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Recently physicians have determined that stomach ulcers are not caused
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Updated on: 04 Mar 2019, 04:24
Updated on: 04 Mar 2019, 04:24
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Recently physicians have determined that stomach ulcers are not caused by stress, alcohol, or rich foods, but a bacterium that dwells in the mucous lining of the stomach.
(A) not caused by stress, alcohol, or rich foods, but
(B) not caused by stress, alcohol, or rich foods, but are by
(C) caused not by stress, alcohol, or rich foods, but by
(D) caused not by stress, alcohol, and rich foods, but
(E) caused not by stress, alcohol, and rich foods, but are by
(A) not caused by stress, alcohol, or rich foods, but
(B) not caused by stress, alcohol, or rich foods, but are by
(C) caused not by stress, alcohol, or rich foods, but by
(D) caused not by stress, alcohol, and rich foods, but
(E) caused not by stress, alcohol, and rich foods, but are by
Parallelism; Diction
The formula used in this sentence not this but that requires parallel elements following not and but. This means that not by stress, alcohol, or rich foods must be balanced by but by a bacterium. . . . There is no need to repeat the verb are caused, or even the auxiliary verb are, because the verb precedes the not by … but by … formula. The substitution of the conjunction and for the conjunction or changes the meaning of the sentence: Stress, alcohol and rich foods identifies the combination of these three factors as a suggested cause of stomach ulcers, whereas stress, alcohol, or rich foods offers three individual possibilities. There is no way to tell which one of these is the intended meaning of the sentence.
(A) To preserve parallelism, but should be followed by by.
(B) There is no reason to repeat the auxiliary verb are.
(C) Correct. This sentence correctly uses the not by … but by … formula.
(D) To preserve parallelism, but should be followed by by.
(E) To preserve parallelism, but should be followed by by.
The formula used in this sentence not this but that requires parallel elements following not and but. This means that not by stress, alcohol, or rich foods must be balanced by but by a bacterium. . . . There is no need to repeat the verb are caused, or even the auxiliary verb are, because the verb precedes the not by … but by … formula. The substitution of the conjunction and for the conjunction or changes the meaning of the sentence: Stress, alcohol and rich foods identifies the combination of these three factors as a suggested cause of stomach ulcers, whereas stress, alcohol, or rich foods offers three individual possibilities. There is no way to tell which one of these is the intended meaning of the sentence.
(A) To preserve parallelism, but should be followed by by.
(B) There is no reason to repeat the auxiliary verb are.
(C) Correct. This sentence correctly uses the not by … but by … formula.
(D) To preserve parallelism, but should be followed by by.
(E) To preserve parallelism, but should be followed by by.
Originally posted by freetheking on 07 Jul 2006, 08:20.
Last edited by Bunuel on 04 Mar 2019, 04:24, edited 1 time in total.
Last edited by Bunuel on 04 Mar 2019, 04:24, edited 1 time in total.
Renamed the topic and edited the question.
Re: Recently physicians have determined that stomach ulcers are not caused
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09 Sep 2016, 08:45
09 Sep 2016, 08:45
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Expert Reply
iMyself wrote:
But, my question is: WHY not B. B makes parallelism to me!
B. NOT (tag)+CAUSED (verb)+by+something....................BUT (tag)+ARE (verb)+by+Something
Indicate parallelism to each other.
B. NOT (tag)+CAUSED (verb)+by+something....................BUT (tag)+ARE (verb)+by+Something
Indicate parallelism to each other.
Hi iMyself, the short answer is that caused is not used as a verb here, but as a participle.
An easier way would be to do a XYZ Analysis (as per our book Sentence Correction Nirvana). With B, the structure would be:
Recently physicians have determined that stomach ulcers are not caused by stress, alcohol, or rich foods, but are by a bacterium that dwells in the mucous lining of the stomach.
So, the structure is: C Not X but Y, where C is the structure of the sentence outside the XY deconstruct.
C: Recently physicians have determined that stomach ulcers are
X: caused by stress, alcohol, or rich foods
Y: are by a bacterium that dwells in the mucous lining of the stomach
Since C is outside the XY deconstruct, C must make sense with both X and Y.
i) Is C making sense with X?
