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Recently, the tuition at most elite private colleges has been rising faster than inflation.
Even before these increases, many low and middle income families were unable to afford the full tuition costs for their children at these institutions of higher
learning.

With the new tuition increases, these colleges will soon cater solely to students with affluent family backgrounds.

Assumption:
School wont provide any grants or discounts to the students from middle income families.

Which of the following would it be most useful to determine in order to evaluate the argument?

(A) Whether students from affluent families are more likely to prefer public or private colleges
(B) Whether students from low and middle income families are qualified to attend elite private colleges
(C) Whether low income families are less likely to be able to afford tuition costs than middle income families
(D) Whether tuition costs at elite public colleges have also been rising faster than inflation
(E) Whether grants or scholarships are earmarked for students from economically disadvantaged families
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Hello!

I selected answer choice C because if students from low-income families are not qualified, then the argument would fall apart because the colleges already cater to affluent families.
However, if the students are qualified, then the conclusion would indeed begin to cater more towards affluent families.

I agree that E weakens and strengthens the argument depending upon yes/no, but I still cannot see why C is incorrect.

Thank you in advance!
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Hello!

I selected answer choice C because if students from low-income families are not qualified, then the argument would fall apart because the colleges already cater to affluent families.
However, if the students are qualified, then the conclusion would indeed begin to cater more towards affluent families.

I agree that E weakens and strengthens the argument depending upon yes/no, but I still cannot see why C is incorrect.

Thank you in advance!

By reading your post ("low-income families are not qualified") it seems that you meant that you selected option B and not C, isn't it? If so is the case, I would suggest that you use the same two path (yes/no) method you used for option E and see whether the conclusion holds for one and does not hold for the other.

Conclusion: these colleges will soon cater solely to students with affluent family backgrounds.

Are students from low and middle-income families are qualified to attend elite private colleges? YES - in this case the conclusion that these colleges will soon cater solely to students with affluent family backgrounds holds good, because these students, even though being qualified, will not be able to afford the fees as argued in the passage.

Are students from low and middle-income families are qualified to attend elite private colleges? NO - in this case also the conclusion that these colleges will soon cater solely to students with affluent family backgrounds holds good, although not because of the reason (financial) given in the passage, but for some other (qualification) reason.

So answering option B with yes and no does not change the conclusion, hence this option is not the correct answer.

Option B is a typical example of an "out of scope" trap used in "Evaluate Argument" type question.
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ryanfox02
Hello!

I selected answer choice C because if students from low-income families are not qualified, then the argument would fall apart because the colleges already cater to affluent families.
However, if the students are qualified, then the conclusion would indeed begin to cater more towards affluent families.

I agree that E weakens and strengthens the argument depending upon yes/no, but I still cannot see why C is incorrect.

Thank you in advance!

By reading your post ("low-income families are not qualified") it seems that you meant that you selected option B and not C, isn't it? If so is the case, I would suggest that you use the same two path (yes/no) method you used for option E and see whether the conclusion holds for one and does not hold for the other.

Conclusion: these colleges will soon cater solely to students with affluent family backgrounds.

Are students from low and middle-income families are qualified to attend elite private colleges? YES - in this case the conclusion that these colleges will soon cater solely to students with affluent family backgrounds holds good, because these students, even though being qualified, will not be able to afford the fees as argued in the passage.

Are students from low and middle-income families are qualified to attend elite private colleges? NO - in this case also the conclusion that these colleges will soon cater solely to students with affluent family backgrounds holds good, although not because of the reason (financial) given in the passage, but for some other (qualification) reason.

So answering option B with yes and no does not change the conclusion, hence this option is not the correct answer.

Option B is a typical example of an "out of scope" trap used in "Evaluate Argument" type question.

Hi sayantanc2k

Thank you for your response. I did mean to say I selected option B.

If the answer to B is no, wouldn't it change the conclusion? If the low and middle-income families were not qualified for the elite private colleges, colleges would already cater solely to students with affluent family backgrounds. There would be no need for the words "will soon" in the conclusion since this is already occurring.

Thanks in advance!
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sayantanc2k
ryanfox02
Hello!

I selected answer choice C because if students from low-income families are not qualified, then the argument would fall apart because the colleges already cater to affluent families.
However, if the students are qualified, then the conclusion would indeed begin to cater more towards affluent families.

I agree that E weakens and strengthens the argument depending upon yes/no, but I still cannot see why C is incorrect.

Thank you in advance!

By reading your post ("low-income families are not qualified") it seems that you meant that you selected option B and not C, isn't it? If so is the case, I would suggest that you use the same two path (yes/no) method you used for option E and see whether the conclusion holds for one and does not hold for the other.

Conclusion: these colleges will soon cater solely to students with affluent family backgrounds.

Are students from low and middle-income families are qualified to attend elite private colleges? YES - in this case the conclusion that these colleges will soon cater solely to students with affluent family backgrounds holds good, because these students, even though being qualified, will not be able to afford the fees as argued in the passage.

Are students from low and middle-income families are qualified to attend elite private colleges? NO - in this case also the conclusion that these colleges will soon cater solely to students with affluent family backgrounds holds good, although not because of the reason (financial) given in the passage, but for some other (qualification) reason.

So answering option B with yes and no does not change the conclusion, hence this option is not the correct answer.

Option B is a typical example of an "out of scope" trap used in "Evaluate Argument" type question.

Hi sayantanc2k

Thank you for your response. I did mean to say I selected option B.

If the answer to B is no, wouldn't it change the conclusion? If the low and middle-income families were not qualified for the elite private colleges, colleges would already cater solely to students with affluent family backgrounds. There would be no need for the words "will soon" in the conclusion since this is already occurring.

Thanks in advance!

I do understand your logic - the second line says that many poor students could not afford the full tuition costs, but nothing in the passage confirms whether or not some poor students were already studying at these instituions. However there is clear implication in the passage that some students from low and middle-income families were already going to these elite colleges before the rise in the tuition costs. Otherwise the whole passage does not have any point for argument. Presuming something which is in contradiction to the facts stated or implied in the passage would lead to a wrong response.

On the light of the above let us see how we might interprete option B:
It may be true that IN GENERAL the students from low and middle-income families are not qualified to attend elite private colleges, but from the tone of the passage, it is understood that there are some students from low and middle-income families who were attending these institutions (exceptions to the generalisation). Such exceptional students would no longer be able to attend these institutions because of the rise in the cost as has been argued in the passage.

Thus whether the students from low and middle-income families are (in general) qualified or not is out of scope.

On the other hand, if we actually evaluate option B in the strict sense (whether ANY student from low and middle-income families are qualified to attend elite private college), then we will not yield the answer "No", because the passage already implies that there are some poor students qualified enough to study at these colleges. Thus the evaluation stated in option B is not required to be done, because we already know the answer of such evaluation.
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Hi sayantanc2k

Thank you very much for your help on this question. Your explanation cleared my doubts.

Best,
Ryan
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Hello experts,
will anyone please explain, why A is incorrect, although I know why E is correct.
Just curious to know the reasoning behind it.

Thanks
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