Recent scholarship has argued that the formation and expansion of stat

Question

Recent scholarship has argued that the formation and expansion of states in South American pre-Columbian cultures limited the authority and autonomy of women. An example often cited in support of this argument is the formation and expansion of the Incan empire between 1438 and 1532, the year of the Spanish conquest. In pre-Incan Andean communities, ultimate control over all productive resources was vested in the community. Membership in the community, based on kinship, provided constituents, both men and women, with access to these resources. The community apportioned land on the basis of household size, and the right to use various lands was passed by inheritance from one generation to the next. Although women relinquished their portion of land when they married, marriage enabled them to acquire other land and goods essential to establishing a new household. In addition, in certain pre-Incan communities, there existed a higher rank of people known as  curacas , who were entitled to make a greater claim on the community's resources. Records indicate that in some instances women served as  curacas , participating in governing councils that made decisions affecting the community as a whole.

Scholars have suggested that with the conquest of these communities by Incas, women were relegated to a lesser-status. It is true that, as the Incan empire expanded, the state needed to ensure the loyalty of a growing bureaucracy, professional class and military and thus it began to award these groups various grants of land. Since the activities that earned grants of land from the state were defined by Incan culture as almost exclusively masculine, the result scholars argue, should have been a corresponding diminishment of the authority-and autonomy of women.

However, this view of the effect of the Incan conquest on women may not be entirely accurate. Most of the information we have concerning mean society consists of chronicles written by Spanish clerics and conquistadores, and because of cultural bias predicated on male dominance in their own religious and public life, they may not have considered the activities of Incan women especially important unless they perceived them as analogous to the activities of women in their own culture. Other evidence indicates that in Incan society, women's tasks could have afforded them considerable status. For instance, one of women's main functions in Incan society was that of weaving cloth. The distribution and exchange of cloth were essential to the empire's economic structure, and more important, designs woven into belts ponchos, and shawls constituted a form of symbolic communication. Primarily by decoding designs found in modern weavings, designs also found in pre-Columbian Incan material, Gertrude Solari has shown that through these textiles women recorded not only incidents of household life but also the political status of villagers, accounts of critical events, and in some instances even the entire history of a community.    1 
 1. The primary purpose of the passage is to

(A) compare scholarly views of the status of women in pre-Incan Andean communities with scholarly views of the status of women in the Incan empire
(B) analyze the implications of recently discovered evidence concerning the role of women in the Incan society
(C) question the accuracy of a view of the effects of the Incan conquest on the status of women in the conquered communities
(D) question the reliability of descriptions of the Incan society by Spanish clerics and conquistadores
(E) present evidence of the significance of women's work in the Incas empire

2 
 2. It can be inferred from the passage that land distribution in the Incan empire differed from that in pre-Incan Andean communities in that the Incas

(A) based the distribution of land on the productivity of individual families
(B) used grants of land to ensure loyalty to the state
(C) afforded women more access to community-owned land
(D) forbade the curacas from owning more than their share of land
(E) suspended the requirement that women relinquish their inherited lands when they married

3 
 3. Which of the following statements concerning the status of women in Incan society can be inferred from the passage

(A) Women were largely excluded from membership in the bureaucratic and professional classes.
(B) On marrying; women could acquire land and goods essential to establishing a new household.
(C) Women were given equal access to productive resources.
(D) In some instances women served as curacas
(E) Women had access to little information about political events in their communities.

4 
 4. It can be inferred from the passage that Gertrude Solari assumes which of the following in her discussion of the symbolic designs woven into Incan textiles?

(A) The designs have meanings similar to those found in modern weavings. 
(B) The designs are similar to those found in weavings done by women in other pre-Columbian cultures. 
(C) The designs were-meant to be decipherable only to members of the Mean bureaucracy. 
(D) The designs provided Spanish clerics and conquistadores with much of their information about Inclan culture and society. 
(E) The women who manufactured the textiles were considered by the Incans to be the official historians of their empire.

5 
 5. The author considers some accounts of Incan society by Spanish clerics and conquistadores to be

(A) thorough but largely ignored by scholars 
(B) interesting but not really useful for the purposes of scholarship 
(C) widely accepted but possibly inaccurate 
(D) informative but possibly overrated with regard to their historical value 
(E) generally accurate in spite of their cultural bias

6 
 6. The-author suggests which of the following in her speculation about the status of women in Incan society

(A) The roles of women in Incan society were in many ways analogous to those traditionally associated with women in Spanish culture. 
(B) Because the production of cloth was economically important in Incan society, status was granted to women who produced it.
(C) Because women often recorded the political status of villagers in the symbolic designs of their textiles, they must have teen-active participants in the political life of the Incan communities. 
(D) Access to land in Incan society afforded women greater status than did participation in the production of textiles. 
(E) Because women in Incan society were concerned with the production of textiles, they had little knowledge of Incan agriculture.

7 
 7. According to the scholars cited in the passage all of the following occurred with the expansion of the Incan empire EXCEPT

(A) an increase in the size of the bureaucracy 
(B) grants of land to members of the professional class 
(C) a new method of distributing land 
(D) an increase in the production and distribution of textiles 
(E) the nerd to ensure the loyalty of the military

8 
 8. The passage suggests that recent scholarship describing the effect on women of the Incan conquest is

(A) inaccurate in its interpretation of the impact that new methods of distributing community resources had on women's access to land 
(B) inaccurate in its interpretation of the significance of women's participation in the political life of pre-Incan Andean communities 
(C) accurate in its interpretation of the basis on which land in pre-Incan Andean communities was apportioned 
(D) accurate because it correctly interprets the significance of women's work in Incan society accurate because it is based on the firsthand accounts of Spanish observers 
(E) accurate because it is based on firsthand accounts of Spanish observers

9 
 9. The author refers to the work of Gertrude Solari most probably in order to

(A) examine the evidence supporting a view that is to be refuted 
(B) illustrate the failure of recent scholarship to challenge a previously held view
(C) provide support for the author's challenge to a particular view
(D) provide an alternative view to the one proposed earlier
(E) illustrate the bias inherent in arguments opposed to those of the author

KarishmaB · Accepted Answer

Main discussion in each paragraph:
 
 Paragraph 1: Rights and status of women in pre-Incan Andean communities. They had right on land and could be curacas too.

Paragraph 2: What scholars say happened when Incas conquered and came in. Land distribution changed and this would have changed women's status.