Recently physicians have determined that stomach ulcers are caused by stress, alcohol, or rich foods. - Seems fine.
ii) Is C making sense with Y?
Recently physicians have determined that stomach ulcers are are by a bacterium that dwells in the mucous lining of the stomach - Clearly not correct (are is repeated twice).
Since C is not making sense with Y, B is incorrect.
p.s. Our book EducationAisle Sentence Correction Nirvana discusses the framework of XYZ deconstruct, its application and examples in significant detail. If someone is interested, PM me your email-id; I can mail the corresponding section.
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Re: Recently physicians have determined that stomach ulcers are not caused
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21 Mar 2022, 03:38
21 Mar 2022, 03:38
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Expert Reply
Dear Friends,
Here is a detailed explanation to this question-
Meaning is crucial to solving this problem:
Understanding the intended meaning is key to solving this question; the intended meaning of this sentence is that physicians have determined that stomach ulcers are not caused by stress, alcohol, or rich foods; rather, they are caused by a bacterium that dwells in the mucous lining of the stomach.
Concepts tested here: Meaning + Idioms + Parallelism
• “not A but B” is a correct idiomatic usage; A and B must be parallel and comparable.
A: This answer choice fails to maintain parallelism between A ("caused by stress, alcohol, or rich foods") and B ("a bacterium that dwells in the mucous lining of the stomach") in the idiomatic construction "not A but B"; remember, “not A but B” is a correct idiomatic usage; A and B must be parallel and comparable.
B: This answer choice fails to maintain parallelism between A ("caused by stress, alcohol, or rich foods") and B ("are by a bacterium that dwells in the mucous lining of the stomach") in the idiomatic construction "not A but B"; remember, “not A but B” is a correct idiomatic usage; A and B must be parallel and comparable.
C: Correct. This answer choice correctly maintains parallelism between A ("by stress, alcohol, or rich foods") and B ("by a bacterium that dwells in the mucous lining of the stomach") in the idiomatic construction "not A but B". Further, Option C uses the phrase "stress, alcohol, or rich foods", conveying the intended meaning - that stomach ulcers are not caused by any of the following elements - stress, alcohol, and rich foods.
D: This answer choice fails to maintain parallelism between A ("by stress, alcohol, and rich foods") and B ("a bacterium that dwells in the mucous lining of the stomach") in the idiomatic construction "not A but B"; remember, “not A but B” is a correct idiomatic usage; A and B must be parallel and comparable. Further, Option D alters the meaning of the sentence through the phrase "stress, alcohol, and rich foods"; the use of "and" incorrectly implies that stomach ulcers are not caused by a combination of stress, alcohol, and rich foods; the intended meaning is that stomach ulcers are not caused by any of the following elements - stress, alcohol, and rich foods.
E: This answer choice fails to maintain parallelism between A ("by stress, alcohol, and rich foods") and B ("are by a bacterium that dwells in the mucous lining of the stomach") in the idiomatic construction "not A but B"; remember, “not A but B” is a correct idiomatic usage; A and B must be parallel and comparable. Further, Option E alters the meaning of the sentence through the phrase "stress, alcohol, and rich foods"; the use of "and" incorrectly implies that stomach ulcers are not caused by a combination of stress, alcohol, and rich foods; the intended meaning is that stomach ulcers are not caused by any of the following elements - stress, alcohol, and rich foods.
Hence, C is the best answer choice.
All the best!
Experts' Global Team
_________________
Here is a detailed explanation to this question-
freetheking wrote:
Recently physicians have determined that stomach ulcers are not caused by stress, alcohol, or rich foods, but a bacterium that dwells in the mucous lining of the stomach.
