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Hello brianshepherd

The format of LSAT RC resembles GMAT Long passages and at the same time it is the good source to practice for RC, its writing style and its reasoning for OA is flawless.


brianshepherd
Just out of curiosity, is the format of the RC section of the LSATs structured the same way as the GMAT? Or was this passage just taken for content purposes and adapted into GMAT form?
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Hello Hea234ven
DiyaDutta

here is q#4

Explanation

4. According to the passage, the dimorphic wing structure of the summer generation of water bugs occurs because

Difficulty Level: 750

Explanation

Last para reveal that eggs produced in autumn are exposed to the cold “and thus produce micropterous adults in the summer generation,” while those eggs produced in the spring are not exposed to cold “and thus yield individuals with normal wings” (i.e., macropterous individuals). And there you have it: the dimorphic wing structure displayed by the summer generation.

(B) The eggs are exactly the same; it’s the different temperatures to which they are exposed that leads to the morphological difference in adult water bugs.

(C) No, seasonal changes lead to a developmental morphological response that affects wing structure. See how they keep trying to drag in “acclimatory”?

(D) No, the reason that the summer generation includes individuals with both wing structures is that sometimes summer generation water bugs must fly to reach new habitats.

(E) The habitat of the overwintering generation has nothing to do with the summer generation’s dimorphic wing structure. Again, it’s the different temperatures to which the overwintering generation’s eggs are exposed that causes this morphological reaction.

• This question, like #3, plays on the temperature and wing structure relationship. Notice that none of the wrong choices addresses this relationship.

Answer: A

Hope it helps
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please give explanation for q 3
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Explanation

3. It can be inferred from the passage that if the winter months of a particular year were unusually warm, the

Difficulty Level: 650

Explanation

Lines 39-41 say that warm temperatures lead to water bugs with normal wings—i.e., macropterous bugs. Hence, it follows that a warmer than usual winter would produce a higher than normal proportion of macropterous—normal-winged—bugs.

(B) Au contraire. Higher temperatures, we’ve just noted, would increase the proportion of macropterous (not micropterous) individuals.

(C) The thrust of para 2 and 3 is that temperature change has a palpable effect on water-bug development. That’s what it’s all about!

(D) and (E) are beyond the scope. There’s no information to suggest that warmer than usual winter temperatures would affect either water-bug behavior (D) or egg formation (E).

• This question highlights the importance of getting scientific relationships straight in your mind. If you had the relationship between temperature and wing formation down, this question should have led to a quick and easy point.

Answer: A

Hope it helps

Kanvi
please give explanation for q 3
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SajjadAhmad, please help me

Quote:
6.According to the passage, the generation of water bugs hatching during the summer is likely to

(A) be made up of equal numbers of macropterous and micropterous individuals
(B) lay its eggs during the winter in order to expose them to cold
(C) show a marked inability to fly from one pond to another
(D) exhibit genetically determined differences in wing form from the early spring-hatched generation
(E) contain a much greater proportion of macropterous water bugs than the early spring-hatched generation
I did not pick up E because following:
1/The first hatches during the spring, reproduces during the summer, then dies. The eggs laid in the summer hatch and develop into adults in late summer. 
The summer (early) generation, in contrast, is usually dimorphic—some individuals have normal functional (macropterous) wings; others have much-reduced (micropterous) wings of no use for flight.
So 1st hatches in spring, then 2nd hatches in summer.
Question stem requires generation hatching during the summer , that refers to 2nd hatches. So 2nd has greater proportion of micropterous, rather than macropterous.

Quote:
7.The author mentions laboratory experiments with adult water bugs (lines 63-66) in order to illustrate which one of the following?

