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Time Taken: 12:34
Time to read&map: 4:15

6 of 7 correct.

Quote:
1. Which one of the following best expresses the main idea of the passage?

(A) The analysis of a limited number of atypical discrimination suits is of little value to potential plaintiffs.
(B) When the number of factors analyzed in a sex discrimination suit is increased, the validity of the conclusions drawn becomes suspect.
(C) Scholars who are critical of traditional legal research frequently offer alternative approaches that are also seriously flawed.
(D) Outcomes analysis has less predictive value in sex discrimination cases than do certain other social science techniques.
(E) Given adequate information, it is possible to predict with considerable certainty whether a plaintiff will be successful in a discrimination suit.
Para 1: Scholars have developed SS Tools and criticized traditional legal research. However, the scholars' technique may be misguided.
Para 2: Explains how the scholars' technique is misguided.
Para 3: Two other approaches that are "more useful applications of SS Tools" in analyzing sex discrimination cases.

The structure of the passage is: Scholars developed SS Tools, but they have flaws. However, there are 2 better ways to use SS Tools.

This aligns with choice (D).

Quote:
2. It can be inferred from the author’s discussion of traditional legal research that the author is

(A) frustrated because traditional legal research has not achieved its full potential
(B) critical because traditional legal research has little relevance to those actually involved in cases
(C) appreciative of the role traditional legal research played in developing later, more efficient approaches
(D) derisive because traditional legal research has outlasted its previously significant role
(E) grateful for the ability of traditional legal research to develop unique types of evidence
Refer to Paragraph 1, Sentence 2:
Quote:
These scholars have justifiably criticized traditional legal research for its focus on a few cases that may not be representative and its fascination with arcane matters that do not affect real people with real legal problems.
This is directly inline with choice (B)

Quote:
3. Which one of the following statements about Zirkel and Schoenfeld can be inferred from the passage?

(A) They were the first scholars to use social science tools in analyzing legal cases.
(B) They confined their studies to the outcomes analysis technique.
(C) They saw no value in the analysis provided by traditional legal research.
(D) They rejected policy capturing as being too limited in scope.
(E) They believed that the information generated by outcomes analysis would be relevant for plaintiffs.
Refer to Paragraph 2, Sentence 1:
Quote:
Of fundamental concern is the outcomes analysts’ assumption that simply counting the number of successful and unsuccessful plaintiffs will be useful to prospective plaintiffs.
This is directly in line with answer choice (E)

Quote:
4. The author’s characterization of traditional legal research in the first paragraph is intended to

(A) provide background information for the subsequent discussion
(B) summarize an opponent’s position
(C) argue against the use of social science tools in the analysis of sex discrimination cases
(D) emphasize the fact that legal researchers act to the detriment of potential plaintiffs
(E) reconcile traditional legal researchers to the use of social science tools
The correct answer is (A). The reason traditional research is mentioned and criticized is to provide a reason for SS tools, which are the subject of the passage.

Quote:
5. The information in the passage suggests that plaintiffs who pursue sex discrimination cases despite the statistics provided by outcomes analysis can best be likened to

(A) athletes who continue to employ training techniques despite their knowledge of statistical evidence indicating that these techniques are unlikely to be effective
(B) lawyers who handle lawsuits for a large number of clients in the hope that some percentage will be successful
(C) candidates for public office who are more interested in making a political statement than in winning an election
(D) supporters of a cause who recruit individuals sympathetic to it in the belief that large numbers of supporters will lend the cause legitimacy
(D) purchasers of a charity’s raffle tickets who consider the purchase a contribution because the likelihood of winning is remote
This refers to Paragraph 2, Sentence 2:
Quote:
Although the odds are clearly against the plaintiff in sex discrimination cases, plaintiffs who believe that their cause is just and that they will prevail are not swayed by such evidence.
Although the statistics are against plaintiff's in these types of cases, plaintiffs still pursue these cases.

