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Answer E:

a- advertising affects familarity but one brand is already stated to be familiar.
B- product preferences are unrelated to the effect of time pressure
c- irrelevant.
d- source irrelevant
e- addresses exactly our main premise.
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i am going with option e.
as an unfamiliar brand requires more evaluation.
a incorrect - both groups saw the same brand.
b incorrect - nothing to do with time pressure or stress
c incorrect - not given any info on importance of choice
d incorrect - source of stress is irrelevant.
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I suppose E
A- geographic span- out of scope
B- Its about choosing the product, not activities associated with it- Eliminate.
C- Importance given by researchers may have driven the group who had abundant time. But under pressure of making decision, it doesnt matter.
D- Reason of stress doesnt relate to product- out of scope
E- Factors that participants list out in their head before choosing a product makes them take an informed decision and be stress free about their choice. Correct
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IMO (D)
A & B - Irrelevant; advertising and activities are not aligned with the metrics being tested in the experiment(stress)
C - not in scope, no mention of these other factors
D - Correct, for soundness we need to test if the stress discussed actually covers all bases.
E - decision making process is not considered in details therefore not relevant
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In a research study, participants were asked to choose between two brands of a certain type of product: one familiar, one unfamiliar, and report their choice to the researchers. Before making the choice, one group was told emphatically to hurry, as the researchers were behind schedule and pressed for time; the other group was told that the project was ahead of schedule, giving them ample time to make the decision. Every participant in the former group, but only about two-thirds of the latter group, chose the familiar brand. Since the participants self-reported equal amounts of stress in their current lives, the researchers concluded that the sight of a well-known product countered the extra stress of being rushed for the first group. The soundness of this conclusion, however, cannot be assessed without taking into account _________.

two brands familiar and unfamilar were being asked to be chosen by group of people
one group was told researchers are behind schedule and other ahead of time...
1 group all choose and other 2/3 choose familar brand..
stress was equal
conclusion by reasearchers was that the sight of well known product countered extra stress to 1st group..



Which of the following most logically completes the argument above?

(A) any differences in the frequency or geographic span of the two brands’ advertising

geography is not being imactful to decision making ; in correct option


(B) how much participants enjoyed or valued the activities most commonly associated with the products



this is not being discussed in the argument; in correct option


(C) the degree of importance ascribed to the product by the researchers in their instructions to the participants


the information about imporatnce ascribed is not mentioned in argument ; in correct option...

(D) the nature of the events or situations causing stress in the participants’ lives outside of the experiment

this is not relevant to argument ; in correct option

(E) the number of factors that participants thought necessary to consider in judging the unfamiliar product relative to the familiar one

this can be true and logical to say that participants must have thought wholly before taking a decision ; correct option

OPTION E is correct
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In a research study, participants were asked to choose between two brands of a certain type of product: one familiar, one unfamiliar, and report their choice to the researchers. Before making the choice, one group was told emphatically to hurry, as the researchers were behind schedule and pressed for time; the other group was told that the project was ahead of schedule, giving them ample time to make the decision. Every participant in the former group, but only about two-thirds of the latter group, chose the familiar brand. Since the participants self-reported equal amounts of stress in their current lives, the researchers concluded that the sight of a well-known product countered the extra stress of being rushed for the first group. The soundness of this conclusion, however, cannot be assessed without taking into account _________.

(A) any differences in the frequency or geographic span of the two brands’ advertising. NO
(B) how much participants enjoyed or valued the activities most commonly associated with the products. Not related to stress.NO
(C) the degree of importance ascribed to the product by the researchers in their instructions to the participants. They had no time to ascribe the degree, they were rushed so maybe they simply choose the familiar one. NO
(D) the nature of the events or situations causing stress in the participants’ lives outside of the experiment. It's irrelevant. NO
(E) the number of factors that participants thought necessary to consider in judging the unfamiliar product relative to the familiar one. If participants didn't have time to consider factors when choosing the familiar or unfamiliar one, they simply decided to chose the one they were familiar with to avoid risk. They only chose it because of lack of time and not for stress of rushed. ANSWER

E
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The argument implies that familiarity with a product reduces stress and thats why they chose the familiar brand over the unfamiliar one. We have to find a counter explanation:

1) differences in geography or frequency of advertising = we are told the participants are unfamilar of one, irrelavant.