(A) the function of the summer generation’s dimorphism
(B) the irreversibility of most developmental adaptive responses in water bugs
(C) the effect of temperature on developing water-bug eggs
(D) the morphological difference between the summer generation and the overwintering generation of water bugs
(E) the functional adjustment of water bugs in response to seasonal temperature variation
I have no idea what’s wrong with E.
I think this experiments in laboratory implies that different seasonal temperature will generate different functional structure, by controlling the temperature in cold.
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Explanation

6. According to the passage, the generation of water bugs hatching during the summer is likely to

Difficulty Level: 750

Explanation

Water bugs hatched during the summer are macropterous, since the eggs from which they emerge are never exposed to cold temperatures. In contrast, the early-spring generation contains some eggs that are exposed to cold temperatures; therefore, some of this generation are micropterous.

(A) No, water bugs hatched during the summer are all macropterous.

(B) This generation of water bugs lays its eggs at two distinct times: early autumn and early spring. Only the autumn eggs are exposed to cold; the spring eggs are not.

(C) Since this generation of water bugs is macropterous (i.e. has normal wings), its members are capable of flight from one pond to another.

(D) Yes, there is a difference in wing form between this generation and that of early spring, but this difference is caused by temperature changes in the environment. Lest we forget, genetics are explicitly excluded from having an impact on wings.

• When dealing with passages that contain a lot of scientific jargon, it’s usually helpful to jot down some very quick shorthand in the margins. For example, alongside this passage, you might have jotted down that macropterous=flighted wings—eggs warm and micropterous=flightless wings= eggs cold.

Answer: E

7. The author mentions laboratory experiments with adult water bugs (Last 3 lines) in order to illustrate which one of the following?

Difficulty Level: 700

Explanation

In last 4-5 lines, the author notes that water-bug eggs exposed to cold winter temperatures produce micropterous individuals. But when these same eggs are taken out of the cold and put into a warm laboratory, they produce macropterous individuals. In other words, the purpose of mentioning the experiment is to show that temperature clearly has an effect on the development of water-bug eggs.

(A) refers to the wrong part of the passage. The function of the summer generation’s dimorphism is explained in Para 2.

(B) is outside the scope of the passage, which concerns one and only one developmental response—wing development.

(D) No, the laboratory experiment concentrates on how the same generation’s eggs may develop differently in response to different temperatures; it doesn’t address differences between water-bug generations.

(E) This passage discusses a morphological, not a functional, adjustment.

• When a question asks why the author included a particular detail, the answer is likely to be found in the lines around that detail. In most cases, choices that are based on information from a different part of the passage—like (A) here—will be wrong.

Answer: C

Hope it helps

zoezhuyan
SajjadAhmad, please help me

Quote:
6.According to the passage, the generation of water bugs hatching during the summer is likely to

(A) be made up of equal numbers of macropterous and micropterous individuals
(B) lay its eggs during the winter in order to expose them to cold
(C) show a marked inability to fly from one pond to another
(D) exhibit genetically determined differences in wing form from the early spring-hatched generation
(E) contain a much greater proportion of macropterous water bugs than the early spring-hatched generation
I did not pick up E because following:
1/The first hatches during the spring, reproduces during the summer, then dies. The eggs laid in the summer hatch and develop into adults in late summer. 
The summer (early) generation, in contrast, is usually dimorphic—some individuals have normal functional (macropterous) wings; others have much-reduced (micropterous) wings of no use for flight.
So 1st hatches in spring, then 2nd hatches in summer.
Question stem requires generation hatching during the summer , that refers to 2nd hatches. So 2nd has greater proportion of micropterous, rather than macropterous.

Quote:
7.The author mentions laboratory experiments with adult water bugs (lines 63-66) in order to illustrate which one of the following?

