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The 32 species that make up the dolphin family are closely related to whales and in fact include the animal known as the killer whale, which can grow to be 30 feet long and is famous for its aggressive hunting pods.
(A) include the animal known as the killer whale, which can grow to be 30 feet long and is
(B) include the animal known as the killer whale, growing as big as 30 feet long and
(C) include the animal known as the killer whale, growing up to 30 feet long and being
(D) includes the animal known as the killer whale, which can grow as big as 30 feet long and is
(E) includes the animal known as the killer whale, which can grow to be 30 feet long and it is
(A) include the animal known as the killer whale, which can grow to be 30 feet long and is
(B) include the animal known as the killer whale, growing as big as 30 feet long and
(C) include the animal known as the killer whale, growing up to 30 feet long and being
(D) includes the animal known as the killer whale, which can grow as big as 30 feet long and is
(E) includes the animal known as the killer whale, which can grow to be 30 feet long and it is
https://www.nytimes.com/1999/07/06/health/evidence-puts-dolphins-in-new-light-as-killers.html
Closely related to whales, the 32 species that make up the dolphin family (Delphinidae in scientific nomenclature) include killer whales, which grow up to 30 feet long and are famous for their aggressive hunting pods. But the rest are smaller. The common dolphin is up to 7 feet long, and the bottlenose, up to 12 feet. Many dolphins have a pronounced beak and all have a central dorsal fin and sharp teeth for feeding, mainly on squid and fish.
Closely related to whales, the 32 species that make up the dolphin family (Delphinidae in scientific nomenclature) include killer whales, which grow up to 30 feet long and are famous for their aggressive hunting pods. But the rest are smaller. The common dolphin is up to 7 feet long, and the bottlenose, up to 12 feet. Many dolphins have a pronounced beak and all have a central dorsal fin and sharp teeth for feeding, mainly on squid and fish.
04 Jan 2011, 15:42
Kudos
Bookmarks
A very good question to clarify the features of participial phrase modifiers. The rule is that, when participial phrases are set off by commas (other than at the beginning of a sentence), they can act as adjectives modifying almost any noun in the previous clause, most often the subject of the previous clause.
In your example, "Five fledgling sea eagles left their nests in western Scotland this summer, bringing to 34 the number of wild birds successfully since raised transplants from Norway began in 1975," we could see the "bringing..." clause as adverbial, modifying the verb "left" as its effect, OR as an adjective, in fact modifying the "eagles" -- either of which makes perfect sense. It would be awkward, however, modifying the nearest noun, "summer." This is why it would be incorrect, in this example, to replace "bringing" with "which brings," as "which" by rule MUST modify the noun or noun idea immediately preceding it.
Usually, this means that participial modifiers are more flexible and therefore more likely to be correct in SC. However, in this wonderful example from the OG, the "grow" clause is definitely supposed to modify the noun right before it, "whale," and so the relative clause beginning with "which" is appropriate. "Growing," on the other hand, could modify the entire preceding clause (that is, the verb "are related" or the verb "include") or, most likely, the subject of the previous clause, that is, the 32 species. Although it is not placed adjacent to the word "species," it is placed adjacent to the clause of which "species" is the subject. Since either of those would be illogical, (B) and (C) introduce an unnecessary ambiguity into the sentence, although I'll point out that neither one is technically wrong, since a participial phrase here could, theoretically, modify "whales" as well. It's just inferior to the relative clause modification option given in (A).
In addition, it's worth noting that "growing" and "which can grow" have decidedly different meanings, so (B) and (C) introduce this problem, as well.
For a clear example of the participial phrase at the end of a sentence modifying the subject of a preceding clause, consider this:
"The Colossus of Rhodes was one of the great feats of classical civilization and one of the famous Seven Wonders of the World, standing over 100 feet high and constructed in the early 3rd Century B.C.E."
Lo, there are even 2 such clauses!
In your example, "Five fledgling sea eagles left their nests in western Scotland this summer, bringing to 34 the number of wild birds successfully since raised transplants from Norway began in 1975," we could see the "bringing..." clause as adverbial, modifying the verb "left" as its effect, OR as an adjective, in fact modifying the "eagles" -- either of which makes perfect sense. It would be awkward, however, modifying the nearest noun, "summer." This is why it would be incorrect, in this example, to replace "bringing" with "which brings," as "which" by rule MUST modify the noun or noun idea immediately preceding it.
Usually, this means that participial modifiers are more flexible and therefore more likely to be correct in SC. However, in this wonderful example from the OG, the "grow" clause is definitely supposed to modify the noun right before it, "whale," and so the relative clause beginning with "which" is appropriate. "Growing," on the other hand, could modify the entire preceding clause (that is, the verb "are related" or the verb "include") or, most likely, the subject of the previous clause, that is, the 32 species. Although it is not placed adjacent to the word "species," it is placed adjacent to the clause of which "species" is the subject. Since either of those would be illogical, (B) and (C) introduce an unnecessary ambiguity into the sentence, although I'll point out that neither one is technically wrong, since a participial phrase here could, theoretically, modify "whales" as well. It's just inferior to the relative clause modification option given in (A).
In addition, it's worth noting that "growing" and "which can grow" have decidedly different meanings, so (B) and (C) introduce this problem, as well.
For a clear example of the participial phrase at the end of a sentence modifying the subject of a preceding clause, consider this:
"The Colossus of Rhodes was one of the great feats of classical civilization and one of the famous Seven Wonders of the World, standing over 100 feet high and constructed in the early 3rd Century B.C.E."
Lo, there are even 2 such clauses!
23 Dec 2013, 12:20
Kudos
Bookmarks
trunkz0711
Hi there,
Thanks for posting your doubt here.
I am not sure what you mean to convey through the clause analysis. So here is how we would break the sentence with Choice B into clauses.
The 32 species that make up the dolphin family are closely related to whales and in fact include the animal known as the killer whale, growing as big as 30 feet long and famous for its aggressive hunting pods.
Cl. 1: The 32 species
Cl. 2: that make up the dolphin family
Cont. of Cl. 1: are closely related to whales and in fact include the animal known as the killer whale, growing as big as 30 feet long and famous for its aggressive hunting pods.
So as highlighted, the first clause has two verbs "are related" and "include", and the second clause has one verb "make up".
Now the comma + verb-ing modifier "growing" modifies the preceding clause "The 32 species... are related... and include...." One thing to always keep in mind about the verb-ing modifiers is that they denote some action. That's why we call them "verb-ing" modifiers. The action that they denote must have a doer. Generally, the doer of the action denoted bu the "comma + verb-ing" modifiers is teh Subject of the modified clause.
In this case. the Subject of the modified clause is "The 32 species". Now ask yourself, do the 32 species grow as big as 30 feet long? Certainly not. This answer is absolutely illogical. So we see here that the action denoted by the "comma + verb-ing" modifier does not make sense with the Subject of the modified clause. Hence, use of "comma + verb-ing" is incorrect in Choice B.
You can read the following article for more information on this topic:
usage-of-verb-ing-modifiers-135220.html
Hope this helps.
Wish you a Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year.
Thanks.
Shraddha
