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Dear GMAT Ninja,

Can we use 'that' to modify an object of a prepositional phrase?
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AliciaSierra
GMATNinja,

I have question about this SC https://gmatclub.com/forum/in-small-dos ... 65369.html.

Quote:
In small doses, carbon monoxide can cause headaches, vertigo, nausea, and in larger doses, the victims can pass out and even die.
A. vertigo, nausea, and in larger doses, the victims can pass out and even die

B. vertigo, nausea, and the victims can pass out and even die in larger doses

C. vertigo, and nausea, and the victims can pass out and even die in larger doses

D. vertigo, and nausea; the victims can pass out and even die in larger doses

E. vertigo, and nausea; in larger doses, the victims can pass out and even die

I was able to get correct answer for correct reason e.g. list and place of modifier (in larger doses). My question is on words SMALL and LARGER. Isn't LARGE is comparative word for SMALL, and LARGER is comparative work for LARGE.

When first I read sentence I was hoping to see "LARGE" word in correct answer.

I am not able to understand SMALL vs LARGER comparison here. Shouldn't it be Small Vs Large.
Either "large" or "larger" could be correct, depending on the meaning of the sentence.

Let's say that you have a small number of potatoes -- only one potato, in fact. If I have a larger number of potatoes than you have, that just means that I have at least two potatoes. Two is still a pretty small number of potatoes, but it is relatively larger than one.

If, on the other hand, I say that I have a large number of potatoes, then I'm saying that I have an objectively high number of potatoes.

If the sentence is trying to give a relative comparison between two quantities, then "small" vs. "larger" does the job.

I hope that helps!
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MBADreamer226
Hello!

I'm currently working on my Sentence Correction for GMAT. I'm do fairly well with the medium level questions but having some difficulty with the hard level. If I'm doing the questions timed, then I tend to get nervous and if the entire sentence or most of the sentence is underlined then just forget about it!! My nerves kick in and my focus goes out the door. Any tips you can share on how to tackle the 700 level SC questions and keeping nerves calm will be very helpful.

Looking forward to your response. Also, I hope my message is grammatically correct... :)

Regards,
Tahira
Many students deal with test-day nerves and have difficulty focusing as the clock ticks down, so you're certainly not alone in dealing with these things! Check out this video for a discussion about what is happening when you panic on test-day, as well as some strategies to reduce the effects of nervousness.

For SC in particular, it's good to have a clear set of priorities before diving into the question. Especially when the sentence is long and complicated, focus on high-value errors first to eliminate as many answer choices as possible. That will reduce the number of options that you have to wade through for subtle differences in meaning.

Read more about SC priorities and techniques here. While the title does say that this is for "beginners," having a simple and elegant strategy for SC should help you feel confident in your approach to more difficult questions as well.

I hope that helps a bit!
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Hi GMATNinja! Can "advise" be used as a command subjunctive verb or should it only be used in the infinitive form? In other words, does the GMAT consider this correct:

1) Mike advises that John change his plan. (Command Subjunctive)

2) Mike advises John to change his plan. (Infinitive)
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Mizar18
Dear GMATNinja GMATNinjaTwo

I have another question :dazed

Regarding this one:

The cathedrals of the Middle Ages were community centers just as much as they were purely religious edifices; and they were structures that represented a city’s commitment to a public realm, the opposite of being a private one.


(D) as much community centers as purely religious edifices, structures that represented a city’s commitment to a public realm, as opposed to a private one (CORRECT)

(E) as much community centers as they were purely religious edifices, structures representing a city’s commitment to a public realm, opposite of a private one (INCORRECT)


So, the OA is D) and the OE mentions in E) that " uses opposite of a private one to refer to a public realm, unreasonably suggesting that a public realm cannot coexist with a private realm"

So my question is, whats the difference between these two:

a public realm, as opposed to a private one
to a public realm, opposite of a private one

I am not able to see any difference between those two :(

Best
First, a quick note: "official explanations" are not written by the same people who write official questions. Sometimes they are well-written, and sometimes they're not incredibly helpful. :dontknow:

There are a couple of differences between (D) and (E) in the question you've mentioned. First, (E) has a "they" that could refer to "cathedrals" or to "community centers." This kind of pronoun ambiguity isn't always treated as a definite error, but it's a small mark against (E).