Paragraph 3: Why scholars' view of the effect of the Incan conquest on women may not be entirely accurate.

Question 1.

1. The primary purpose of the passage is to

(A) compare scholarly views of the status of women in pre-Incan Andean communities with scholarly views of the status of women in the Incan empire
(B) analyze the implications of recently discovered evidence concerning the role of women in the Incan society
(C) question the accuracy of a view of the effects of the Incan conquest on the status of women in the conquered communities
(D) question the reliability of descriptions of the Incan society by Spanish clerics and conquistadores
(E) present evidence of the significance of women's work in the Incas empire

The author gives his main point, his opinion, his conclusion in paragraph 3 in which he says why the scholars' view may be inaccurate. Hence the whole purpose of his writing the passage was to question the accuracy of a view of the effects of the Incan conquest on the status of women in the conquered communities.

Answer (C)

Question 2.

2. It can be inferred from the passage that land distribution in the Incan empire differed from that in pre-Incan Andean communities in that the Incas

(A) based the distribution of land on the productivity of individual families
(B) used grants of land to ensure loyalty to the state
(C) afforded women more access to community-owned land
(D) forbade the curacas from owning more than their share of land
(E) suspended the requirement that women relinquish their inherited lands when they married

All we know about Inca's principle of land distribution is that they used grants of land to ensure loyalty to the state. This did not take place in pre-Incan communities (as explained in paragraph 1 which tells us how land was distributed there). We are given that in pre-Incan communities, t he community apportioned land on the basis of household size, and the right to use various lands was passed by inheritance from one generation to the next.
 Hence land distribution in the Incan empire differed from that in pre-Incan Andean communities in this aspect.

Answer (B)

Question 3.

3. Which of the following statements concerning the status of women in Incan society can be inferred from the passage

(A) Women were largely excluded from membership in the bureaucratic and professional classes.
(B) On marrying; women could acquire land and goods essential to establishing a new household.
(C) Women were given equal access to productive resources.
(D) In some instances women served as curacas
(E) Women had access to little information about political events in their communities.

Option (A) is correct. We are given in para 2:  It is true that, as the Incan empire expanded, the state needed to ensure the loyalty of a growing bureaucracy, professional class and military and thus it began to award these groups various grants of land. Since the activities that earned grants of land from the state were defined by Incan culture as almost exclusively masculine,...

Hence we are given that in Incan society, bureaucratic and professional class were exclusively masculine. 
 Answer (A)

Options (B), (C) and (D) are correct about women in pre-Incan Andean communities. Also last para tells us that Incan women had knowledge about political events since they recorded these events in fabrics. Hence (E) is also wrong.

Question 4.

4. It can be inferred from the passage that Gertrude Solari assumes which of the following in her discussion of the symbolic designs woven into Incan textiles?

(A) The designs have meanings similar to those found in modern weavings. 
(B) The designs are similar to those found in weavings done by women in other pre-Columbian cultures. 
(C) The designs were-meant to be decipherable only to members of the Mean bureaucracy. 
(D) The designs provided Spanish clerics and conquistadores with much of their information about Inclan culture and society. 
(E) The women who manufactured the textiles were considered by the Incans to be the official historians of their empire.

We are given in the 3rd para:  Primarily by decoding designs found in modern weavings, designs also found in pre-Columbian Incan material, Gertrude Solari has shown that through these textiles women recorded not only incidents of household life but also the political status of villagers, accounts of critical events,

She decoded designs found in modern weavings and in Incan material and based on this she claims that Incan women were recording history through their designs. So she assumed that the designs have meanings similar to those found in modern weavings..

Answer (A)

Question 5.

5. The author considers some accounts of Incan society by Spanish clerics and conquistadores to be

(A) thorough but largely ignored by scholars 
(B) interesting but not really useful for the purposes of scholarship 
(C) widely accepted but possibly inaccurate 
(D) informative but possibly overrated with regard to their historical value 
(E) generally accurate in spite of their cultural bias

Para 3 gives us:  However, this view of the effect of the Incan conquest on women may not be entirely accurate. Most of the information we have concerning mean society consists of chronicles written by Spanish clerics and conquistadores, and because of cultural bias predicated on male dominance in their own religious and public life, they may not have considered the activities of Incan women especially important

So the author believes that most info comes from  Spanish clerics and conquistadores and it forms a part of recent scholarship so is widely accepted. But the author says that it may be inaccurate.

Answer (C)

Question 6.

6. The-author suggests which of the following in her speculation about the status of women in Incan society

(A) The roles of women in Incan society were in many ways analogous to those traditionally associated with women in Spanish culture. 
(B) Because the production of cloth was economically important in Incan society, status was granted to women who produced it.
(C) Because women often recorded the political status of villagers in the symbolic designs of their textiles, they must have teen-active participants in the political life of the Incan communities. 
(D) Access to land in Incan society afforded women greater status than did participation in the production of textiles. 
(E) Because women in Incan society were concerned with the production of textiles, they had little knowledge of Incan agriculture.

Para 3 tells us about status of Incan women:  Other evidence indicates that in Incan society, women's tasks could have afforded them considerable status. For instance, one of women's main functions in Incan society was that of weaving cloth. The distribution and exchange of cloth were essential

Hence in Incan society, because the production of cloth was economically important in Incan society, status was granted to women who produced it.

Answer (B)

Question 7.

7. According to the scholars cited in the passage all of the following occurred with the expansion of the Incan empire EXCEPT

(A) an increase in the size of the bureaucracy 
(B) grants of land to members of the professional class 
(C) a new method of distributing land 
(D) an increase in the production and distribution of textiles 
(E) the nerd to ensure the loyalty of the military

Given to us in para 2:  It is true that, as the Incan empire expanded, the state needed to ensure the loyalty of a growing bureaucracy, professional class and military and thus it began to award these groups various grants of land...   Options (A), (B), (C) and most likely (E) too which has a typo so not sure what it says
 
But nowhere is it mentioned that there was an increase in the production and distribution of textiles.

Question 8.