2) how much participants valued the activity associated with the product = they dont have any activities to compare since they are unfamiliar to one. Irrelavant. This cant explain anything.

4) stress outside the experiment : it is said the participants reported similar stress levels before the experiment. Wrong.

I am confused b/w c and e. but E makes more sense as it provides another stronger reason why participants chose the familiar product - because they didnt have time to evaluate the unfamilar one, not because familirity reduced stress. Its better than C IMO.
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Stem analysis: Researchers made two groups of participants (let's name them G1 and G2) and gave them 2 brands (one familiar (FB) and one unfamiliar (UFB)) to choose between. G1 was told to hurry, and G2 was told that they could take the time needed to decide between the two brands. In G1, 100% of people chose FB while in G2, 67% chose FB and rest 33% chose UFB.
Researchers reasoned that since all the participants were under the same amount of stress, and because G1 was given additional stress by being told to hurry, they countered that stress by choosing FB (because the amount of assessment they needed to do might have been less). G2 on the other hand did not have the additional stress and hence could more objectively choose between the 2 brands.

Let's analyze the answer choices now:

A. Advertising frequency or coverage is irrelevant since we are told the familiar brand is already known to the participants. The reason might be ads or quality, it doesn't matter.
B. The activities under question in this statement are associated with a product and not with a specific brand. Hence, this cannot be a reason to choose one brand over the other.
C. Again, the degree of importance is ascribed to the product and not the brand. Moreover, this would impact G1 and G2 similarly and hence the difference in their choices can ideally not be accounted by this.
E. Again, this statement does not say the 'number of factors used by each group' in the assessment. It says number of factors used by the participants and hence these can be comparable for G1 vs G2. Hence cannot account for difference in choices.

D. Best option IMO. The question says the level of stress was same. But what if G1 was stressed about less critical things and G2 had much important things to worry about. In that case, the instruction to 'hurry' would not impact G1 much and hence could not be the reason behind why they chose the FB. Not a perfect reasoning but this is what I could figure out.
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What I do in such complete the passage questions I find what logic would best fit in given the earlier lines: It said HOWEVER that means something is very necessary to know before reaching the conclusion of the researchers:

a) two brands advertising does not matter even if there is a difference the researchers conclusion would still be valid that one rushed to answer chose familiar product

b) irrelevant - enjoyment or value to the activities would not make me doubt the researcher's conclusion, even if they preferred then what? they would still be rushed to choose familiar product

c) this is out of scope at least we need something in line with our argument, if they ascribed unfamiliar important then why would they choose A in majority does not established a logical link

d) stress is said to be equal it's nature would not help us determine if conclusion is affected or not - irrelevant

e) I marked this as answer because if there are reasons already been thought by the participants and there is a rational to choose familiar product then the researchers conclusion is not valid and if there are equal factors that participants thought for both the products then researcher conclusion would be a valid one.
this option is correct as per me
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Argument: Participants were asked to choose two brands of a particular type of product: one familiar and one unfamiliar
Divided into two groups: One was asked to hurry because of time constraint and other was given ample amount of time

Result: hurried group all choose familiar one and 67% of other group choose familiar and 33% unfamiliar

Researchers conclusion on this experiment result: Given that all participants reported equal amount of stress before beginning of experiment, The extra stress put on first group of time pressure was balanced by familiar product in front of them. That's the reason they choose that

Questions asks what other factor is important to conclude the soundness of this conclusion:

We can say that time pressure may affect the decision.. Lets see one by one for all options which is relevant

A- Whatever has been the frequency or geographic coverage of the brand advertisement. It is already given that one is familiar and other is not and it is equally valid for all participants. so it doesn't matter how much is the frequency or geographic span of their advertisement. No

B- Choosing familiar or non-familiar product in rushed situation has nothing to do with how much participants enjoyed the activity associated with products. because, it doesn't directly say that they enjoyed particular brand. what if they enjoyed 50:50 and which product No idea. NO for answer