(A) the function of the summer generation’s dimorphism
(B) the irreversibility of most developmental adaptive responses in water bugs
(C) the effect of temperature on developing water-bug eggs
(D) the morphological difference between the summer generation and the overwintering generation of water bugs
(E) the functional adjustment of water bugs in response to seasonal temperature variation
I have no idea what’s wrong with E.
I think this experiments in laboratory implies that different seasonal temperature will generate different functional structure, by controlling the temperature in cold.
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SajjadAhmad, please help me

Quote:
6.According to the passage, the generation of water bugs hatching during the summer is likely to

(A) be made up of equal numbers of macropterous and micropterous individuals
(B) lay its eggs during the winter in order to expose them to cold
(C) show a marked inability to fly from one pond to another
(D) exhibit genetically determined differences in wing form from the early spring-hatched generation
(E) contain a much greater proportion of macropterous water bugs than the early spring-hatched generation
I did not pick up E because following:
1/The first hatches during the spring, reproduces during the summer, then dies. The eggs laid in the summer hatch and develop into adults in late summer. 
The summer (early) generation, in contrast, is usually dimorphic—some individuals have normal functional (macropterous) wings; others have much-reduced (micropterous) wings of no use for flight.
So 1st hatches in spring, then 2nd hatches in summer.
Question stem requires generation hatching during the summer , that refers to 2nd hatches. So 2nd has greater proportion of micropterous, rather than macropterous.

Hi SajjadAhmad, would you please point out where my reasoning is wrong.
i am still have no idea, although i read your reply

thanks
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Any explanation of question 8?? I did not get how chive ‘a’ is the correct answer. Where in the passage is ‘example of biological phenomenon compared and contrasted’? Shouldn’t it be choice ‘e’

For the first two adaptive response the author isn’t comparing and contrasting. It’s application is mentioned.

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Explanation

8. Which one of the following best describes the organization of the passage?

Difficulty Level: 650

Explanation

Para 1 introduces three biological phenomena—regulatory, acclimatory, and developmental adaptive responses—and discusses examples of the first two. paras 2 and 3 then go on to give a very detailed example of the third type of response.

(B) Only one biological phenomenon—developmental adaptive response—is discussed in any detail.

(C) The passage never presents any hypothesis linking regulatory, acclimatory, and developmental responses. It simply presents them as three possible responses to changing environmental circumstances.

(D) The passage never claims that the three responses are “complementary.” Furthermore, all have the same cause: changing environmental conditions.

(E) What “new” way of describing biological phenomena? And what “applications” are presented?

Answer: A

Hope it helps

pogo803
Any explanation of question 8?? I did not get how chive ‘a’ is the correct answer. Where in the passage is ‘example of biological phenomenon compared and contrasted’? Shouldn’t it be choice ‘e’

For the first two adaptive response the author isn’t comparing and contrasting. It’s application is mentioned.

Posted from my mobile device
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SajjadAhmad
Please post answer for Question 2. Thank you
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Explanation

2. The passage supplies information to suggest that which one of the following would happen if a pond inhabited by water bugs were to dry up in June?

Difficulty Level: 650

Explanation

Lines 25-34 say that the summer generation of water bugs is dimorphic—i.e., some bugs develop long wings for flight (macropterous), while others develop stunted wings that can’t support flight (micropterous). Why is this generation dimorphic? Well, picture it: Most of the bugs stay near ponds and have no need to fly away, ever. But small ponds sometimes dry up in summer, and so some bugs must be able to fly in order to find new ponds to live in. In other words, dimorphism is a survival mechanism that ensures at least some members of the summer generation will survive to procreate.

(A) and (C) The drying-up of a pond would mean that some bugs (the ones that couldn’t fly away toward water) wouldn’t procreate at all, being dead; but it would have no unusual effect on the wings of the next generation (C). Those wings would be as macropterous as the overwintering brood’s wings always are. (Remember, heat leads to normal wings; cold leads to stunted, flightless wings.) And of course, the number of responses wouldn’t change at all (A)—just the number of living water bugs.

(B) The last we hear of the acclimatory response is lines 11-12.

(E) In lines 35-36, the author explicitly mentions that the dimorphism of the summer generation of water bugs has nothing to do with genetic processes.

