Studies of the Weddell seal in the laboratory have described the

1. The passage provides information to support which of the following generalizations?
(A) Observations of animals’ physiological behavior in the wild are not reliable unless verified by laboratory studies. → wrong, the psg points out the difference btw "lab seal" & "wild seal", nowhere in the psg mentions "reliable"

(B) It is generally less difficult to observe the physiological behavior of an animal in the wild than in the laboratory. → Wrong

(C) The level of lactic acid in an animal’s blood is likely to be higher when it is searching for prey than when it is evading predators.

(D) The level of lactic acid in an animal’s blood is likely to be lowest during those periods in which it experiences oxygen deprivation.

(E) The physiological behavior of animals in a laboratory setting is not always consistent with their physiological behavior in the wild. → correct

2. It can be inferred from the passage that by describing the Weddell seal as preparing “for the worst” (line 41), biologists mean that it
Scope: “The seal’s longer excursions underwater, during which it appears to be either exploring distant routes or evading a predator, do evoke the diving response seen in the laboratory. But why do the seal’s laboratory dives always evoke this response, regardless of their length or depth? Some biologists speculate that because in laboratory dives the seal is forcibly submerged, it does not know how long it will remain underwater and so prepares for the worst.”

(A) prepares to remain underwater for no longer than twenty minutes

(B) exhibits physiological behavior similar to that which characterizes dives in which it heads directly for its prey

(C) exhibits physiological behavior similar to that which characterizes its longest dives in the wild

(D) begins to exhibit predatory behavior

(E) clears the lactic acid from its blood before attempting to dive --> out of scope

3. The passage suggests that during laboratory dives, the pH of the Weddell seal’s blood is not adversely affected by the production of lactic acid because
Scope lines: “The seal essentially shuts off the flow of blood to other organs, which either stop functioning until the seal surfaces or switch to an anaerobic (oxygen-independent) metabolism. The latter results in the production of large amounts of lactic acid which can adversely affect the pH of the seal’s blood, but since the anaerobic metabolism occurs only in those tissues which have been isolated from the seal’s blood supply, the lactic acid is released into the seal’s blood only after the seal surfaces, when the lungs, liver, and other organs quickly clear the acid from the seal’s bloodstream.”

(A) only those organs that are essential to the seal’s ability to navigate underwater revert to an anaerobic mechanism

(B) the seal typically reverts to an anaerobic metabolism only at the very end of the dive

(C) organs that revert to an anaerobic metabolism are temporarily isolated from the seal’s bloodstream

(D) oxygen continues to be supplied to organs that clear lactic acid from the seal’s bloodstream

(E) the seal remains submerged for only short periods of time


4. Which of the following best summarizes the main point of the passage?

(A) Recent field studies have indicated that descriptions of the physiological behavior of the Weddell seal during laboratory dives are not applicable to its most typical dives in the wild.

(B) The Weddell seal has developed a number of unique mechanisms that enable it to remain submerged at depths of up to 500 meters for up to 70 minutes. --> minor fact

(C) The results of recent field studies have made it necessary for biologists to revise previous perceptions of how the Weddell seal behaves physiologically during its longest dives in the wild.
→ last paragraph: “speculate”

(D) Biologists speculate that laboratory studies of the physiological behavior of seals during dives lasting more than twenty minutes would be more accurate if the seals were not forcibly submerged.
--> biologist speculate about the behavior of the seals, not the accuracy of the studies.

(E) How the Weddell seal responds to oxygen deprivation during its longest dives appears to depend on whether the seal is searching for prey or avoiding predators during such dives. → minor fact

5. According to the author, which of the following is true of the laboratory studies mentioned in line 1?
Scope line: “Studies of the Weddell seal in the laboratory have described the physiological mechanisms that allow the seal to cope with the extreme oxygen deprivation that occurs during its longest dives, which can extend 500 meters below the ocean’s surface and last for over 70 minutes”

(A) They fail to explain how the seal is able to tolerate the increased production of lactic acid by organs that revert to an anaerobic metabolism during its longest dives in the wild.

(B) They present an oversimplified account of mechanisms that the Weddell seal relies on during its longest dives in the wild.

(C) They provide evidence that undermines the view that the Weddell seal relies on an anaerobic metabolism during its most typical dives in the wild.

(D) They are based on the assumption that Weddell seals rarely spend more than twenty minutes underwater on a typical dive in the wild.

(E) They provide an accurate account of the physiological behavior of Weddell seals during those dives in the wild in which they are either evading predators or exploring distant routes.

6. The author cites which of the following as characteristic of the Weddell seal’s physiological behavior during dives observed in the laboratory?

I. A decrease in the rate at which the seal’s heart beats → Correct
II. A constriction of the seal’s arteries → correct
III. A decrease in the levels of lactic acid in the seal’s blood → wrong
“the latter results in the production of large amounts of lactic acid which can adversely affect the pH of the seal’s blood,”
IV. A temporary halt in the functioning of certain organs → correct

(A) I and III only
(B) II and IV only
(C) II and III only
(D) I, II, and IV only
(E) I, III, and IV only

7. The passage suggests that because Weddell seals are forcibly submerged during laboratory dives, they do which of the following?

(A) Exhibit the physiological responses that are characteristic of dives in the wild that last less than twenty minutes.
(B) Exhibit the physiological responses that are characteristic of the longer dives they undertake in the wild.
(C) Cope with oxygen deprivation less effectively than they do on typical dives in the wild.
(D) Produce smaller amounts of lactic acid than they do on typical dives in the wild.
(E) Navigate less effectively than they do on typical dives in the wild.

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