(A) not caused by stress, alcohol, or rich foods, but
(B) not caused by stress, alcohol, or rich foods, but are by
(C) caused not by stress, alcohol, or rich foods, but by
(D) caused not by stress, alcohol, and rich foods, but
(E) caused not by stress, alcohol, and rich foods, but are by
(A) not caused by stress, alcohol, or rich foods, but
(B) not caused by stress, alcohol, or rich foods, but are by
(C) caused not by stress, alcohol, or rich foods, but by
(D) caused not by stress, alcohol, and rich foods, but
(E) caused not by stress, alcohol, and rich foods, but are by
Meaning is crucial to solving this problem:
Understanding the intended meaning is key to solving this question; the intended meaning of this sentence is that physicians have determined that stomach ulcers are not caused by stress, alcohol, or rich foods; rather, they are caused by a bacterium that dwells in the mucous lining of the stomach.
Concepts tested here: Meaning + Idioms + Parallelism
• “not A but B” is a correct idiomatic usage; A and B must be parallel and comparable.
A: This answer choice fails to maintain parallelism between A ("caused by stress, alcohol, or rich foods") and B ("a bacterium that dwells in the mucous lining of the stomach") in the idiomatic construction "not A but B"; remember, “not A but B” is a correct idiomatic usage; A and B must be parallel and comparable.
B: This answer choice fails to maintain parallelism between A ("caused by stress, alcohol, or rich foods") and B ("are by a bacterium that dwells in the mucous lining of the stomach") in the idiomatic construction "not A but B"; remember, “not A but B” is a correct idiomatic usage; A and B must be parallel and comparable.
C: Correct. This answer choice correctly maintains parallelism between A ("by stress, alcohol, or rich foods") and B ("by a bacterium that dwells in the mucous lining of the stomach") in the idiomatic construction "not A but B". Further, Option C uses the phrase "stress, alcohol, or rich foods", conveying the intended meaning - that stomach ulcers are not caused by any of the following elements - stress, alcohol, and rich foods.
D: This answer choice fails to maintain parallelism between A ("by stress, alcohol, and rich foods") and B ("a bacterium that dwells in the mucous lining of the stomach") in the idiomatic construction "not A but B"; remember, “not A but B” is a correct idiomatic usage; A and B must be parallel and comparable. Further, Option D alters the meaning of the sentence through the phrase "stress, alcohol, and rich foods"; the use of "and" incorrectly implies that stomach ulcers are not caused by a combination of stress, alcohol, and rich foods; the intended meaning is that stomach ulcers are not caused by any of the following elements - stress, alcohol, and rich foods.
E: This answer choice fails to maintain parallelism between A ("by stress, alcohol, and rich foods") and B ("are by a bacterium that dwells in the mucous lining of the stomach") in the idiomatic construction "not A but B"; remember, “not A but B” is a correct idiomatic usage; A and B must be parallel and comparable. Further, Option E alters the meaning of the sentence through the phrase "stress, alcohol, and rich foods"; the use of "and" incorrectly implies that stomach ulcers are not caused by a combination of stress, alcohol, and rich foods; the intended meaning is that stomach ulcers are not caused by any of the following elements - stress, alcohol, and rich foods.
Hence, C is the best answer choice.
All the best!
Experts' Global Team
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Re: Recently physicians have determined that stomach ulcers are not caused
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30 Oct 2009, 13:18
30 Oct 2009, 13:18
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tejal777 wrote:
Recently physicians have determined that stomach ulcers are not caused by stress, alcohol, or rich foods, but a bacterium that dwells in the mucous lining of the stomach.
A. not caused by stress, alcohol, or rich foods, but
B. not caused by stress, alcohol, or rich foods, but are by
C. caused not by stress, alcohol, or rich foods, but by
D. caused not by stress, alcohol, and rich foods, but
E. caused not by stress, alcohol, and rich foods, but are by
OA:
Please.explanations.
A. not caused by stress, alcohol, or rich foods, but
B. not caused by stress, alcohol, or rich foods, but are by
C. caused not by stress, alcohol, or rich foods, but by
D. caused not by stress, alcohol, and rich foods, but
E. caused not by stress, alcohol, and rich foods, but are by
OA:
Please.explanations.
Hi
this question tests your knowledge of parallelism
The correct idiom is "not X but Y". X and Y must be parallel
Note that A and B have a construction "not CAUSED ........ but Y'
If the writer wants to write that way, it should be "not CAUSED X, but CAUSED Y"
In this case, X and Y both have to have a "by" inside them.
