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19 May 2020, 13:22
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Asad
Good question, Asad. The reason the simple past works in the original sentence but not in your red sentence above is that the placement of that by 2002 phrase creates a specific timeline. Moving forward, in linear time, the simple past indicates that within a closed period of time from 1962 to 2002, income taxes increased. No problem. However, by placing by 2002 at the head of the second clause, you have jumped ahead to the end, but then you are reaching back into a past that needs to bridge up to the established present (2002), so the use of the past perfect is fitting instead. In other words, it would not make sense to say that by 2002, income taxes... increased in 1962. The arrow of time you have created with such a structure is no longer linear, but more V-shaped: present-past-present. That is a tricky one, and I doubt I would even think of it in such terms if I were to see such a sentence on the test, but I would probably opt for the past perfect version just the same.
- Andrew
20 May 2020, 04:39
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Could we say that the below sentence is correct if we replace 'By' with 'In':
Partly as a result of Proposition 13, which severely limits property tax increases, California has come more and more to rely on personal income taxes for its revenues; income taxes have increased from 18 percent of the state's general fund in 1962 to 48 percent in 2002
Partly as a result of Proposition 13, which severely limits property tax increases, California has come more and more to rely on personal income taxes for its revenues; income taxes have increased from 18 percent of the state's general fund in 1962 to 48 percent in 2002
20 May 2020, 06:39
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abhishekmayank
Hello, abhishekmayank. If you intend to say that the year is 2002, rather than that that year marks the endpoint of a forty-year period, and to imply that further change could occur within the year, then yes, you could use the present perfect as you have indicated above. You could almost picture the sentence with so far slipped in somewhere as a parenthetical, perhaps after 48 percent.
- Andrew