Answer: D

Hope it helps

hero_with_1000_faces
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Please post answer for Question 2. Thank you
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zoezhuyan, you have interpreted the text wrongly

The two generations are as follows
1) Hatch in spring, summer, die< winter (dimorphic)
2) Hatch in summer, leave in autumn (overwintering), breed in spring (wings) (The wings are needed to fly to survive winter) (never exposed to cold temp, hence normal wings)
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Hi everyone,
Took 18:50 minutes and got 6/8 correct. It took 5:40 minutes to read, write down paragraphs summaries and main point.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

P1
Paragraph 1 talks about 3 adaptive responses: regulatory, acclamatory and developmental. It classifies the responses in functional and morphological. Finally it gives us descriptions of the first two responses: acclamatory and regulatory.

Brief summary: three adaptive responses are introduced and 2 of them are described.

P2
Paragraph 2 introduces the last adaptive response: the developmental one. It is contrasted with the previous two responses since it is permanent and irreversible.
In addition we are given an example of such adaptive responses through the description of water bugs. Water bugs and their lifecycles are then described. The focus here is on the wings and the purpose of such wings. Still we are not told which are the causes for the differences in wings. Maybe paragraph 3 will answer our question?

Brief summary: developmental response is described through an example about water bugs

P3
As we predicted paragraph four digs more into the reasons for the differences in size of the bug's wings. It is explained the big wings are the result of warm temperature before the hatching while small wings result from the hatching when the temperatures are cold.

Brief summary: a cause-effect relation for the size of the wings is given; cold=small and warm=big

Main point
The main point is to describe the three adaptive responses by explaining two of them briefly and one more in detail.


------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


1. The primary purpose of the passage is to

Pre-thinking:

Main point question

Refer to main point above


(A) illustrate an organism’s functional adaptive response to changing environmental conditions
Not in line with pre-thinking. hence incorrect

(B) prove that organisms can exhibit three basic adaptive responses to changing environmental conditions
Not in line with pre-thinking. hence incorrect

(C) explain the differences in form and function between micropterous and macropterous water bugs and analyze the effect of environmental changes on each
partial scope

(D) discuss three different types of adaptive responses and provide an example that explains how one of those types of responses works
in line with pre-thinking. hence correct

(E) contrast acclimatory responses with developmental responses and suggest an explanation for the evolutionary purposes of these two responses to changing environmental conditions
Not in line with pre-thinking. hence incorrect


------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. The passage supplies information to suggest that which one of the following would happen if a pond inhabited by water bugs were to dry up in June?

Pre-thinking:

Inference question

We know that in such conditions there will be two kind of water bugs: some with big-normal wings and some with small wings. Plus we know that the ones with normal wings are adapted to such change. We hence can infer that the ones with small wings will have some troubles


(A) The number of developmental responses among the water-bug population would decrease.
[b]Not in line with pre-thinking. hence incorrect[/b]

(B) Both micropterous and macropterous water bugs would show an acclimatory response.
Not in line with pre-thinking. hence incorrect

(C) The generation of water bugs to be hatched during the subsequent spring would contain an unusually large number of macropterous individuals.
Not in line with pre-thinking. hence incorrect

(D) The dimorphism of the summer generation would enable some individuals to survive.
Exactly, only the ones with normal wings will survive.

(E) The dimorphism of the summer generation would be genetically transferred to the next spring generation.
Not in line with pre-thinking. hence incorrect

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3. It can be inferred from the passage that if the winter months of a particular year were unusually warm, the

Pre-thinking:

inference question

The water bugs born will have normal wings because of the warm temperatures


(A) eggs formed by water bugs in the autumn would probably produce a higher than usual proportion of macropterous individuals
[b] in line with pre-thinking. hence correct[/b]

(B) eggs formed by water bugs in the autumn would probably produce an entire summer generation of water bugs with smaller than normal wings
Not in line with pre-thinking. hence incorrect

(C) eggs of the overwintering generation formed in the autumn would not be affected by this temperature change
Not in line with pre-thinking. hence incorrect

(D) overwintering generation would not leave the ponds for the forest during the winter
Not in line with pre-thinking. hence incorrect

