Although most large public relations firms can afford to run informati

(E) is correct.

... that the cost costs associated arising with from maintaining an information technology staff and from continuously improving hardware and software are larger than they initially estimated.

- To maintain the parallel "from continuously improving" in the non-underlined part, we must have a choice with prep "from" --> A and C out
- "associated from" is unidiomatic --> B out
- There are two types of cost here, so it must be "costs" --> D out

“... that the costs ... are larger than they...” — correct one

—> we can’t use “associated with ...”. Because —> associated with... and from .... —WRONG

... that the costs arising from... and from.. — CORRECT

The answer is E

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Although most large public relations firms can afford to run information technology centers in-house, some niche firms are discovering that the cost associated with maintaining an information technology staff and from continuously improving hardware and software are larger than they initially estimated.

(A) cost associated with
(B) costs associated from
(C) costs associated with
(D) cost arising from
(E) costs arising from

The verb 'are' requires a plural subject, so costs will be right. To maintain parallelism we need to choose from, not with. associated with the right idiom, not associated from. IMHO E is the OA.

IMO E: costs arising from
is correct

Although most large public relations firms can afford to run information technology centers in-house, some niche firms are discovering that the [url]cost associated with[/url] maintaining an information technology staff and from continuously improving hardware and software are larger than they initially estimated.

(A) cost associated with
(B) costs associated from
(C) costs associated with
(D) cost arising from
(E) costs arising from

Although most large public relations firms can afford to run information technology centers in-house, some niche firms are discovering that the cost associated with maintaining an information technology staff and from continuously improving hardware and software are larger than they initially estimated.

(A) cost associated with
(B) costs associated from
(C) costs associated with
(D) cost arising from
(E) costs arising from

First, "and from continuously improving hardware and software" must have parallel structure, that's why, A and C are out;
Second, "are larger than they initially estimated" (Verb) is plural that's why we have to choose plural form of Subject, D is out;
And the last, "associated from" is unidiomatic - B is out.

the answer is E

(A) cost associated with......with X and from Y .....not parallel
(B) costs associated from...alters meaning
(C) costs associated with.....not parallel
(D) cost arising from......cost is singular....incorrect
(E) costs arising from.....correct

OA:E

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OFFICIAL EXPLANATION

There are two major problems with this sentence.

(1) The subject (cost, which is singular) and verb (are, which is plural) do not agree. Since multiple costs are being discussed and the verb, which appears outside the underlined part of the sentence, is plural, the subject needs to be plural as well.

(2) Two parallel parts of the sentence are not parallel. associated with...and from is not a parallel phrase. Since from occurs outside the underlined part of the sentence, associated with should be replaced by arising from. With this change, the sentence will be parallel: costs arising from x...and from y.

A. The subject (cost, which is singular) does not agree with the verb (are, which is plural); the phrase associated with ... from is not parallel
B. The costs associated from is awkward and not idiomatically correct
C. The phrase associated with ... from is not parallel
D. The subject (cost, which is singular) does not agree with the verb (are, which is plural)
E. The subject (costs, which is plural) correctly agrees with the verb (are, which is plural); the phrase arising from maintaining ... and from continuously upgrading is parallel