Then we've got "structures that represented" in (D), vs "structures representing" in (E). I'm not sure that one of these is better than the other -- both make it clear that we're modifying the word "structures."

Finally, we make it to the difference that you've asked about: "as opposed to" in (D) vs "opposite of" in (E).

"Opposite of" doesn't work here for a few reasons. First, when using "opposite" as a singular noun, you need to include an article. For example, "up is the opposite of down," or "Justin Beiber is the opposite of a great musician."

When you omit the article, it almost turns "opposite" into a preposition -- which really doesn't work with the meaning of the sentence. When we say "my house is opposite the village cemetery" we're talking about the physical locations of two things relative to one another. That obviously wouldn't fit the intended meaning of the sentence in question.

To be honest, it's not worth memorizing this kind of nitpicky, idiomatic rule that is very unlikely to show up on your GMAT. Instead, it's better to think through the logic of the sentence, and eliminate the options that don't clearly express the author's intended meaning.

From a meaning-based perspective, "as opposed to" just works much better here. The author's intention is to provide a contrast concerning the city's commitment -- (D) clearly shows that the city is committed to the public realm and not to the private realm. (E), on the other hand, doesn't provide this clear contrast -- instead, it (ungrammatically) informs us that the public and private realms are opposites of one another, without connecting this statement back to the intended contrast.

Because (D) clearly expresses the author's intended meaning and (E) does not, (D) is the winner.

If you have additional questions about specific official questions, you can always ask in the GMATClub thread for that question. Odds are that other students have the same question and will appreciate that you've posted it! I'll also repost this response over there. :)

I hope that helps!
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which indicator is pertinent to say that someone has mastered a concept (SC) ?
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dedo
which indicator is pertinent to say that someone has mastered a concept (SC) ?

I use questions, I search for questions from a single concept and try them out
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JoeAa
Hi Ninja,

may I know the difference between "which"and "of which"? I saw a question here and I think the first thing i need to know is the diff between these two...

Many successful startup companies have raised hundreds of millions of dollars, of which the majority must be repaid to investors and other preferred shareholders before employees receive any funds.

A) of which the majority must be repaid to investors and other preferred shareholders before employees receive any funds

B) of which the majority must be repaid to investors and other preferred shareholders before employees had received any funds

C) the majority of it must be repaid to investors and other preferred shareholders before employees receive any funds

D) and the majority of this must be repaid to investors and other preferred shareholders before the reception of any funds by employees

E) the majority of which are repaid to investors and other preferred shareholders before employees receive any funds


Thanks!
"Which" and "of which" both function as noun modifiers, but they work in slightly different ways

Consider this example:

    "The Halloween candy, which I left on my porch, was stolen by my annoying neighbor."

Here, "which I left on my porch" is just providing additional information about the "Halloween candy."

Now take a look at this example:

    "My neighbor ate four pounds of Halloween candy, of which the majority was sugar-free chocolate."

The clause starting "of which" is still just modifying Halloween candy. The only difference is that now we're talking about a quality possessed by the Halloween candy. Whose majority was sugar-free chocolate? The HALLOWEEN CANDY'S majority.

It's worth noting that you can flip the construction without changing the meaning substantially. This construction works just as well:

    "My neighbor ate four pounds of Halloween candy, the majority of which was sugar-free chocolate."

Overall, treat "of which" the same as you would treat "which" -- you're trying to determine whether the which/of which clause correctly modifies a preceding noun.

I hope that helps!
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vansh789
Hi,

Could you please help me understand the difference between 'credit(ed) to' and 'credit(ed) with'. While solving SC questions with such idiomatic usage, I tend to select the wrong option.
Do you have any specific examples that use "credit(ed) to" and "credit(ed) with"? I'm not finding any official questions published since the 10th edition Official Guide (which is pretty old) that have a split like this. So it might not be worth any brain cells to worry about this particular issue :).

In the grand scheme of things, it is almost certainly not worth your time to memorize a ton of idioms (check out this article for more thoughts on idioms). Instead, focus on more high-value grammar targets (pronouns, parallelism, etc), and then think through more subtle issues of logic and meaning. This approach is detailed in our SC guide for beginners.