8. The passage suggests that recent scholarship describing the effect on women of the Incan conquest is

(A) inaccurate in its interpretation of the impact that new methods of distributing community resources had on women's access to land 
(B) inaccurate in its interpretation of the significance of women's participation in the political life of pre-Incan Andean communities 
(C) accurate in its interpretation of the basis on which land in pre-Incan Andean communities was apportioned 
(D) accurate because it correctly interprets the significance of women's work in Incan society accurate because it is based on the firsthand accounts of Spanish observers 
(E) accurate because it is based on firsthand accounts of Spanish observers

What does the recent scholarship say about the effect on women of the Incan conquest? That women did not get land anymore and so there  should have been a corresponding diminishment of the authority-and autonomy of women. (Para 2)

The passage(author) suggests that the recent scholarship is right about land distribution but may be wrong about  diminishment of the authority-and autonomy of women. (Para 2 and 3)

Scholars have suggested that with the conquest of these communities by Incas, women were relegated to a lesser-status. It is true that, as the Incan empire expanded, the state needed to ensure the loyalty of a growing bureaucracy, ...and thus it began to award these groups various grants of land...the result scholars argue, should have been a corresponding diminishment of the authority-and autonomy of women.

However, this view of the effect of the Incan conquest on women may not be entirely accurate.

So as per the passage, recent scholarship describing the effect on women of the Incan conquest is accurate in its interpretation of the basis on which land in pre-Incan Andean communities was apportioned. The author agrees with the recent scholarship which tells us how land was distributed before Incas and how it was distributed after and that this did affect women land-wise. But she does not agree that it  diminished the authority-and autonomy of women.

Answer (C)

The author agrees with the recent scholarship that women did not get land anymore. So (A) is incorrect.
Women's participation in the political life is out of scope of passage so (B) is incorrect.
She believes that the recent scholarship incorrectly interprets the significance of women's work in Incan society. So (D) is wrong. 
She does not agree that recent scholarship is accurate. So the reason is anyway irrelevant and (E) is incorrect too.

Question 9.

9. The author refers to the work of Gertrude Solari most probably in order to

(A) examine the evidence supporting a view that is to be refuted 
(B) illustrate the failure of recent scholarship to challenge a previously held view
(C) provide support for the author's challenge to a particular view
(D) provide an alternative view to the one proposed earlier
(E) illustrate the bias inherent in arguments opposed to those of the author

The author challenges a particular view of the recent scholarship that says that women's status diminished in post Incan society.

Para 3:

Other evidence indicates that in Incan society, women's tasks could have afforded them considerable status.   (Author's argument)

For instance, one of women's main functions in Incan society was that of weaving cloth. The distribution and exchange of cloth were essential to the empire's economic structure, and more important, designs woven into belts ponchos, and shawls constituted a form of symbolic communication. Primarily by decoding designs found in modern weavings, designs also found in pre-Columbian Incan material, Gertrude Solari has shown that through these textiles women recorded not only incidents of household life but also the political status of villagers, accounts of critical events, and in some instances even the entire history of a community.

So the author talks about Gertrude to illustrate her point, to strengthen her own argument.

Answer (C)

Oppenheimer1945 · Answer

1. The primary purpose of the passage is to

(A) compare scholarly views of the status of women in pre-Incan Andean communities with scholarly views of the status of women in the Incan empire
(author first talks about scholar's view status of women in Pre-Incan comm, then in Incan world) 
(B) analyze the implications of recently discovered evidence concerning the role of women in the Incan society
(not the main idea)
(C) question the accuracy of a view of the effects of the Incan conquest on the status of women in the conquered communities
(Author is not questioning anything)
(D) question the reliability of descriptions of the Incan society by Spanish clerics and conquistadores
(Author is not questioning anything)
(E) present evidence of the significance of women's work in the Incas empire (presenting evidence is just a part of passage)

2. It can be inferred from the passage that land distribution in the Incan empire differed from that in pre-Incan Andean communities in that the Incas

(A) based the distribution of land on the productivity of individual families
 (B) used grants of land to ensure loyalty to the state (True) 
(C) afforded women more access to community-owned land
(D) forbade the curacas from owning more than their share of land
(E) suspended the requirement that women relinquish their inherited lands when they married

It is true that, as the Incan empire expanded, the state needed to ensure the loyalty of a growing bureaucracy, professional class and military and thus it began to award these groups various grants of land.

3. Which of the following statements concerning the status of women in Incan society can be inferred from the passage

(A) Women were largely excluded from membership in the bureaucratic and professional classes. (True) 
(B) On marrying; women could acquire land and goods essential to establishing a new household.
(C) Women were given equal access to productive resources.
(D) In some instances women served as curacas
(E) Women had access to little information about political events in their communities.

It is true that, as the Incan empire expanded, the state needed to ensure the loyalty of a growing bureaucracy, professional class and military and thus it began to award these groups  various grants of land. Since the activities that earned grants of land from the state were defined by Incan culture as almost exclusively masculine, the result scholars argue, should have been a corresponding diminishment of the authority-and autonomy of women.

4. It can be inferred from the passage that Gertrude Solari assumes which of the following in her discussion of the symbolic designs woven into Incan textiles?

(A) The designs have meanings similar to those found in modern weavings. (True) 
(B) The designs are similar to those found in weavings done by women in other pre-Columbian cultures.(already given in passage)
(C) The designs were-meant to be decipherable only to members of the Mean bureaucracy. (Mean Bureaucracy?)
(D) The designs provided Spanish clerics and conquistadores with much of their information about Inclan culture and society.(Assumption should not be limited to Spanish clerics and conquistadores)
(E) The women who manufactured the textiles were considered by the Incans to be the official historians of their empire. (Woemn being official historians is not the assumption. Author talks about decoding the meaning of designs in pre-Columbian and modern material)

Primarily by decoding designs found in modern weavings, designs also found in pre-Columbian Incan material, Gertrude Solari has shown that through these textiles women recorded not only incidents of household life but also the political status of villagers, accounts of critical events, and in some instances even the entire history of a community.

5. The author considers some accounts of Incan society by Spanish clerics and conquistadores to be

(A) thorough but largely ignored by scholars
(B) interesting but not really useful for the purposes of scholarship
(C) widely accepted but possibly inaccurate
(D) informative but possibly overrated with regard to their historical value
 (E) generally accurate in spite of their cultural bias (true)

Most of the information we have concerning mean society consists of chronicles written by Spanish clerics and conquistadores, and because of cultural bias predicated on male dominance in their own religious and public life, they may not have considered the activities of Incan women especially important unless they perceived them as analogous to the activities of women in their own culture

6. The-author suggests which of the following in her speculation about the status of women in Incan society

(A) The roles of women in Incan society were in many ways analogous to those traditionally associated with women in Spanish culture.
(B) Because the production of cloth was economically important in Incan society, status was granted to women who produced it.
 (C) Because women often recorded the political status of villagers in the symbolic designs of their textiles, they must have teen-active participants in the political life of the Incan communities.(True) 
(D) Access to land in Incan society afforded women greater status than did participation in the production of textiles.(out of scope)
(E) Because women in Incan society were concerned with the production of textiles, they had little knowledge of Incan agriculture.(out of scope)

Gertrude Solari has shown that through these textiles women recorded not only incidents of household life but also the political status of villagers, accounts of critical events, and in some instances even the entire history of a community.

