) Critics of Wegener’s theory of continental drift provided information that contributed to its final acceptance
(C) The history of the theory of continental drift is similar in a number of ways to the history of Darwin’s most important theory.
(D) Though Wegener’s theory of continental drift is now generally accepted, Wegener himself was unable to provide any evidence of its accuracy.
(E) Though Wegener’s theory of continental drift had significant implications, many years and much effort were required to win its acceptance.
2. Jeffreys’ approach to Wegener’s theory is most like the approach of which one of the following?
(A) a botanist who concludes that two species are unrelated based on superficial examination of their appearance
(B) a driver who attempts to find a street in an unfamiliar city without a map
(C) a zoologist who studies animal behavior rather than anatomy
(D) a politician who bases the decision to run for office on the findings of a public opinion poll
(E) a psychiatrist who bases treatment decisions on patients’ past histories
3. According to the passage, evidence of seafloor spreading helped to explain which one of the following?
(A) the reason for the existence of the giant crustal plates on which the continents are found
(B) the reason basalts retain their magnetic field alignments
(C) the reason the earth’s poles have wandered
(D) the composition of the giant crustal plates on which the continents are found
(E) the disparity between the age of the continents and that of the ocean basins
4. Which one of the following phrases, as used in context, most clearly reveals the author’s opinion about Jeffreys?
(A) “virtually ignored”
(B) “very poor”
(C) “obviously perfunctory”
(D) “careful techniques”
(E) “consensus view”
5. The author’s mention of the fact that some field geologists suggested calling Jeffreys’ work An Earth serves to
(A) contrast two of Jeffreys’ ideas
(B) justify criticisms of Jeffreys’ work
(C) emphasize an opinion of Jeffreys’ work
(D) explain the reasons for Jeffreys’ conflict with Wegener
(E) support an assertion about Jeffreys’ crticis
6. It can be inferred that Carey believed Jeffreys’ 1924 appraisal to be
(A) authoritative and supported by indirect evidence
(B) obvious but in need of interpretation
(C) accurate but in need of validation
(D) unquestionably based on insufficient research
(E) so deficient as to be unworthy of investigation
7. The information in the passage suggests that which one of the following findings would most clearly undermine evidence for the theory of continental drift?
(A) It is discovered that the ocean basins are actually older than the continents
(B) New techniques of geometric projection are discovered that make much more accurate mapping possible
(C) It is determined that the magnetic fields of some basalts magnetized in Europe and North America during the twentieth century have the same magnetic field alignment
(D) It is found that the magnetic fields of some contemporaneous basalts in Africa and South America have different magnetic fields
(E) It is determined that Jeffreys had performed careful observational studies of geological phenomena
auradediligodo
Posts: 364
31 Jul 2019, 02:18
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Hi,
took me 17 minutes of which 6 minutes for reading, making paragraphs summaries and main point formulation. Got 7/7 correct.
P1:Proving W'theory was not easy
P2: present W'theory and critics from J
P3: K and R's theories in opposition to J's theory
P4: How W's theory was fully explained through seafloor spreading
MP: present W's theory along with opposing, supporting views and an explanation for the theory
1) Which of the following best expresses the main idea of the passage?
prethinking: refer to the main point formulation above
(A) Confirmation of Wegener’s theory of continental drift came from unexpected sources. the seafloor spreading evidence is not unexpected. plus the confirmation of W's theory is only related to last paragraph
(B) Critics of Wegener’s theory of continental drift provided information that contributed to its final acceptance here the critics are represented by J who does not provide any evidence in support of W's theory
(C) The history of the theory of continental drift is similar in a number of ways to the history of Darwin’s most important theory. it is not similar, hence incorrect
(D) Though Wegener’s theory of continental drift is now generally accepted, Wegener himself was unable to provide any evidence of its accuracy. in P2it is written that W was puzzled about his theory but the passage is not only about this! Hence incorrect
(E) Though Wegener’s theory of continental drift had significant implications, many years and much effort were required to win its acceptance. yes. even tough it is not worded exactly as our MP there are some similarities.