(A) is similar. Although athletes know that statistical evidence indicates that certain techniques are not effective, they continue to employ the techniques anyway.

Quote:
6. The policy-capturing approach differs from the approach described in lines 48–59 in that the latter approach

(A) makes use of detailed information on a greater number of cases
(B) focuses more directly on issues of concern to litigants
(C) analyzes information that is more recent and therefore reflects current trends
(D) allows assessment of aspects of a case that are not specifically mentioned in a judge’s opinion
(E) eliminates any distortion due to personal bias on the part of the researcher
I, along with 81% of students, answered this incorrectly. I went with (A).

I referred to Paragraph 3, Sentence 4:
Quote:
Taking a slightly different approach, other scholars have adopted a technique that requires reading complete transcripts of all sex discrimination cases litigated during a certain time period to identify variables such as....

Quote:
7. Which one of the following best describes the organization of the passage?

(A) A technique is introduced, its shortcomings are summarized, and alternatives are described.
(B) A debate is introduced, evidence is presented, and a compromise is reached.
(C) A theory is presented, clarification is provided, and a plan of further evaluation is suggested.
(D) Standards are established, hypothetical examples are analyzed, and the criteria are amended.
(E) A position is challenged, its shortcomings are categorized, and the challenge is revised.
Passage Structure:
Para 1: Scholars have developed SS Tools and criticized traditional legal research. However, the scholars' technique may be misguided.
Para 2: Explains how the scholars' technique is misguided.
Para 3: Two other approaches that are "more useful applications of SS Tools" in analyzing sex discrimination cases.

This structure only aligns with answer choice (A)
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Can anyone please let me know how did we get D for Q no: 6? SajjadAhmad Can you share official solution for Q6 please
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Can anyone please let me know how did we get D for Q no: 6? SajjadAhmad Can you share official solution for Q6 please

Explanation

6. The policy-capturing approach differs from the approach described in lines 48–59 in that the latter approach

Difficulty Level: 750

Explanation

How are the two approaches mentioned in the final Paragraph different from one another? The “policy capturing” approach centers around the written opinion of the case, whereas the other approach involves reading full transcripts of the case. This points directly to (D): Unlike “policy capturing,” the other method allows evaluation of aspects of the case not included in the judge’s opinion.

(A) It’s hard to infer with any certainty the relative number of cases that would be covered under the two methods; if anything, we might think that the full transcript method would involve fewer cases due to its limited time frame. This method involves analyzing all cases “during a certain time period,” but we don’t know the length of that period, so there’s really no way to make an accurate judgment here.

(B) It seems as if all of the issues explored in both methods might be of some concern to litigants. In any case, there’s no way for us to tell for sure from the information given which method would deal with issues more interesting to litigants.

(C) is a distortion of the “limited time frame” issue. True, the full transcript method is limited to a particular time period, but nothing allows us to infer that this time frame is current. For all we know, the cases analyzed with the “policy capturing” method are more recent.

(E) Researcher bias is outside the scope of both methods here.

Answer: D
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SajjadAhmad could you please help me understand Q.6 I understood why (A) is incorrect But I am yet not sure how (D) is the correct answer. The OA says "Unlike “policy capturing,” the other method allows evaluation of aspects of the case not included in the judge’s opinion." I am not sure about the underlined part.
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Hoozan
SajjadAhmad could you please help me understand Q.6 I understood why (A) is incorrect But I am yet not sure how (D) is the correct answer. The OA says "Unlike “policy capturing,” the other method allows evaluation of aspects of the case not included in the judge’s opinion." I am not sure about the underlined part.

Have you read Official explanation posted in the link below? If not have a through view of it.

https://gmatclub.com/forum/in-recent-ye ... l#p2576609
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I burned a solid 2.5 minutes on Q6 and quite frankly I still don't understand the explanation.
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I burned a solid 2.5 minutes on Q6 and quite frankly I still don't understand the explanation.