(E) overwintering generation of water bugs would most likely form fewer eggs in the autumn and more in the spring
Not in line with pre-thinking. hence incorrect

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

4. According to the passage, the dimorphic wing structure of the summer generation of water bugs occurs because

Pre-thinking:

Detail question

"The individual’s wing form is environmentally determined by the temperature to which developing eggs are exposed prior to their being laid." according to P3


(A) the overwintering generation forms two sets of eggs, one exposed to the colder temperatures of winter and one exposed only to the warmer temperatures of spring
in line with pre-thinking. hence correct

(B) the eggs that produce micropterous and macropterous adults are morphologically different
[b]Not in line with pre-thinking. hence incorrect[/b]

(C) water bugs respond to seasonal changes by making an acclimatory functional adjustment in the wings
Not in line with pre-thinking. hence incorrect

(D) water bugs hatching in the spring live out their life spans in ponds and never need to fly
Not in line with pre-thinking. hence incorrect

(E) the overwintering generation, which produces eggs developing into the dimorphic generation, spends the winter in the forest and the spring in small ponds
Not in line with pre-thinking. hence incorrect


Please note that this detail question is difficult because it requires a very good understanding of the passage and paragraphs structure. Since we know that the reasons for the differences in wings are found in P3 we were able to locate the detail and answer the question in sub 1 minute (cakewalk ;) ).

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

5. It can be inferred from the passage that which one of the following is an example of a regulatory response?

Pre-thinking:

Detail question

According to P1: "Regulatory responses involve rapid changes in the organism’s use of its physiological apparatus—increasing or decreasing the rates of various processes, for example."


(A) thickening of the plumage of some birds in the autumn
Not in line with pre-thinking. hence incorrect

(B) increase in pulse rate during vigorous exercise
In line with pre-thinking. hence correct

(C) gradual darkening of the skin after exposure to sunlight
Not in line with pre-thinking. hence incorrect

(D) gradual enlargement of muscles as a result of weight lifting
Not in line with pre-thinking. hence incorrect

(E) development of a heavy fat layer in bears before hibernation
Not in line with pre-thinking. hence incorrect

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


6. According to the passage, the generation of water bugs hatching during the summer is likely to

Pre-thinking:

Detail question

We are given that when the temperatures are warm the probability of having normal wings is high


(A) be made up of equal numbers of macropterous and micropterous individuals
Too extreme, incorrect

(B) lay its eggs during the winter in order to expose them to cold
Not in line with pre-thinking. hence incorrect

(C) show a marked inability to fly from one pond to another
Not in line with pre-thinking. hence incorrect

(D) exhibit genetically determined differences in wing form from the early spring-hatched generation
The differences are not genetic as the passage clearly states. incorrect

(E) contain a much greater proportion of macropterous water bugs than the early spring-hatched generation
In line with pre-thinking. hence correct

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


7. The author mentions laboratory experiments with adult water bugs (lines 63-66) in order to illustrate which one of the following?

Pre-thinking:

Purpose question

Clearly the author wants to stress how the temperature affects the size of the wings


(A) the function of the summer generation’s dimorphism
Not in line with pre-thinking. hence incorrect

(B) the irreversibility of most developmental adaptive responses in water bugs
Not in line with pre-thinking. hence incorrect

(C) the effect of temperature on developing water-bug eggs
In line with pre-thinking. hence correct

(D) the morphological difference between the summer generation and the overwintering generation of water bugs
Not in line with pre-thinking. hence incorrect

(E) the functional adjustment of water bugs in response to seasonal temperature variation
Not in line with pre-thinking. hence incorrect

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


8. Which one of the following best describes the organization of the passage?

Pre-thinking:

Structure question

3 adaptive responses are introduced and 2 of them are briefly explained. Then the 3rd one is explained in more details.