The only alternative that has a structure "caused not by X, but by Y" is C
sounds good?
General Discussion
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Re: Recently physicians have determined that stomach ulcers are not caused
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08 Jul 2006, 21:30
08 Jul 2006, 21:30
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C it is.
Between B and C. C has the correct construction of "not by X, but by Y"
_________________
Between B and C. C has the correct construction of "not by X, but by Y"
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SAID BUSINESS SCHOOL, OXFORD - MBA CLASS OF 2008
Re: Recently physicians have determined that stomach ulcers are not caused
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30 Oct 2009, 13:00
30 Oct 2009, 13:00
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tejal777 wrote:
Recently physicians have determined that stomach ulcers are not caused by stress, alcohol, or rich foods, but a bacterium that dwells in the mucous lining of the stomach.
A. not caused by stress, alcohol, or rich foods, but
B. not caused by stress, alcohol, or rich foods, but are by
C. caused not by stress, alcohol, or rich foods, but by
D. caused not by stress, alcohol, and rich foods, but
E. caused not by stress, alcohol, and rich foods, but are by
OA:
Please.explanations.
A. not caused by stress, alcohol, or rich foods, but
B. not caused by stress, alcohol, or rich foods, but are by
C. caused not by stress, alcohol, or rich foods, but by
D. caused not by stress, alcohol, and rich foods, but
E. caused not by stress, alcohol, and rich foods, but are by
OA:
Please.explanations.
Is the OA C ?
Idiom, Parallel construction
Not by X, But by Y
caused not by (stress, alcohol, or rich foods), but by (a bacterium that dwells in the mucous lining of the stomach.)
Re: Recently physicians have determined that stomach ulcers are not caused
[#permalink]
30 Oct 2009, 14:26
30 Oct 2009, 14:26
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yes C - parallelism "not by x but by Y"
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Re: Recently physicians have determined that stomach ulcers are not caused
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15 Nov 2011, 03:35
15 Nov 2011, 03:35
Hey
Answer C is correct.
According to option C the sentence structure is that
Recent physicians have .... are caused NOT X BUT Y.
Here " are caused " is parallel to both X and Y. Hence we need not repeat it at Y.
This structure can also be rephrased as:
Recent physicians have... are NOT X BUT Y.
But in this case "cause" has to be included in both the parts X and Y.
Hope it clarifies.
Answer C is correct.
According to option C the sentence structure is that
Recent physicians have .... are caused NOT X BUT Y.
Here " are caused " is parallel to both X and Y. Hence we need not repeat it at Y.
This structure can also be rephrased as:
Recent physicians have... are NOT X BUT Y.
But in this case "cause" has to be included in both the parts X and Y.
Hope it clarifies.
Re: Recently physicians have determined that stomach ulcers are not caused
[#permalink]
15 Nov 2011, 03:43
15 Nov 2011, 03:43
ksp, thanks for your reply. Just before you wrote, I thought about it and came to the same conclusion:
Thanks again.
Quote:
Recent physicians have... are NOT X BUT Y.
But in this case "cause" has to be included in both the parts X and Y.
But in this case "cause" has to be included in both the parts X and Y.
Thanks again.
Re: Recently physicians have determined that stomach ulcers are not caused
[#permalink]
15 Nov 2011, 10:55
15 Nov 2011, 10:55
nonameee wrote:
ksp, thanks for your reply. Just before you wrote, I thought about it and came to the same conclusion:
Thanks again.
Quote:
Recent physicians have... are NOT X BUT Y.
But in this case "cause" has to be included in both the parts X and Y.
But in this case "cause" has to be included in both the parts X and Y.
Thanks again.
Minor clarification - actually the sentence structure is
"caused not by X...., but by Y.."
The word "by" should be on both sides of the comma.
So this is an X&Y Consistency Question (Framework #6).
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Re: Recently physicians have determined that stomach ulcers are not caused
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20 Mar 2015, 23:38
20 Mar 2015, 23:38
This question tests parallelism issue. Not ... but idiom.