C- Even if importance were ascribed to particular brand, then it was common for all the participants.. then all should have chosen that. why difference in choice under time situation. No for a answer

D- Nature of stress outside experiment.. It is already given they had equal stress before the experiment began. within the experiment, if any extra stress created or relieved, that may help ease mental condition and help make informed decisions but outside was already made clear to us. How nature or situation of that stress can have any relevance with the product concerned is not possible to determine. NO for a answer

E- Yes the number of factors to choose a particular brand is time dependent where they can make informed comparison between the two and make choices. If given very less time, it is natural to choose known product as compared to unknown as sufficient time was not given to decide. Another group was given ample time to make that comparison and choose. so the reason for split.
So basically, if we know how much time is required to complete all those factors which can influence decision, then it can justify if given less time it may be insufficient to consider all those factors and hence easy choice for familiar product not just because familiar product countered stress of time and with ample time, all those factors were compared and considered.. This must be considered to justify soundness of this conclusion

Answer-E
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Premises: rushed group: 100% chose familiar brand
non rushed: 2/3 chose familiar brand
stress similar
conclusion: familiar brand countered the extra stress caused by being rushed.

A: advertising affect familiarity (no rush)
B: Product enjoyment is irrelevant
C: importance given to product no relation with stress
D: Outside stress is already constant
E: Best answer
if unfamiliar required more factors then decision is biased.
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IMO C
A- difference in freq and geo in brand advertising looks irrelevant
B-this is something out of scope of the argument sinve one prod is familiar and other unfamiliar
C- Correct, if the degree of importance given by reaearches to one prod is more, that could be another factor for the result
D- the nature of stress outside of the experiment doesnt matter since they self reported wequal amount of stress
D-the number of factors whihc one deemed necessary could be usable in second group, not the first. Incorrect
Bunuel
In a research study, participants were asked to choose between two brands of a certain type of product: one familiar, one unfamiliar, and report their choice to the researchers. Before making the choice, one group was told emphatically to hurry, as the researchers were behind schedule and pressed for time; the other group was told that the project was ahead of schedule, giving them ample time to make the decision. Every participant in the former group, but only about two-thirds of the latter group, chose the familiar brand. Since the participants self-reported equal amounts of stress in their current lives, the researchers concluded that the sight of a well-known product countered the extra stress of being rushed for the first group. The soundness of this conclusion, however, cannot be assessed without taking into account _________.

Which of the following most logically completes the argument above?

(A) any differences in the frequency or geographic span of the two brands’ advertising

(B) how much participants enjoyed or valued the activities most commonly associated with the products

(C) the degree of importance ascribed to the product by the researchers in their instructions to the participants

(D) the nature of the events or situations causing stress in the participants’ lives outside of the experiment

(E) the number of factors that participants thought necessary to consider in judging the unfamiliar product relative to the familiar one


 


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A. Differences in geographic span wont impact the argument. Even if this is true the conclusion that the brands reduced stress can still be valid
B. This is out of scope. No bearing on the argument.
C. Nothing about any intructions given to the participants (other than the fact that they were rushed) is mentioned in the argument.
D. This is directly mentioned in the argument that the stress in current lives were the same. Eliminate.
E. Yup. If say the product is a pack of chips. If I have two options and I am in a hurry; If I see something new I need to evaluate multiple things like the ingredients list or the amount of sugar etc. In that case I ll go for the familiar one even though it does'nt reduce the stress. Just that I dont have time to evaluate anything new because I ll need to look at multiple things.

E for me

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In a research study, participants were asked to choose between two brands of a certain type of product: one familiar, one unfamiliar, and report their choice to the researchers. Before making the choice, one group was told emphatically to hurry, as the researchers were behind schedule and pressed for time; the other group was told that the project was ahead of schedule, giving them ample time to make the decision. Every participant in the former group, but only about two-thirds of the latter group, chose the familiar brand. Since the participants self-reported equal amounts of stress in their current lives, the researchers concluded that the sight of a well-known product countered the extra stress of being rushed for the first group. The soundness of this conclusion, however, cannot be assessed without taking into account _________.