(A) Biological phenomena are presented, examples of their occurrence are compared and contrasted, and one particular example is illustrated in detail.
This seems good

(B) A description of related biological phenomena is stated, and two of those phenomena are explained in detail with illustrated examples.
Not in line with pre-thinking. hence incorrect

(C) Three related biological phenomena are described, a hypothesis explaining their relationship is presented, and supporting evidence is produced.
Not in line with pre-thinking. hence incorrect

(D) Three complementary biological phenomena are explained, their causes are examined, and one of them is described by contrasting its causes with the other two.
Not in line with pre-thinking. hence incorrect

(E) A new way of describing biological phenomena is suggested, its applications are presented, and one specific example is examined in detail.
Not in line with pre-thinking. hence incorrect


------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


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Hi Sajjad1994, I've a very basic question and need your help on this.
Whenever I look at the 1st question of RC, I see that people answer the 1st question in ~x mins (here people answered the 1st question within 3:30 mins) whereas I generally need x+2 mins to be able to answer the 1st question after reading the RC passage (for this passage it took me 5:16 mins to answer 1st quetion). I need help as to how to increase my speed to such an extent that I'm able to reduce my reading time by a drastic 2 mins difference?

Your help would be much appreciated.
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Hi Sajjad1994, I've a very basic question and need your help on this.
Whenever I look at the 1st question of RC, I see that people answer the 1st question in ~x mins (here people answered the 1st question within 3:30 mins) whereas I generally need x+2 mins to be able to answer the 1st question after reading the RC passage (for this passage it took me 5:16 mins to answer 1st quetion). I need help as to how to increase my speed to such an extent that I'm able to reduce my reading time by a drastic 2 mins difference?

Your help would be much appreciated.

This is average time calculated based on the number of attempts and time spent on each attempt.

  • Sometimes members (including me) forget to start the timer as they start reading so they start timer in the middle of their reading.
  • Sometime members don't even start the timer they just play the timer when they are ready to answer

So this time stats is not much accurate average and you don't need to be worried about. For such a passage an average non native might need 3-3:30 minutes to read the passage only and then 1 - 1:30 minute average to answer the question based on the difficulty level of the question. So for this one up to 4:30 to answer the question is fine. Now you may have a rough idea how improvement you needed for your prep.

PS: Don't take the stats too much serious, due to some technicalities they might night be the true representative.

Good Luck
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Saasingh
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19 minutes but all correct. Took almost 5 minutes for Q1 (read and answer) and 3 minutes on Q4(750 level one) :(

Averaged at 2.20 per question.


I have seen if I invest a little more, my accuracy goes up to 90-100%. If I do not invest and rush to average at 1.50-2 minutes per question, I always get 2/3 wrong in these 8-9 question sets of LSAT.

Is this normal? Surely I cannot average at 2.20 per question on real GMAT I acknowledge that. But LSATs are too dense. :(

Any comments?
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Sajjad1994
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Hi Sajjad1994, I've a very basic question and need your help on this.
Whenever I look at the 1st question of RC, I see that people answer the 1st question in ~x mins (here people answered the 1st question within 3:30 mins) whereas I generally need x+2 mins to be able to answer the 1st question after reading the RC passage (for this passage it took me 5:16 mins to answer 1st quetion). I need help as to how to increase my speed to such an extent that I'm able to reduce my reading time by a drastic 2 mins difference?

Your help would be much appreciated.

This is average time calculated based on the number of attempts and time spent on each attempt.

  • Sometimes members (including me) forget to start the timer as they start reading so they start timer in the middle of their reading.
  • Sometime members don't even start the timer they just play the timer when they are ready to answer

So this time stats is not much accurate average and you don't need to be worried about. For such a passage an average non native might need 3-3:30 minutes to read the passage only and then 1 - 1:30 minute average to answer the question based on the difficulty level of the question. So for this one up to 4:30 to answer the question is fine. Now you may have a rough idea how improvement you needed for your prep.

PS: Don't take the stats too much serious, due to some technicalities they might night be the true representative.

Good Luck

Thanks for this. It kinda worried that how can I be too slow at RCs whereas I do fine with the timer with SC and CR questions

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