2. Jeffreys’ approach to Wegener’s theory is most like the approach of which one of the following?
Pre-thinking: refer to P2. I would say that Jeffrey approach is superficial and not willing to evaluate other options
(A) a botanist who concludes that two species are unrelated based on superficial examination of their appearance Yes. In P2 it is written that just because he could not see a perfect match between south america and Africa he rejected the validity of W's theory
(B) a driver who attempts to find a street in an unfamiliar city without a map in this AC we lack of two elements of comparisons and the superficial behaviour
(C) a zoologist who studies animal behavior rather than anatomy this AC would suggest that J studied a different topic which is not true... hence incorrect
(D) a politician who bases the decision to run for office on the findings of a public opinion poll this behavior seems rational and based on a detailed research. this behavior just doesn't match with J's
(E) a psychiatrist who bases treatment decisions on patients’ past histories Jeffrey doesn't base his judgement on past proof. hence incorrect
3. According to the passage, evidence of seafloor spreading helped to explain which one of the following?
Prethinking: refer to the last paragraph here."seafloor spreading not only explained the long-standing puzzle of why the ocean basins are so much younger than the continents, but also provided evidence that the plates, and so the continents on them, move. Any Answer choice along the lines of the underlined portion of the passage should work
(A) the reason for the existence of the giant crustal plates on which the continents are found incorrect
(B) the reason basalts retain their magnetic field alignments incorrect
(C) the reason the earth’s poles have wandered incorrect
(D) the composition of the giant crustal plates on which the continents are found incorrect
(E) the disparity between the age of the continents and that of the ocean basins yes and in line with our prethinking
Please note that most of the other answer choices were either out of context or inconsistent here
4. Which one of the following phrases, as used in context, most clearly reveals the author’s opinion about Jeffreys?
Pre-thinking:For this question refer to the end of P2 and the beginning of P3. J is considered as extremely superficial and not willing to evaluate other options
(A) “virtually ignored” it was not ignored as for the beginning of P2
(B) “very poor” Not poor but superficial
(C) “obviously perfunctory” perfunctory is the same word used in P2
(D) “careful techniques” out of context here. careful techniques refer to C
(E) “consensus view” also out of context. consensus view refers to another theory
5. The author’s mention of the fact that some field geologists suggested calling Jeffreys’ work An Earth serves to
Pre-thinking:An earth is used to denote: "His casual disdain for such observational data.". It seems that other scientists see his work as something describing another planet and as something based on some interpretations that don't seem really convincing
(A) contrast two of Jeffreys’ ideas the title itself does not contrast with J's ideas. Incorrect
(B) justify criticisms of Jeffreys’ work again the title itself can't justify anything of the sort. Incorrect
(C) emphasize an opinion of Jeffreys’ work this is very close because the scientists who refer to J's work think that his work is based on observations that are not really well researched. So according to them J's work is no more than an opinion, IE not based on sure proofs. Also pay attention to the use of the article "an": it implies that there could be other earths (=opinion)
(D) explain the reasons for Jeffreys’ conflict with Wegener the title can not really convey this idea just by itslef
(E) support an assertion about Jeffreys’ crticis again not in line with the scientists view on J
6. It can be inferred that Carey believed Jeffreys’ 1924 appraisal to be
Pre-thinking:refer to the beginning of P2: according to this portion C is disturbed by the extremely superficial behavior of J
(A) authoritative and supported by indirect evidence J's work is not authoritative and no indirect evidence is cited
(B) obvious but in need of interpretation obviously C believes that J'theory is wrong
(C) accurate but in need of validation quite opposite here
(D) unquestionably based on insufficient research yes as any superficial work might be. Correct
(E) so deficient as to be unworthy of investigation although J'theory s considered generally wrong it is never classified as deficient or unworthy of investigation. As a Matter o fact C is so disturbed that he works on his theory to disprove J's
7. The information in the passage suggests that which one of the following findings would most clearly undermine evidence for the theory of continental drift?