Re: Recently physicians have determined that stomach ulcers are not caused
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26 Jul 2015, 06:50
26 Jul 2015, 06:50
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Straight away C. maintains parallelism.
A. not caused by stress, alcohol, or rich foods, but (but should by followed by "by") Wrong
B. not caused by stress, alcohol, or rich foods, but are by ("are" is extra here) Wrong
C. caused not by stress, alcohol, or rich foods, but by (not by....but by) Correct
D. caused not by stress, alcohol, and rich foods, but (need "by" after "but") Wrong
E. caused not by stress, alcohol, and rich foods, but are by ("are" is extra) Wrong
_________________
A. not caused by stress, alcohol, or rich foods, but (but should by followed by "by") Wrong
B. not caused by stress, alcohol, or rich foods, but are by ("are" is extra here) Wrong
C. caused not by stress, alcohol, or rich foods, but by (not by....but by) Correct
D. caused not by stress, alcohol, and rich foods, but (need "by" after "but") Wrong
E. caused not by stress, alcohol, and rich foods, but are by ("are" is extra) Wrong
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Re: Recently physicians have determined that stomach ulcers are not caused
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28 Jul 2015, 01:12
28 Jul 2015, 01:12
Ergenekon wrote:
This question tests parallelism issue. Not ... but idiom.
I have one question. In option B, is "are" in "but are" used as a verb? If yes, then "not caused (verb)" would be parallel to "but are(verb)" and would be correct.
Please share your thoughts.
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Re: Recently physicians have determined that stomach ulcers are not caused
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06 Aug 2016, 02:06
06 Aug 2016, 02:06
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rishabchoraria wrote:
Ergenekon wrote:
This question tests parallelism issue. Not ... but idiom.
I have one question. In option B, is "are" in "but are" used as a verb? If yes, then "not caused (verb)" would be parallel to "but are(verb)" and would be correct.
Please share your thoughts.
Almost anything in a sentence can be made parallel to a similar Parallel Element.
we know by spotting Parallel Markers(here NOT X BUT Y)—words that link or contrast items and that force those items to be parallel
In answer Choice B,
- "NOT Caused by.......BUT are by........" is not paralleled
- "NOT Caused by......BUT caused by......" is paralleled
- "caused NOT by......BUT by......" is paralled
So, Correct Answer is C
Re: Recently physicians have determined that stomach ulcers are not caused
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09 Sep 2016, 07:30
09 Sep 2016, 07:30
tejal777 wrote:
Recently physicians have determined that stomach ulcers are not caused by stress, alcohol, or rich foods, but a bacterium that dwells in the mucous lining of the stomach.
A. not caused by stress, alcohol, or rich foods, but
B. not caused by stress, alcohol, or rich foods, but are by
C. caused not by stress, alcohol, or rich foods, but by
D. caused not by stress, alcohol, and rich foods, but
E. caused not by stress, alcohol, and rich foods, but are by
A. not caused by stress, alcohol, or rich foods, but
B. not caused by stress, alcohol, or rich foods, but are by
C. caused not by stress, alcohol, or rich foods, but by
D. caused not by stress, alcohol, and rich foods, but
E. caused not by stress, alcohol, and rich foods, but are by
The question is totally Parallelism issue. Here the correct answer is C. But, my question is: WHY not B. B makes parallelism to me!
B. NOT (tag)+CAUSED (verb)+by+something....................BUT (tag)+ARE (verb)+by+Something
Indicate parallelism to each other.
Thanks...