7. According to the scholars cited in the passage all of the following occurred with the expansion of the Incan empire EXCEPT

(A) an increase in the size of the bureaucracy (given:ensure the loyalty of a growing bureaucracy)
(B) grants of land to members of the professional class
(professional class and military and thus it began to award these groups various grants of land. )
(C) a new method of distributing land (given:above)
 (D) an increase in the production and distribution of textiles (not given) 
(E) the nerd to ensure the loyalty of the military (given)

8. The passage suggests that recent scholarship describing the effect on women of the Incan conquest is

(A) inaccurate in its interpretation of the impact that new methods of distributing community resources had on women's access to land (True) 
(B) inaccurate in its interpretation of the significance of women's participation in the political life of pre-Incan Andean communities
(C) accurate in its interpretation of the basis on which land in pre-Incan Andean communities was apportioned
(D) accurate because it correctly interprets the significance of women's work in Incan society accurate because it is based on the firsthand accounts of Spanish observers
(E) accurate because it is based on firsthand accounts of Spanish observers

1) Recent scholarship has argued that the formation and expansion of states in South American pre-Columbian cultures limited the authority and autonomy of women. Membership in the community, based on kinship, provided constituents, both men and women, with access to these resources
2) Scholars have suggested that with the conquest of these communities by Incas, women were relegated to a lesser-status. the result scholars argue, should have been a corresponding diminishment of the authority-and autonomy of women.

9. The author refers to the work of Gertrude Solari most probably in order to

(A) examine the evidence supporting a view that is to be refuted
(B) illustrate the failure of recent scholarship to challenge a previously held view
(C) provide support for the author's challenge to a particular view
 (D) provide an alternative view to the one proposed earlier (True) 
(E) illustrate the bias inherent in arguments opposed to those of the author

Since the activities that earned grants of land from the state were defined by Incan culture as almost exclusively masculine, the result scholars argue, should have been a corresponding diminishment of the authority-and autonomy of women.

Gertrude Solari has shown that through these textiles women recorded not only incidents of household life but also the political status of villagers, accounts of critical events, and in some instances even the entire history of a community.

pintukr · Answer

1. The primary purpose of the passage is to

(A) compare scholarly views of the status of women in pre-Incan Andean communities with scholarly views of the status of women in the Incan empire
 some scholars' views have been presented in paragraph 1&2, which have been countered through evidence presented in the 3rd paragraph

(B) analyze the implications of recently discovered evidence concerning the role of women in the Incan society
 stimulus only pertains to 3rd paragraph..hence, NOT the main purpose of the passage

(C) question the accuracy of a view of the effects of the Incan conquest on the status of women in the conquered communities
  accuracy of some scholars' views presented in paragraph 1&2 have been countered through evidence presented in the 3rd paragraph..CORRECT answer

(D) question the reliability of descriptions of the Incan society by Spanish clerics and conquistadores
 'limited scope' of this stimulus

(E) present evidence of the significance of women's work in the Incas empire
 pertains only to only a part of the 3rd paragraph

(C) is the CORRECT answer

$!vakumar.m · Answer

1. The primary purpose of the passage is to 
  (A) compare scholarly views of the status of women in pre-Incan Andean communities with scholarly views of the status of women in the Incan empire  
This option is incorrect because, the scholarly views on the status of women in pre-Incan Andean communities and status of women in the Incan empire have not been compared. Moreover, the main purpose of the passage is not to compare the views of scholars.

(B) analyze the implications of recently discovered evidence concerning the role of women in the Incan society  
This option is incorrect because there is no mention of recently discovered evidence. The evidence provided in the third paragraph is to support the author's views.

(C) question the accuracy of a view of the effects of the Incan conquest on the status of women in the conquered communities  
The passage first presents the views of the recent scholars and then describes how they arrived at that viewpoint. However, in the third paragraph, the author questions the accuracy of the scholar's viewpoint and presents couple of evidences in support. Option C is correct.

(D) question the reliability of descriptions of the Incan society by Spanish clerics and conquistadores  
This is true, however, it is not the primary purpose of the passage.

(E) present evidence of the significance of women's work in the Incas empire  
This is presented in order to support author's viewpoint. However, it is not the primary purpose of the passage.

2. It can be inferred from the passage that land distribution in the Incan empire differed from that in pre-Incan Andean communities in that the Incas 
The pre-Incan Andean communities apportioned land on the basis of household size whereas the Incas used land as grant to ensure loyalty of bureaucracy, professional class and military to the state. Option B is correct.
  (A) based the distribution of land on the productivity of individual families   
Option A is incorrect because no such information is present in the passage.

(B) used grants of land to ensure loyalty to the state 
Correct as explained above.

(C) afforded women more access to community-owned land  
In certain pre-Incan communities, curacas were entitled to make a greater claim on the community's resources but not the women in the Incan empire.

(D) forbade the curacas from owning more than their share of land  
The question is how the land distribution was different in both periods and not what happened during the Incas period.

(E) suspended the requirement that women relinquish their inherited lands when they married  
As explained in D, Option E is also incorrect.

3. Which of the following statements concerning the status of women in Incan society can be inferred from the passage

(A) Women were largely excluded from membership in the bureaucratic and professional classes.  
It is given that, the Incan empire awarded grants in the form of land to a growing number of bureaucracy, professional class and military. Since the activities that earned grants of land from the state were defined by Incan culture as almost exclusively masculine we can infer that the women were largely excluded from membership in the bureaucratic and professional classes. Correct.

(B) On marrying; women could acquire land and goods essential to establishing a new household.  
this pertains to women of pre-Incan Andean communities and not of Incan community. Incorrect.

(C) Women were given equal access to productive resources.  
Again, this pertains to people of pre-Incan Andean communities.

(D) In some instances women served as curacas  
Again, this pertains to people of certain pre-Incan communities and not of Incan community.

(E) Women had access to little information about political events in their communities.  
There is no evidence in the passage to infer that the women had some/little access to information about political events.