Pre-Thinking: In order to undermine a theory it is important to know what is the evidence that confirms the theory. So refer to the last paragraph and to the outcomes of the research of seafloor spreading. Two results come out of it: #1:ocean basins are so much younger than the continents. #2:the plates, and so the continents on them, move. Now try to weaken these two facts
(A) It is discovered that the ocean basins are actually older than the continents in line with our prethinking and hence correct
(B) New techniques of geometric projection are discovered that make much more accurate mapping possible this would not undermine the theory as for the fact that mapping is insufficient evidence anyhow
(C) It is determined that the magnetic fields of some basalts magnetized in Europe and North America during the twentieth century have the same magnetic field alignment I'd say wrong here because it talks about sediments which are contemporary whether the analysis in the passage talks about older sediments
(D) It is found that the magnetic fields of some contemporaneous basalts in Africa and South America have different magnetic fields again the contemporary issue here
(E) It is determined that Jeffreys had performed careful observational studies of geological phenomena J made his conclusions just by observing maps so whether he made accurate geological studies is not of our concern
took me 17 minutes of which 6 minutes for reading, making paragraphs summaries and main point formulation. Got 7/7 correct.
P1:Proving W'theory was not easy
P2: present W'theory and critics from J
P3: K and R's theories in opposition to J's theory
P4: How W's theory was fully explained through seafloor spreading
MP: present W's theory along with opposing, supporting views and an explanation for the theory
1) Which of the following best expresses the main idea of the passage?
prethinking: refer to the main point formulation above
(A) Confirmation of Wegener’s theory of continental drift came from unexpected sources. the seafloor spreading evidence is not unexpected. plus the confirmation of W's theory is only related to last paragraph
(B) Critics of Wegener’s theory of continental drift provided information that contributed to its final acceptance here the critics are represented by J who does not provide any evidence in support of W's theory
(C) The history of the theory of continental drift is similar in a number of ways to the history of Darwin’s most important theory. it is not similar, hence incorrect
(D) Though Wegener’s theory of continental drift is now generally accepted, Wegener himself was unable to provide any evidence of its accuracy. in P2it is written that W was puzzled about his theory but the passage is not only about this! Hence incorrect
(E) Though Wegener’s theory of continental drift had significant implications, many years and much effort were required to win its acceptance. yes. even tough it is not worded exactly as our MP there are some similarities.
2. Jeffreys’ approach to Wegener’s theory is most like the approach of which one of the following?
Pre-thinking: refer to P2. I would say that Jeffrey approach is superficial and not willing to evaluate other options
(A) a botanist who concludes that two species are unrelated based on superficial examination of their appearance Yes. In P2 it is written that just because he could not see a perfect match between south america and Africa he rejected the validity of W's theory
(B) a driver who attempts to find a street in an unfamiliar city without a map in this AC we lack of two elements of comparisons and the superficial behaviour
(C) a zoologist who studies animal behavior rather than anatomy this AC would suggest that J studied a different topic which is not true... hence incorrect
(D) a politician who bases the decision to run for office on the findings of a public opinion poll this behavior seems rational and based on a detailed research. this behavior just doesn't match with J's
(E) a psychiatrist who bases treatment decisions on patients’ past histories Jeffrey doesn't base his judgement on past proof. hence incorrect
