Hi Deeptanshu02, this is no different from:

In 2020, prices of essential commodities increased.

Hope it is quite clear that above is a valid sentence and increased is a verb.
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Between A and E, just use the fact that the trend being described occured in the past hence present perfect (have..) is wrong since the trend isn't continuing. It ended in the past.

i.e.
Pensions increased from 10 to 100 - Means it increased in the past and thats it.
versus
Pensions have increased from 10 to 100 - means it increased at some point in the past and continues to increase.


B) have increased from 18 percent of the state's general fund in 1962 to being up to 48 percent by 2002

"being" means 'by virtue of existing' up to 48%... the logical meaning here is that the fund increased by 18% by virtue of existing up to 48%- makes no sense.

C) have increased from 18 percent of the state's general fund in 1962, and by 2002 were up to 48 percent

C loses the reference anchor. 48% of what?
We could obviously say that the From..to.. idiom isn't complete, but the logical anchor is missing for the '2002..48%' component

D) increased from 18 percent of the state's general fund in 1962, and by 2002 were 48 percent

Similar issues to C.
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egmat
Hi Mam,
I followed your verb-ed and verbs article and has found helpful in solving many questions, but i am struck here.
Income tax increased....
Can income tax perform the action of increasing something? No!
so i thought increased is a Verb-ed modifier and went with option as it is a independent clause.
Can you please help me on this.

Hi KSN27,

Until you receive a more complete response: "income taxes increased" just means "income taxes went up" (that is, they did not increase something else).
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Hi, Could anyone tell what is the verb in the second clause after semicolon. Ideally after semicolon we need a independent clause, But after semi colon I could not find many verb for the subject taxes.
As per me increased is not a verb rather its an adjective modifying taxes.

Income tax is the subject and increased is the verb which happened in the past.
Incometax involved in the action of increase between those years in this case increased from 18 percent of the state's general fund in 1962 to 48 percent by 2002 is not a modifier modifying Income-tax

Hi vishumangal, as manvig has pointed out, increased is a verb here, and not a past participle (adjective).

Our book EducationAisle Sentence Correction Nirvana discusses how to differentiate between "Simple Past Tense Verb" and "Past Participle", its application and examples in significant detail. If you or someone is interested, PM me your email-id; I can mail the corresponding section.
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Partly as a result of Proposition 13, which severely limits property tax increases, California has come more and more to rely on personal income taxes for its revenues; income taxes have increased from 18 percent of the state's general fund in 1962 to 48 percent by 2002.

A) have increased from 18 percent of the state's general fund in 1962 to 48 percent by 2002
(1) verb tense error: although the 1st IC has the present perfect, we know that the income tax increases (from a definitive percentage to another definitive percentage) happened [therefore] definitively in the past. Otherwise, how would the definitive percentage increases come about and happen BY a certain time. Thus, “have increased” is incorrect.

B) have increased from 18 percent of the state's general fund in 1962 to being up to 48 percent by 2002
(1) idiom error: “…from x to y…” – from 18 percent…to being up to 48…”; (2) verb tense error: although the 1st IC has the present perfect, we know that the income tax increases (from a definitive percentage to another definitive percentage) happened [therefore] definitively in the past. Otherwise, how would the definitive percentage increases come about and happen BY a certain time. Thus, “have increased” is incorrect.

C) have increased from 18 percent of the state's general fund in 1962, and by 2002 were up to 48 percent
(1) verb tense error: although the 1st IC has the present perfect, we know that the income tax increases (from a definitive percentage to another definitive percentage) happened [therefore] definitively in the past. Otherwise, how would the definitive percentage increases come about and happen BY a certain time. Thus, “have increased” is incorrect.

D) increased from 18 percent of the state's general fund in 1962, and by 2002 were 48 percent
(1) idiom error: missing the to portion of “from x to y”

E) increased from 18 percent of the state's general fund in 1962 to 48 percent by 2002
Best option

Had to think about this one a little even after I got it right.

Partly as a result of Proposition 13, which severely limits property tax increases, California has come more and more to rely on personal income taxes for its revenues; income taxes have increased from 18 percent of the state's general fund in 1962 to 48 percent by 2002.

A) have increased from 18 percent of the state's general fund in 1962 to 48 percent by 2002
B) have increased from 18 percent of the state's general fund in 1962 to being up to 48 percent by 2002

-income taxes have increased from…to being? No

C) have increased from 18 percent of the state's general fund in 1962, and by 2002 were up to 48 percent
-increased from X to Y is the correct idiomatic usage..."income taxes have increased from 18 percent to WERE UP TO ? No. It doesn't make sense to say something increased from (some quantity) to the verb "to be" in the past tense

D) increased from 18 percent of the state's general fund in 1962, and by 2002 were 48 percent
-here the comparison error is even more blatant

E) increased from 18 percent of the state's general fund in 1962 to 48 percent by 2002

Now, regarding the difference b/w have increased (present perfect) and increased (simple past). The fact of the matter is the time period between 1962 and 2002 is finite so the simple past must be used because this period is over. Another way to think about it is that the present perfect is consistent with the notion of "open-endedness". i.e. some event started in the past and continues into the present. One such common indicator of this open-endedness is the word "Since". e.g. Since January 2018, I have failed to get into business school.
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E not A because "have" implies that we are referring to something in the present. The sentence is clearly stating that the taxes increased from "some date in the past" to "some other, more recent date in the past". Becuase both references still exist in the past, we need to make sure that the references are all past tense.

E eliminates present-perfect "have" and simply says "increased". Present-perfect "have increased" would imply a past event continuing into the present whereas "increased" is simply a past tense referent for a past event, which is what we are referring to in this case.

Isn't "increased" acting as a modifier for income taxes in options D & E ?
I ended up marking A.

Hi penco,

Increased is a verb there (its subject is income taxes).

You could also go through this post and this post.
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Thanks a lot Ajitesh for pointing that out. Seems like I made a decision in hurry and didn't evaluate properly.

The action happened and ended in the past. Because of this, we can eliminate options A to C.

Between D and E, E uses the structure increase from X to Y.

E is the answer.