6. The-author suggests which of the following in her speculation about the status of women in Incan society 
The author presents as evidence that in Incan society the distribution and exchange of cloth were essential to the empire's economic structure, and more important, the designs woven into belts ponchos and shawls constituted a form of symbolic communication. Therefore, the women's tasks (weaving cloth) could have afforded them considerable status in the Incan society. 
 
  (A) The roles of women in Incan society were in many ways analogous to those traditionally associated with women in Spanish culture.  
Not true. The author suggests that the work of women in Incan society may not have been considered important by the Spanish clerics and conquistadores, until they were comparable to the work of women in Spanish culture. However, the women may have been given considerable status in the Incan society due to their involvement in important (weaving) activities.

(B) Because the production of cloth was economically important in Incan society, status was granted to women who produced it.  
Correct. As explained above.

(C) Because women often recorded the political status of villagers in the symbolic designs of their textiles, they must have been-active participants in the political life of the Incan communities.  
As brought out earlier this could have been an assumption of GS in her works. The author suggests that the women were given considerable status in the Incan society.

(D) Access to land in Incan society afforded women greater status than did participation in the production of textiles.  
no such comparison has been done in the passage.

(E) Because women in Incan society were concerned with the production of textiles, they had little knowledge of Incan agriculture.  
The knowledge of women on Incan agriculture has not been discussed in the passage.

7. According to the scholars cited in the passage all of the following occurred with the expansion of the Incan empire EXCEPT 
According to the scholars the expansion of the Incan empire led to a growing bureaucracy, professional class and military and thus it began to award these groups various grants of land (a new method of distributing land). So only option D did not occur.
  (A) an increase in the size of the bureaucracy
(B) grants of land to members of the professional class
(C) a new method of distributing land  
  (D) an increase in the production and distribution of textiles  
  (E) the need to ensure the loyalty of the military

9. The author refers to the work of Gertrude Solari most probably in order to 
Clearly, the author refers to the work of GS to provide support the author's position - women's tasks could have afforded them considerable status in Incan society. The author presents example of women's involvement in weaving cloth. Since, the distribution and exchange of cloth were essential to the empire's economic structure, and more important, designs woven into belts ponchos, and shawls constituted a form of symbolic communication, the women were given considerable status in Incan society.
  (A) examine the evidence supporting a view that is to be refuted  
Not true. The author refers to GS work to support his own position and refute the scholar's viewpoint.

(B) illustrate the failure of recent scholarship to challenge a previously held view  
The author challenges the viewpoint of recent scholarship. there is no other previously held view which the recent scholars have failed to challenge. Incorrect

(C) provide support for the author's challenge to a particular view  
As explained above - option C is correct.

(D) provide an alternative view to the one proposed earlier  
Option D is incorrect because the author refers to GS work in order to support his own viewpoint which challenges/refutes the viewpoint of recent scholars.

(E) illustrate the bias inherent in arguments opposed to those of the author  
Not true. The work of GS as been used to support the author's position and not to illustrate the bias as suggested in option E.

Catman · Answer

1. The primary purpose of the passage is to

(A) compare scholarly views of the status of women in pre-Incan Andean communities with scholarly views of the status of women in the Incan empire ~  Incorrect, author presents the scholars view and later mentions that the scholar's view of the Incan conquest on women may not be entirely accurate. There is no comparison on scholars view in pre Incan and Incan empires.

(B) analyze the implications of recently discovered evidence concerning the role of women in the Incan society  ~ Incorrect author is not analyzing the implication of recently discovered evidence, author only wants to highlight that the previous view of scholars was not entirely accurate and gives supporting example why they were inaccurate.

(C) question the accuracy of a view of the effects of the Incan conquest on the status of women in the conquered communities  ~ Correct refer to the line "However, this view of the effect of the Incan conquest on women may not be entirely accurate."Author mentions that tscholar's view are not entirely correct and later highlight the evidence for the same.

(D) question the reliability of descriptions of the Incan society by Spanish clerics and conquistadores  ~ Incorrect author only questions the view of the scholars and not the reliability of descriptions of the Incan society by Spanish clerics and conquistadores. The question on the the reliability of descriptions of the Incan society by Spanish clerics and conquistadores, was raised why earlier scholar view was biased and may be inaccurate.

(E) present evidence of the significance of women's work in the Incas empire  ~ Incorrect although author present evidence of significance of women's work in the Incas empire, but it is to show that why scholar view of the effect of the Incan conquest on women may not be entirely accurate .

2. It can be inferred from the passage that land distribution in the Incan empire differed from that in pre-Incan Andean communities in that the Incas

Refer to the line "It is true that, as the Incan empire expanded, the state needed to ensure the loyalty of a growing bureaucracy, professional class and military and thus it began to award these groups various grants of land." Although women relinquished their portion of land when they married, marriage enabled them to acquire other land and goods essential to establishing a new household.

(A) based the distribution of land on the productivity of individual families  ~ Incorrect this was followed in pre-Incan Andean Communities refer to the line"The community apportioned land on the basis of household size, and the right to use various lands was passed by inheritance from one generation to the next" But we don't know whether this practice is being followed in Incan communities or not.
 
(B) used grants of land to ensure loyalty to the state ~  Correct, refer to the line " is true that, as the Incan empire expanded, the state needed to ensure the loyalty of a growing bureaucracy, professional class and military and thus it began to award these groups various grants of land ."

(C) afforded women more access to community-owned land  ~ Incorrect, In pre Incan Period, women have access to resources such as land, but in Incan empire women were not given land as line "Since the activities that earned grants of land from the state were defined by Incan culture as almost exclusively masculine," mentioned.

(D) forbade the curacas from owning more than their share of land  ~ Incorrect although curcass was owning more land in Pre Incan Andean communities, it is not mentioned that in Incan period they were forbade from owning more.

(E) suspended the requirement that women relinquish their inherited lands when they married  ~ Incorrect their is no mention that women in the Incan empire have to suspend their inherited lands when they married.

3. Which of the following statements concerning the status of women in Incan society can be inferred from the passage

(A) Women were largely excluded from membership in the bureaucratic and professional classes.  ~ Correct refer to the line "Since the activities that earned grants of land from the state were defined by Incan culture as almost exclusively masculine," These activities were bureaucracy, professional class and military which were mainly male dominated and women were excluded from these activities.