3. According to the passage, evidence of seafloor spreading helped to explain which one of the following?
Prethinking: refer to the last paragraph here."seafloor spreading not only explained the long-standing puzzle of why the ocean basins are so much younger than the continents, but also provided evidence that the plates, and so the continents on them, move. Any Answer choice along the lines of the underlined portion of the passage should work
(A) the reason for the existence of the giant crustal plates on which the continents are found incorrect
(B) the reason basalts retain their magnetic field alignments incorrect
(C) the reason the earth’s poles have wandered incorrect
(D) the composition of the giant crustal plates on which the continents are found incorrect
(E) the disparity between the age of the continents and that of the ocean basins yes and in line with our prethinking
Please note that most of the other answer choices were either out of context or inconsistent here
4. Which one of the following phrases, as used in context, most clearly reveals the author’s opinion about Jeffreys?
Pre-thinking:For this question refer to the end of P2 and the beginning of P3. J is considered as extremely superficial and not willing to evaluate other options
(A) “virtually ignored” it was not ignored as for the beginning of P2
(B) “very poor” Not poor but superficial
(C) “obviously perfunctory” perfunctory is the same word used in P2
(D) “careful techniques” out of context here. careful techniques refer to C
(E) “consensus view” also out of context. consensus view refers to another theory
5. The author’s mention of the fact that some field geologists suggested calling Jeffreys’ work An Earth serves to
Pre-thinking:An earth is used to denote: "His casual disdain for such observational data.". It seems that other scientists see his work as something describing another planet and as something based on some interpretations that don't seem really convincing
(A) contrast two of Jeffreys’ ideas the title itself does not contrast with J's ideas. Incorrect
(B) justify criticisms of Jeffreys’ work again the title itself can't justify anything of the sort. Incorrect
(C) emphasize an opinion of Jeffreys’ work this is very close because the scientists who refer to J's work think that his work is based on observations that are not really well researched. So according to them J's work is no more than an opinion, IE not based on sure proofs. Also pay attention to the use of the article "an": it implies that there could be other earths (=opinion)
(D) explain the reasons for Jeffreys’ conflict with Wegener the title can not really convey this idea just by itslef
(E) support an assertion about Jeffreys’ crticis again not in line with the scientists view on J
6. It can be inferred that Carey believed Jeffreys’ 1924 appraisal to be
Pre-thinking:refer to the beginning of P2: according to this portion C is disturbed by the extremely superficial behavior of J
(A) authoritative and supported by indirect evidence J's work is not authoritative and no indirect evidence is cited
(B) obvious but in need of interpretation obviously C believes that J'theory is wrong
(C) accurate but in need of validation quite opposite here
(D) unquestionably based on insufficient research yes as any superficial work might be. Correct
(E) so deficient as to be unworthy of investigation although J'theory s considered generally wrong it is never classified as deficient or unworthy of investigation. As a Matter o fact C is so disturbed that he works on his theory to disprove J's
7. The information in the passage suggests that which one of the following findings would most clearly undermine evidence for the theory of continental drift?
Pre-Thinking: In order to undermine a theory it is important to know what is the evidence that confirms the theory. So refer to the last paragraph and to the outcomes of the research of seafloor spreading. Two results come out of it: #1:ocean basins are so much younger than the continents. #2:the plates, and so the continents on them, move. Now try to weaken these two facts
(A) It is discovered that the ocean basins are actually older than the continents in line with our prethinking and hence correct
(B) New techniques of geometric projection are discovered that make much more accurate mapping possible this would not undermine the theory as for the fact that mapping is insufficient evidence anyhow
(C) It is determined that the magnetic fields of some basalts magnetized in Europe and North America during the twentieth century have the same magnetic field alignment I'd say wrong here because it talks about sediments which are contemporary whether the analysis in the passage talks about older sediments
(D) It is found that the magnetic fields of some contemporaneous basalts in Africa and South America have different magnetic fields again the contemporary issue here
(E) It is determined that Jeffreys had performed careful observational studies of geological phenomena J made his conclusions just by observing maps so whether he made accurate geological studies is not of our concern
General Discussion
RusskiyLev
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14 Jul 2019, 08:17
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Please could you explain, why in the question 1 answer B is wrong?
Thanks.
Thanks.