I hope that helps a bit!
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Sir,

Could you please explain why option C is correct for following post-

Unable to build nests or care for their young, a female cowbird lays up to 40 eggs a year in the nests of other birds, including warblers, vireos, flycatchers, and thrushes.

(A) a female cowbird lays up to 40 eggs a year in the nests of other birds, including
(B) a female cowbird will use the nests of other birds to lay up to 40 eggs a year, including those of
(C) female cowbirds use the nests of other birds to lay up to 40 eggs a year, including those of
(D) female cowbirds lay up to 40 eggs a year in the nests of other birds, including
(E) up to 40 eggs a year are laid by female cowbirds in the nests of other birds, including
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Hi GMATNinja,

I have a question around indefinite pronouns. I understand that the pronouns such as anyone/anybody/everyone/everybody are used with singular verbs. However, should the verbs be singular or plural for:
1) every X
2) every X and Y,
3) every X and every Y,
4) every X and its Y, where Y is a plural (not sure if this is a valid construction)

As always, thanks for your help!
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I HAVE A BASIC QUES
PLEASE IDENTIFY THE SUBJECT IN THIS STATEMENT.
'AS JOEL BREGNMEN HOPED, DOZENS OF YOUNG STARS TURNED UP IN EACH OF THE THREE DEAD GALAXIES AND AS AN ADDED SURPRISE, THEY EVEN APPEARED IN MESSIER 105.'
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During an ice age, the buildup of ice at the poles and the drop in water levels near the equator speed up the Earth’s rotation, like a spinning figure skater whose speed increases when her arms are drawn in.


(A) like a spinning figure skater whose speed increases when her arms are drawn in

(B) like the increased speed of a figure skater when her arms are drawn in

(C) like a figure skater who increases speed while spinning with her arms drawn in

(D) just as a spinning figure skater who increases speed by drawing in her arms

(E) just as a spinning figure skater increases speed by drawing in her arms


Please help me out with this one.
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kagrawal16
GMATNinja San :)

I have the below observation in the following questions.
Heating-oil prices are expected to be higher this year than last because refiners are paying about $5 a barrel more for crude oil than they were last year.
(A) Heating-oil prices are expected to be higher this year than last because refiners are paying about $5 a barrel more for crude oil than they were
(B) Heating-oil prices are expected to rise higher this year over last because refiners pay about $5 a barrel for crude oil more than they did
(C) Expectations are for heating-oil prices to be higher this year than last year's because refiners are paying about $5 a barrel for crude oil more than they did
(D) It is the expectation that heating-oil prices will be higher this year over last because refiners are paying about $5 a barrel more for crude oil now than what they were
(E) It is expected that heating-oil prices will rise higher this year than last year's because refiners pay about $5 a barrel for crude oil more than they did
In C
Last years' is incorrect because we don't know last years' what can be Prices or Expectations (both logical so 2 possibilities)
Experts point out out that last years' or a valid apostrophe usage requires something to be in the possessive earlier as per my understanding of the thread.

However in the below:
We have option C correct with no possessive earlier. 2 possibilities are ape's Neanderthals (illogical) and ape's vocal tracts (logical). Only 1 logical
Neanderthals had a vocal tract that resembled those of the apes and so were probably without language, a shortcoming that may explain why they were supplanted by our own species.
(A) Neanderthals had a vocal tract that resembled those of the apes
(B) Neanderthals had a vocal tract resembling an ape’s
(C) The vocal tracts of Neanderthals resembled an ape’s
(D) The Neanderthal’s vocal tracts resembled the apes’
(E) The vocal tracts of the Neanderthals resembled those of the apes

Other issues aside in the above sentences,
Is the absence of an earlier possessive a deterministic grammar error or we have to resolve for meaning?
Sadly, there are very few deterministic grammar rules that hold true on every single SC question. It's always worth it to investigate comparisons, but you're really just checking whether each answer choice clearly compares two things that can logically be compared to one another. There aren't any shortcuts that allow you to skip this investigation.

Answer choice (C) in your first example doesn't offer a clear comparison. Let's say that we're okay with "last year's" referring to "prices" (since that makes the most sense). In that case, we're comparing (1) "heating oil prices" and (2) "last year's heating oil prices". One of those two things is expected to be higher. When? This year -- and THAT is our problem. The sentence compares two things that exist THIS YEAR, but says that one of those two things will be higher THIS YEAR. That obviously doesn't make any sense. Choice (A) fixes that issue by comparing the TIMES (this year vs last year), not two sets of prices.