CEdward, the explanation is basically saying that 1 method only reads the opinions (the final judgements) whereas the other method reads the complete transcripts. Happy to discuss this question further as it seems clear to me and I might be able to help out. :)
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sajjad1994 ! please provide OE for question no.5
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Anshuman0902
sajjad1994 ! please provide OE for question no.5

Explanation

5. The information in the passage suggests that plaintiffs who pursue sex discrimination cases despite the statistics provided by outcomes analysis can best be likened to

Difficulty Level: 700

Explanation

We’re asked to find a situation that exemplifies the attitude of plaintiffs who pursue sex discrimination cases despite the statistics provided by outcomes analysis. Where are we likely to find the relevant text to brush up on this notion? paragraph 1 only mentions outcomes analysis at the very end, and paragraph 3 doesn’t mention it at all. Hopefully your first instinct was to head to paragraph 2, and there we find the key sentence in lines 19-22: Although the odds look bleak for plaintiffs in sex discrimination cases (as indicated by the raw stats of outcomes analysis), those “who believe that their cause is just and that they will prevail are not swayed by such evidence.” We can paraphrase this down to “it may look bad, but my case is special so I’m going ahead with it anyway.” We’re therefore looking for a person or group who tries, in the same way as these plaintiffs, to override the odds. (A) is the choice that best exemplifies this “to hell with what the stats say, I’m doing it anyway” mentality.

(B) It’s all a numbers game, according to the lawyers in (B). These lawyers are playing the odds, not going against them.

(C) deals with a person’s interests and has nothing to do with any reaction to statistical evidence, as does the example in the passage that we’re trying to exemplify.

(D) The supporters here try to use their beliefs about numbers (the more, the better) to their advantage. Not the same.

(E) The decision to purchase the raffle ticket in the first place, knowing that the odds of winning are remote, is closer to the situation of the plaintiffs cited, but how the ticket buyers rationalize their decision is a whole different ball of wax.

Answer: A

Explanation Credit: Kaplan LSAT
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Hi Sajjad,

For Q.6, author says that ''Taking a slightly different
approach, other scholars have adopted a technique that
(50) requires reading complete transcripts of all sex
discrimination cases litigated during a certain time
period''
/
Does it not mean that, other method uses, a greater number of cases to understand the variables?
This is what suggests option A: makes use of detailed information on a greater number of cases

Please help to explain..

Thanks
ASHUTOSH
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Ashutosh94
Hi Sajjad,

For Q.6, author says that ''Taking a slightly different
approach, other scholars have adopted a technique that
(50) requires reading complete transcripts of all sex
discrimination cases litigated during a certain time
period''
/
Does it not mean that, other method uses, a greater number of cases to understand the variables?
This is what suggests option A: makes use of detailed information on a greater number of cases

Please help to explain..

Thanks
ASHUTOSH

Please read the explanation to question 6 in the link below

https://gmatclub.com/forum/in-recent-ye ... l#p2576609
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Hi Sajjad1994 can you please help me with Q3.

Which one of the following statements about Zirkel and Schoenfeld can be inferred from the passage?

(A) They were the first scholars to use social science tools in analyzing legal cases.
(B) They confined their studies to the outcomes analysis technique.
(C) They saw no value in the analysis provided by traditional legal research.
(D) They rejected policy capturing as being too limited in scope.
(E) They believed that the information generated by outcomes analysis would be relevant for plaintiffs

I was able to drill down to option C and E. Now if I look at the passage

These scholars have justifiably criticized traditional legal research for its focus on a few cases that may not be representative and its fascination with arcane matters that do not affect real people with real legal problems, doesn't from the highlighted bold portion we can infer that they saw no value in the analysis provided? or is it the case that there is no value provided for only specific kind of cases?