(B) On marrying; women could acquire land and goods essential to establishing a new household.  ~ Incorrect this is true for the pre Incan Period. Refer to the line "Although women relinquished their portion of land when they married, marriage enabled them to acquire other land and goods essential to establishing a new household."

(C) Women were given equal access to productive resources.  " Incorrect as per the line "Scholars have suggested that with the conquest of these communities by Incas, women were relegated to a lesser-status" so women were not given equal access to productive resources.

(D) In some instances women served as curacas ~  Incorrect this is true for the pre Incan Period. Refer to the line "Records indicate that in some instances women served as curacas".

(E) Women had access to little information about political events in their communities.  ~ Incorrect, women through textiles women recorded not only incidents of household life but also the political status of villagers, so they have access to information about political events in their communities.

4. It can be inferred from the passage that Gertrude Solari assumes which of the following in her discussion of the symbolic designs woven into Incan textiles?

(A) The designs have meanings similar to those found in modern weavings.  ~ Correct, refer to the line "Primarily by decoding designs found in modern weavings, designs also found in pre-Columbian Incan material," This means that design have similar meanings.

(B) The designs are similar to those found in weavings done by women in other pre-Columbian cultures.  ~Incorrect refer to the line "Primarily by decoding designs found in modern weavings, designs also found in pre-Columbian Incan material" This means the decoded design was similar but the actual design may vary.

(C) The designs were-meant to be decipherable only to members of the Mean bureaucracy.  ~ Incorrect this is not mentioned that designs were-meant to be decipherable only to members of the Mean bureaucracy, the designs were simply constituted a form of symbolic communication.

(D) The designs provided Spanish clerics and conquistadores with much of their information about Inclan culture and society.   ~ Incorrect, refer to the line"Spanish clerics and conquistadores, and because of cultural bias predicated on male dominance in their own religious and public life, they may not have considered the activities of Incan women especially important" so the design does not give any information regarding Inclan culture to Spanish Clerics.

(E) The women who manufactured the textiles were considered by the Incans to be the official historians of their empire.  ~Incorrect they are referred as " recording in some instance even the entire history of a community." This does not mean that they were the official historians of the empire.

5. The author considers some accounts of Incan society by Spanish clerics and conquistadores to be

(A) thorough but largely ignored by scholars  ~ Incorrect not mentioned that their views are ignored by scholars.
 
(B) interesting but not really useful for the purposes of scholarship  ~ Incorrect not mentioned that their view is interesting and useful or not for the purpose of scholarship.

(C) widely accepted but possibly inaccurate  ~ Correct refer to the line "Most of the information we have concerning mean society consists of chronicles written by Spanish clerics and conquistadores,." The view discussed is of the Spanish Clerics and Conquistadores which were the same observations made by the scholars but authors mentioned that the the view scholar about the effect of Incan conquest on women may not be entirely accurate.

(D) informative but possibly overrated with regard to their historical value  ~ Incorrect refer to the line "Most of the information we have concerning mean society consists of chronicles written by Spanish clerics and conquistadores," although their views were informative we cannot say they were overrated with regard to their historical value.

(E) generally accurate in spite of their cultural bias  ~ Incorrect their views are mentioned as informative and not accurate due to cultural bias refer to the line " and because of cultural bias predicated on male dominance in their own religious and public life, they may not have.."

6. The-author suggests which of the following in her speculation about the status of women in Incan society

(A) The roles of women in Incan society were in many ways analogous to those traditionally associated with women in Spanish culture.  ~ Incorrect refer to the line "they may not have considered the activities of Incan women especially important unless they perceived them as analogous to the activities of women in their own culture" This does not mean that the roles of women were analogous to those traditionally associated with women in Spanish culture.

(B) Because the production of cloth was economically important in Incan society, status was granted to women who produced it.  ~ Correct refer to the line" Other evidence indicates that in Incan society, women's tasks could have afforded them considerable status." Since one of women's main functions in Incan society was that of weaving cloth, which was important role in Incan society, due to this the women attained considerable status in the Incan society.

(C) Because women often recorded the political status of villagers in the symbolic designs of their textiles, they must have teen-active participants in the political life of the Incan communities.  ~ Incorrect refer to the line "Gertrude Solari has shown that through these textiles women recorded not only incidents of household life but also the political status of villagers" They were just recording the political status of the villagers and may or may not be an active participant in the political life of the Incan communities.
 
(D) Access to land in Incan society afforded women greater status than did participation in the production of textiles.  ~ Incorrect refer to the line "Other evidence indicates that in Incan society, women's tasks could have afforded them considerable status" One of the task mentioned is production of textiles, but there is no mention of access to land in.

(E) Because women in Incan society were concerned with the production of textiles, they had little knowledge of Incan agriculture.  ~ Incorrect there is no mention about the women's knowledge about the Incan agriculture.

7. According to the scholars cited in the passage all of the following occurred with the expansion of the Incan empire EXCEPT

(A) an increase in the size of the bureaucracy  ~ Incorrect refer to the line "It is true that, as the Incan empire expanded, the state needed to ensure the loyalty of a growing bureaucracy,"

(B) grants of land to members of the professional class  ~ Incorrect refer to the line "professional class and military and thus it began to award these groups various grants of land"

(C) a new method of distributing land  ~ Incorrect refer to the line "Since the activities that earned grants of land from the state were defined by Incan culture" 
 
(D) an increase in the production and distribution of textiles  ~Correct not mentioned in the passage . Only distribution and exchange was mentioned "The distribution and exchange of cloth were essential to the empire's economic structure" No mention about increasing production of textiles.

(E) the nerd to ensure the loyalty of the military  ~ Incorrect refer to the line ". It is true that, as the Incan empire expanded, the state needed to ensure the loyalty of a growing bureaucracy, professional class and military"

8. The passage suggests that recent scholarship describing the effect on women of the Incan conquest is

(A) inaccurate in its interpretation of the impact that new methods of distributing community resources had on women's access to land  ~ Incorrect, the view is about the diminishment of the authority-and autonomy of women and not about the impact that new methods of distributing community resources had on women's access to land.

(B) inaccurate in its interpretation of the significance of women's participation in the political life of pre-Incan Andean communities  ~ Correct refer to the line "Gertrude Solari has shown that through these textiles women recorded not only incidents of household life but also the political status of villagers, accounts of critical events, and in some instances even the entire history of a community" It clearly shows that the earlier view about the diminishment of the authority-and autonomy of women is incorrect.