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Re: Recently physicians have determined that stomach ulcers are not caused
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24 Sep 2016, 23:35
24 Sep 2016, 23:35
Concept Tested : Parallelism - Not x but y
A. not caused by stress, alcohol, or rich foods, but --> Required Not by X but by Y
B. not caused by stress, alcohol, or rich foods, but are by --> "caused by" is not parallel to "are by" ==> Caused is not a verb
C. caused not by stress, alcohol, or rich foods, but by --> Correct Parallelism
D. caused not by stress, alcohol, and rich foods, but --> Required Not by X but by Y
E. caused not by stress, alcohol, and rich foods, but are by --> Required Not verb/by but verb/by
A. not caused by stress, alcohol, or rich foods, but --> Required Not by X but by Y
B. not caused by stress, alcohol, or rich foods, but are by --> "caused by" is not parallel to "are by" ==> Caused is not a verb
C. caused not by stress, alcohol, or rich foods, but by --> Correct Parallelism
D. caused not by stress, alcohol, and rich foods, but --> Required Not by X but by Y
E. caused not by stress, alcohol, and rich foods, but are by --> Required Not verb/by but verb/by
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Re: Recently physicians have determined that stomach ulcers are not caused
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10 Sep 2017, 07:25
10 Sep 2017, 07:25
Is option D wrong because of "and rich foods"? "by" after "but" in option D should be implicit and not necessarily required.
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Re: Recently physicians have determined that stomach ulcers are not caused
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10 Sep 2017, 08:58
10 Sep 2017, 08:58
Expert Reply
Top Contributor
It doesn't matter much whether the disease is caused by the factors individually or severally or by a combination just two. The more important thing is that except C, all others are instant dropouts due to improper correlative parallelism.
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Re: Recently physicians have determined that stomach ulcers are not caused
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17 Sep 2017, 12:09
17 Sep 2017, 12:09
Recently physicians have determined that stomach ulcers are not caused by stress, alcohol, or rich foods, but a bacterium that dwells in the mucous lining of the stomach.
A. not caused by stress, alcohol, or rich foods, but
B. not caused by stress, alcohol, or rich foods, but are by
C. caused not by stress, alcohol, or rich foods, but by
D. caused not by stress, alcohol, and rich foods, but
E. caused not by stress, alcohol, and rich foods, but are by
_________________
A. not caused by stress, alcohol, or rich foods, but
B. not caused by stress, alcohol, or rich foods, but are by
C. caused not by stress, alcohol, or rich foods, but by
D. caused not by stress, alcohol, and rich foods, but
E. caused not by stress, alcohol, and rich foods, but are by
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Re: Recently physicians have determined that stomach ulcers are not caused
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16 Oct 2017, 02:31
16 Oct 2017, 02:31
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Recently physicians have determined that stomach ulcers are not caused by stress, alcohol, or rich foods, but a bacterium that dwells in the mucous lining of the stomach.
A. not caused by stress, alcohol, or rich foods, but - Parallelism issue - ‘caused by stress…” and “a bacterium” are not parallel
B. not caused by stress, alcohol, or rich foods, but are by - “caused by stress” and “are by a bacterium” are not parallel
C. caused not by stress, alcohol, or rich foods, but by - Correct
D. caused not by stress, alcohol, and rich foods, but - “by stress” and “a bacterium” are not parallel. The first is a prepositional phrase; the second is a noun.
E. caused not by stress, alcohol, and rich foods, but are by - “by stress” and “are by a bacterium” are not parallel. The first is a prepositional phrase; the second one starts with a verb
Answer C
_________________
A. not caused by stress, alcohol, or rich foods, but - Parallelism issue - ‘caused by stress…” and “a bacterium” are not parallel
B. not caused by stress, alcohol, or rich foods, but are by - “caused by stress” and “are by a bacterium” are not parallel
C. caused not by stress, alcohol, or rich foods, but by - Correct
D. caused not by stress, alcohol, and rich foods, but - “by stress” and “a bacterium” are not parallel. The first is a prepositional phrase; the second is a noun.
E. caused not by stress, alcohol, and rich foods, but are by - “by stress” and “are by a bacterium” are not parallel. The first is a prepositional phrase; the second one starts with a verb
Answer C
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When everything seems to be going against you, remember that the airplane takes off against the wind, not with it. - Henry Ford
The Moment You Think About Giving Up, Think Of The Reason Why You Held On So Long
The Moment You Think About Giving Up, Think Of The Reason Why You Held On So Long
gmatclubot
Re: Recently physicians have determined that stomach ulcers are not caused [#permalink]
16 Oct 2017, 02:31
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