Also, I eliminated option E because the passage states prospective plaintiffs while option E states plaintiffs

"Their studies have demonstrated how these social science tools may be used to serve the interests of scholars, lawyers, and prospective plaintiffs as well."
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Explanation

3. Which one of the following statements about Zirkel and Schoenfeld can be inferred from the passage?

Difficulty Level: 600

Explanation

It may be an Inference question, but we know right where to look: Zirkel and Schoenfeld are only mentioned once, and it’s right in the beginning of the first paragraph. We know point blank what they think: Like the author, they’re in favor of using social science tools to analyze sex discrimination cases. Unlike the author, they’re enthusiastic about outcomes analysis. It’s hard to form a pre-phrase from this alone, but since this is all we know about these two, surely this will be enough. So with their position in mind, the best bet is to simply test out each choice.

(A) and (B) both distort information in the passage. Must Zirkel and Schoenfeld have been the first to use such tools in this way, as (A) asserts? No; just because they’re in favor of it doesn’t mean they were the originators. Similarly, must outcomes analysis be the only techniques they’ve studied, choice (B)? Again, no. Just because they’ve studied this technique doesn’t mean they haven’t studied others as well.

(C) is too extreme. Sure, Zirkel and Schoenfeld criticize traditional legal research and prefer the use of social science tools to analyze court cases involving sex discrimination. But that’s not to say, as (C) does, that it’s good for nothing. We can’t infer they saw “no value” in traditional legal research from the fact that they saw some weaknesses in that process and preferred another to it.

(D) “Policy capturing” appears long after our last sighting of Zirkel and Schoenfeld. We have no way of knowing what, if any, opinion they have on this approach.

(E) Zirkel and Schoenfeld are enthusiastic about outcomes analysis, and they feel that their studies demonstrate that plaintiffs would benefit from the use of social science analysis. The author challenges their enthusiasm mostly by proposing reasons why this technique is not of much value to plaintiffs. It all adds up to the reasonable inference in (E)—Zirkel and Schoenfeld must believe that the outcomes analysis information would be useful to plaintiffs.

Answer: E

RohitSaluja
Hi Sajjad1994 can you please help me with Q3.

Which one of the following statements about Zirkel and Schoenfeld can be inferred from the passage?

(A) They were the first scholars to use social science tools in analyzing legal cases.
(B) They confined their studies to the outcomes analysis technique.
(C) They saw no value in the analysis provided by traditional legal research.
(D) They rejected policy capturing as being too limited in scope.
(E) They believed that the information generated by outcomes analysis would be relevant for plaintiffs

I was able to drill down to option C and E. Now if I look at the passage

These scholars have justifiably criticized traditional legal research for its focus on a few cases that may not be representative and its fascination with arcane matters that do not affect real people with real legal problems, doesn't from the highlighted bold portion we can infer that they saw no value in the analysis provided? or is it the case that there is no value provided for only specific kind of cases?

Also, I eliminated option E because the passage states prospective plaintiffs while option E states plaintiffs

"Their studies have demonstrated how these social science tools may be used to serve the interests of scholars, lawyers, and prospective plaintiffs as well."
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Please explain question 1. Option C still seems more appropriate to me. :(
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hiiiiii1234
Please explain question 1. Option C still seems more appropriate to me. :(

(C) makes too much of the notion, found in paragraph 1, that one pair of scholars is bullish on a particular technique that the author isn’t crazy about. It’s a far stretch from this to say that the whole passage is mainly about scholars’ inability to find alternatives to traditional legal research.
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Please share the solution to Q2 as well
Thank you
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hiiiiii1234
Please explain question 1. Option C still seems more appropriate to me. :(

(C) makes too much of the notion, found in paragraph 1, that one pair of scholars is bullish on a particular technique that the author isn’t crazy about. It’s a far stretch from this to say that the whole passage is mainly about scholars’ inability to find alternatives to traditional legal research.


In Question 4 I was stuck between A and B.

My reasoning to choose B was " Opponents of Traditional Research= Scholars who are criticizing the method. " So, the author was refering to tell us what these scholars believe about TR.

Can you provide an example where option B would fit.
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