Which of the following most logically completes the argument above?

(A) any differences in the frequency or geographic span of the two brands’ advertising

(B) how much participants enjoyed or valued the activities most commonly associated with the products

(C) the degree of importance ascribed to the product by the researchers in their instructions to the participants

(D) the nature of the events or situations causing stress in the participants’ lives outside of the experiment

(E) the number of factors that participants thought necessary to consider in judging the unfamiliar product relative to the familiar one


 


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In a research study, participants were asked to choose between two brands of a certain type of product: one familiar, one unfamiliar, and report their choice to the researchers.

Before making the choice, one group was told emphatically to hurry, as the researchers were behind schedule and pressed for time; the other group was told that the project was ahead of schedule, giving them ample time to make the decision.

Every participant in the former group, but only about two-thirds of the latter group, chose the familiar brand.

Since the participants self-reported equal amounts of stress in their current lives, the researchers concluded that the sight of a well-known product countered the extra stress of being rushed for the first group.

The soundness of this conclusion, however, cannot be assessed without taking into account _________.

Which of the following most logically completes the argument above?


(A) any differences in the frequency or geographic span of the two brands’ advertising
Any differences in advertising may result in differences in familiarity of the products but can not explain drastic differences in choices of the two groups.
Incorrect

(B) how much participants enjoyed or valued the activities most commonly associated with the products
Since both groups were almost similar and must have enjoyed or valued these products in similar way, this does not explain drastic differences in choices of the two groups.
Incorrect

(C) the degree of importance ascribed to the product by the researchers in their instructions to the participants
This can not explain the drastic differences in choices of participants of the two groups versus time provided to them. The degree of importance ascribed to the product by the researchers is expected to be similar to both groups.
Incorrect

(D) the nature of the events or situations causing stress in the participants’ lives outside of the experiment
Since it is already mentioned in the argument that participants self-reported equal amounts of stress in their present lives, this does not explain the drastic differences in choices of participants
Incorrect

(E) the number of factors that participants thought necessary to consider in judging the unfamiliar product relative to the familiar one
If the number of factors are large, participants of the first group with less time, chose familiar products since they did not get time to analyze all factors to make alternate choice based on these factors. While the other group had enough time to analyze all factors to make informed choice about alternative product (unfamiliar one). There was no extra stress encountered of being rushed to the familiar group.
Correct

IMO E
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a - brand adv not mentioned; irrelevant
b - not in scope; irrelevant
c - no mention
d - stress directly involved, hold
e - no relation with stress and decision making, nope
so best option is D.
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A--- Remove, talks about advertising
B---It talks about activities of participants, ignore and remove.
C---Talks about instructions, we can eliminate
D--Close, but it talks about lives outside of experiment, it doesnt affect as it was same stress.
E-- Correct, there must be different factors which was not taken into account while arriving at the conclusion.
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we are looking for evaluate the argument: something that can strengthen & weaken researcher's reasoning that it was due to stress induced in first group members by time limitation that they all picked familiar product.

A) one product is already familiar and other is already unfamiliar. which means were used by familiar product to familiarize the customers is not relevant.
B) this is tempting since we are looking at possible alternate explanation: the fact that participants in first group enjoyed the familiar product's associated activities which led the first group to pick familiar product can weaken the reasoning that is was time-limitation induced stress which caused it. the flip side can strengthen it. but this would be also true for the second group b/c this option says participants overall. so the fact that in the second group, only two-third members chose familiar brand product would then not strengthen the argument that familiar product's associated activities enjoyment led to all in first group picking it, thus not weakening the researcher's argument that time-limitation induced stress caused ir.
C) similar to option B. this is true for all participants hence does not help support alternate cause of observed behavior of first group.
D) passage already says equal stress. irrelevant.
E) number of factors to consider in judging unfamiliar product as opposed to familiar product directly implies time needed to make the decision. since first group was rushed thus it was the mere lack of time to judge and not the stress induced by time limitation which led them all to pick familiar product. this weakens the researcher's reasoning. flip it and it strengthens the researcher's reasoning. correct.
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