Had to think about this one a little even after I got it right.
Partly as a result of Proposition 13, which severely limits property tax increases, California has come more and more to rely on personal income taxes for its revenues; income taxes have increased from 18 percent of the state's general fund in 1962 to 48 percent by 2002.
A)
have increased from 18 percent of the state's general fund in 1962 to 48 percent by 2002
B)
have increased from 18 percent of the state's general fund in 1962
to being up to 48 percent by 2002
-income taxes have increased from…to being? No
C)
have increased from 18 percent of the state's general fund in 1962, and by 2002 were up to 48 percent
-increased from X to Y is the correct idiomatic usage..."income taxes have increased from 18 percent to WERE UP TO ? No. It doesn't make sense to say something increased from (some quantity) to the verb "to be" in the past tense
D) increased from 18 percent of the state's general fund in 1962, and by 2002
were 48 percent-here the comparison error is even more blatant
E) increased from 18 percent of the state's general fund in 1962 to 48 percent by 2002
Now, regarding the difference b/w have increased (present perfect) and increased (simple past). The fact of the matter is the time period between 1962 and 2002 is finite so the simple past must be used because this period is over. Another way to think about it is that the present perfect is consistent with the notion of "open-endedness". i.e. some event started in the past and continues into the present. One such common indicator of this open-endedness is the word "Since". e.g. Since January 2018, I have failed to get into business school.
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