(C) accurate in its interpretation of the basis on which land in pre-Incan Andean communities was apportioned  ~ Incorrect refer to the line "However, this view of the effect of the Incan conquest on women may not be entirely accurate." 
 
(D) accurate because it correctly interprets the significance of women's work in Incan society accurate because it is based on the firsthand accounts of Spanish observers "  ~ Incorrect refer to the line "they may not have considered the activities of Incan women especially important unless they perceived them as analogous to the activities of women in their own culture. "

(E) accurate because it is based on firsthand accounts of Spanish observers  ~ Incorrect refer to the line "they may not have considered the activities of Incan women especially important unless they perceived them as analogous to the activities of women in their own culture."

9. The author refers to the work of Gertrude Solari most probably in order to

(A) examine the evidence supporting a view that is to be refuted  ~ Incorrect Author is not examining the view that is to be refuted, in fact author is agreeing to the view of Gertrude Solari

(B) illustrate the failure of recent scholarship to challenge a previously held view  ~Incorrect Author shows that their view was not inaccurate, Auhtor propose this

(C) provide support for the author's challenge to a particular view  ~ Correct Author cites this example to highlight that view about the diminishment of the authority-and autonomy of women in the Incan conquest on women may not be entirely accurate. Author highlight that Other evidence indicates that in Incan society, women's tasks could have afforded them considerable status. and it support this idea by referring the work of Gertrude Solari.

(D) provide an alternative view to the one proposed earlier  ~ Incorrect author rejects the earlier view but does not propose an alternate view. Author highlight

(E) illustrate the bias inherent in arguments opposed to those of the author  ~ Incorrect, author highlight the biases but work of Gertrude Solari is shown to highlight that women's tasks could have afforded them considerable status in the Incan Society.

Sajjad1994 · Answer

Explanation

1. The primary purpose of the passage is to

Explanation

The primary purpose of the passage is to question the accuracy of a view of the effects of the Incan conquest on the status of women in the conquered communities. The passage presents evidence that challenges the argument that the Incan conquest diminished the authority and autonomy of women. The author notes that the information we have about Incan society is biased due to the perspectives of Spanish clerics and conquistadores who did not necessarily recognize the importance of women's roles in Incan society. The passage also suggests that women had significant roles in Incan society, particularly in the economic and political spheres. Therefore,  (C)  is the correct answer.

(A)  is incorrect because while the passage does make some comparisons between pre-Incan and Incan societies, this is not the primary purpose of the passage.

(B)  is incorrect because while the passage does present evidence concerning the role of women in Incan society, this is not the primary purpose of the passage.

(D)  is incorrect because while the passage does criticize the descriptions of Incan society by Spanish clerics and conquistadores, this is not the primary purpose of the passage.

(E)  is partially correct because the passage does present evidence of the significance of women's work in the Incan empire, but this is not the primary purpose of the passage.

Answer: C

Sajjad1994 · Answer

Explanation

2. It can be inferred from the passage that land distribution in the Incan empire differed from that in pre-Incan Andean communities in that the Incas

Explanation

The passage compares the land distribution in the Incan empire to that in pre-Incan Andean communities. In pre-Incan Andean communities, land was apportioned on the basis of household size, and the right to use various lands was passed by inheritance from one generation to the next. Although women relinquished their portion of land when they married, marriage enabled them to acquire other land and goods essential to establishing a new household. On the other hand, the Incan empire awarded various grants of land to its growing bureaucracy, professional class, and military. Since the activities that earned grants of land from the state were defined by Incan culture as almost exclusively masculine, the result was a corresponding diminishment of the authority and autonomy of women.

Option A  is incorrect because the passage does not mention productivity as a basis for land distribution in the Incan empire.

Option B  is correct because the passage states that the Incan empire used grants of land to ensure the loyalty of its bureaucracy, professional class, and military.

Option C  is incorrect because the passage does not mention women having more access to community-owned land in the Incan empire.

Option D  is incorrect because the passage does not mention curacas owning land.

Option E  is incorrect because the passage does not mention the requirement that women relinquish their inherited lands when they married being suspended in the Incan empire.

Therefore, the correct answer is  (B)  used grants of land to ensure loyalty to the state.

Answer: B

Sajjad1994 · Answer

Explanation

3. Which of the following statements concerning the status of women in Incan society can be inferred from the passage

Explanation

It can be inferred that women were largely excluded from membership in the bureaucratic and professional classes in Incan society. This is evident in the passage when it states that the activities that earned grants of land from the state were defined by Incan culture as almost exclusively masculine, which would suggest that women were excluded from these activities and consequently excluded from the associated benefits and status. Therefore,  (A)  is the correct answer to the question.

Answer: A

Sajjad1994 · Answer

Explanation

4. It can be inferred from the passage that Gertrude Solari assumes which of the following in her discussion of the symbolic designs woven into Incan textiles?

Explanation

The correct answer is  (A)  The designs have meanings similar to those found in modern weavings.

The passage states that Gertrude Solari has shown that through the textiles, women recorded incidents of household life, political status, accounts of critical events, and even the entire history of a community. This suggests that the designs in the textiles had specific meanings and were used to communicate information. The passage also notes that Solari decoded designs found in pre-Columbian Incan material and found that they had similar meanings to those found in modern weavings. Therefore, it can be inferred that Solari assumes that the designs in Incan textiles have meanings similar to those found in modern weavings.

Option (B)  is incorrect because the passage does not mention weavings from other pre-Columbian cultures.

Option (C)  is incorrect because the passage does not suggest that the designs were meant to be decipherable only to members of the Incan bureaucracy.

Option (D)  is incorrect because the passage notes that most of the information about Incan culture and society comes from chronicles written by Spanish clerics and conquistadores, not from the designs in the textiles.

Option (E)  is incorrect because the passage does not state that the women who manufactured the textiles were considered by the Incans to be the official historians of their empire.

Answer: A

Sajjad1994 · Answer

Explanation

5. The author considers some accounts of Incan society by Spanish clerics and conquistadores to be

Explanation

The passage discusses recent scholarship that argues that the formation and expansion of states in South American pre-Columbian cultures limited the authority and autonomy of women, with the example of the Incan empire often cited in support of this argument. The author then points out that most of the information we have concerning Incan society comes from chronicles written by Spanish clerics and conquistadores, and that these accounts may not be entirely accurate due to cultural bias predicated on male dominance in their own religious and public life.

Option (A)  is incorrect because the passage does not suggest that the accounts of Incan society by Spanish clerics and conquistadores have been largely ignored by scholars.