Answer choice (B) in your second example, by contrast, is perfectly logical. So, you really can't depend on the presence or absence of an earlier possessive to tell you one way or the other whether the given comparison makes sense.

Overall, it is definitely good to notice and investigate comparisons in SC questions -- but focus on the meaning of the sentence, not on "rules" that may or may not hold true.

I hope that helps!
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GMATNinja


Hi, Could you please help me with the following Question,
https://gmatclub.com/forum/first-publis ... 03321.html

Can the verb 'lays' (simple present) be used to depict an event that has happened in the past?
Some posts say that it can be used to present historical facts??

How do we proceed with the above question?
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Hi, Charles GMATNinja!

Firstly, I've been binging on all your videos regarding GMAT Verbal available on YouTube. I, from the bottom of my heart, owe you a BIG THANK YOU!

Sir, although this forum is about SC, my query is regarding CR, and the overall time management on Verbal. I hope you'll spare me for this.

Sir, the most gargantuan problem facing me today is time management on Verbal section of the GMAT. I invariably end up guessing blindly on the last eight to nine questions. Recently, I sat for the real GMAT, and scored a 680 (Q48;V34). Sir, I had to experience the same rush in the last eight questions. I guess had I been able to manage my time on Verbal effectively, I'd have scored much better than a V34. Sir, I, very humbly, request you to guide me as to what I must do to overcome this time management issue.

Secondly, sir, I am struggling with CR. I'm an avid reader. I have read tons of non-fiction books over the years. (I've been really into reading about geopolitics, history, and international relations stuff). Still, despite my decent exposure to reading, I don't seem to be able to grasp the essence of CR arguments. It's frustrating. Sir, I've watched your videos on YouTube regarding CR, but I'm still not getting into my groove. Sir, please suggest me an effective strategy to get better at CR.

I shall be extremely grateful to you, as I already am for your incredible videos.
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callmeSid
Hi GMATNinja

I have a doubt about the below official question.

Desertification, a process in which the biological productivity of the land is sharply degraded by human abuse and natural phenomena, helped cause the famines that have killed hundreds of thousands in recent years.

(A) a process in which the biological productivity of the land is sharply degraded by human abuse and natural phenomena
(B) a process of the biological productivity of the land being sharply degraded by human abuse and natural phenomena
(C) a process of human abuse and natural phenomena that sharply degrade the biological productivity of the land
(D) which is the process of human abuse and natural phenomena sharply degrading the land's biological productivity
(E) which is the process of human abuse and natural phenomena that sharply degrade the land's biological productivity

C. of human abuse and natural phenomena that sharply degrade
D. which is the process of human abuse and natural phenomena sharply degrading
E. which is the process of human abuse and natural phenomena that sharply degrade

In options C,E does the modifier (that sharply degrade) refer to both human abuse and natural phenomena, or just the touching noun - natural phenomena

Q1: In case of a compound noun, does the modifier modifies both the nouns or only the preceding noun.?

Q2: In option D -- Does sharply degrading modifies the compound noun or just the preceding noun.? As per my understanding, verb+ing without a preceding comma modifier the noun it touches. Please correct me if I am wrong
The GMAT does allow a modifier to "reach back" to two parts of a parallel structure. So, for (C), (D), and (E), the modifier can refer to both "human abuse" and "natural phenomena." Check out this example of an official question with a very similar construction to (C)/(E) in the correct answer choice.

However, just because this construction CAN be okay doesn't mean that it most clearly expresses the author's meaning. You could argue that there is some ambiguity about what exactly is being modified in (C), (D), and (E) -- is it "human abuse" AND "natural phenomena"? Or just the "natural phenomena"?

(A), on the other hand, clearly tells us that both "human abuse" and "natural phenomena" degrade the land. A bit of ambiguity is rarely enough on its own to eliminate an answer choice, but in this case it's certainly a vote against (C), (D), and (E).

If you have additional questions about specific official questions, you can ask in the GMATClub thread for that question. Odds are that other students have the same question and will appreciate that you've posted it!

I hope that helps!
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