Option (B)  is incorrect because the passage does not suggest that the accounts of Incan society by Spanish clerics and conquistadores are interesting but not really useful for the purposes of scholarship.

Option (D)  is incorrect because the passage does not suggest that the accounts of Incan society by Spanish clerics and conquistadores are informative but possibly overrated with regard to their historical value. The author acknowledges that the accounts contain some information about Incan society, but also points out that they may be biased.

Option (E)  is incorrect because the passage does not suggest that the accounts of Incan society by Spanish clerics and conquistadores are generally accurate in spite of their cultural bias. The author points out that these accounts may not be entirely accurate due to cultural bias.

Answer: C

Sajjad1994 · Answer

Explanation

6. The author suggests which of the following in her speculation about the status of women in Incan society

Explanation

The passage discusses the importance of weaving cloth in Incan society and the significance of the designs woven into it. The author speculates about the status of women in Incan society based on this information.  Option (B)  correctly captures this speculation by stating that because the production of cloth was economically important in Incan society, status was granted to women who produced it. The passage supports this idea by noting that the distribution and exchange of cloth were essential to the empire's economic structure and that designs woven into textiles constituted a form of symbolic communication. The author also notes that women recorded not only incidents of household life but also the political status of villagers and accounts of critical events through the designs in their textiles. This suggests that women's tasks in Incan society, including the production of cloth, could have afforded them considerable status.

The other options are incorrect because they either misrepresent the information presented in the passage or do not accurately capture the author's speculation about the status of women in Incan society.

Option (A)  suggests a comparison between the roles of women in Incan society and Spanish culture, which is not supported by the passage.

Option (C)  correctly identifies that women recorded the political status of villagers in the symbolic designs of their textiles, but the author's speculation goes further to suggest that women must have been active participants in the political life of the Incan communities.

Option (D)  incorrectly suggests that access to land in Incan society afforded women greater status than participation in the production of textiles, which is not supported by the passage.

Option (E)  is irrelevant to the passage as it discusses women's knowledge of Incan agriculture, which is not mentioned.

Answer: B

Sajjad1994 · Answer

Explanation

7. According to the scholars cited in the passage all of the following occurred with the expansion of the Incan empire EXCEPT

Explanation

The correct answer is  (D)  an increase in the production and distribution of textiles.

The passage states that the Incan empire awarded grants of land to members of the professional class, which were defined as almost exclusively masculine, resulting in a diminishment of the authority and autonomy of women. The need to ensure the loyalty of the military is also mentioned. Additionally, the passage states that ultimate control over all productive resources was vested in the community before the Incan conquest, and membership in the community provided both men and women with access to these resources. While the Incan conquest may have led to a new method of distributing land, this is not explicitly stated in the passage. However, the passage does mention that weaving cloth was a significant task for Incan women, and designs woven into textiles were a form of symbolic communication. Therefore, the correct answer is  (D)  an increase in the production and distribution of textiles.

Answer: D

Sajjad1994 · Answer

Explanation

8. The passage suggests that recent scholarship describing the effect on women of the Incan conquest is

Explanation

Option (C)  is correct because the passage states that recent scholarship argues that the formation and expansion of states in South American pre-Columbian cultures limited the authority and autonomy of women. The passage also describes how in pre-Incan Andean communities, ultimate control over all productive resources was vested in the community and membership in the community, based on kinship, provided constituents, both men and women, with access to these resources. The passage also mentions that the community apportioned land on the basis of household size, and the right to use various lands was passed by inheritance from one generation to the next.

Therefore, recent scholarship accurately interprets the basis on which land in pre-Incan Andean communities was apportioned, which is consistent with  option (C).

Option (A)  is incorrect because recent scholarship accurately interprets the impact that new methods of distributing community resources had on women's access to land, as explained in the passage.

Option (B)  is incorrect because the passage describes how women in pre-Incan Andean communities participated in governing councils that made decisions affecting the community as a whole, which suggests that recent scholarship accurately interprets the significance of women's participation in the political life of pre-Incan Andean communities.

Option (D)  is incorrect because recent scholarship accurately interprets the significance of women's work in Incan society, as explained in the passage.

Option (E)  is incorrect because the passage mentions that the information we have concerning Incan society comes from Spanish clerics and conquistadores, who may not have considered the activities of Incan women especially important unless they perceived them as analogous to the activities of women in their own culture. The passage suggests that this cultural bias may have influenced the Spanish observers' accounts of Incan society, which means that recent scholarship is not based solely on firsthand accounts of Spanish observers.

Answer: C

Sajjad1994 · Answer

Explanation

9. The author refers to the work of Gertrude Solari most probably in order to

Explanation

The author discusses the impact of the Incan conquest on the status of women in South American pre-Columbian cultures. The author mentions that scholars argue that the Incan conquest resulted in a corresponding diminishment of the authority and autonomy of women. However, the author challenges this view and suggests that Incan women may have had considerable status in their society. To support this argument, the author refers to the work of Gertrude Solari, who has shown that Incan women's weaving designs recorded not only incidents of household life but also the political status of villagers, accounts of critical events, and in some instances even the entire history of a community.

Therefore, the correct answer is  (C)  provide support for the author's challenge to a particular view. The reference to Solari's work supports the author's argument that women in Incan society may have had considerable status, which contradicts the view that their authority and autonomy were diminished by the Incan conquest.

Answer: C

Its_me_aka_ak · Answer

but where do the passage suggest that it was a widely accepted view?

Sajjad1994 · Answer

Author didn't need to write that explicitly, it is suggested by the tone of the passage as a whole. Always pay attention while reading.

All these seems to be widely accepted views.

An example  often cited in support  of this argument.......

Although women relinquished their portion of land when they married ........

in certain pre-Incan communities,  there existed  a higher rank of people known as curacas, who were entitled to make a greater claim on the community's resources. Records indicate that in some instances women served as curacas,...........

Since the activities that earned grants of land from the state  were defined by Incan culture  as almost exclusively masculine,

Its_me_aka_ak · Answer

the implicit nuances come up as inferences that seem risky so i did not consider the case as i prefer elimination approach. this helps, thanks for the revert

SajalBatwara · Answer

can anbody help me out with question 8?

Bunuel · Answer

All questions are explained  here .

Hope it helps.

Recent scholarship has argued that the formation and expansion of stat

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GMAT Reading Comprehension (RC) Questions

Recent scholarship has argued that the formation and expansion of stat

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