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i am going with option c.
it acts as a perfect logic that is necessary to settle the dispute.
option a incorrect as knowing about it tells us nothing about this specific pit's purpose
option b incorrect as commonly hunted animals can be used for both dinner and local rituals.
option d incorrect as age ranges don't separate the choices
option e incorrect what neighbouring cultures did in their art is irrelevant
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Correct- c


Two types of deposits due to two different activities-
Communal food prep- since animals were butchered so bones hsould have cut marks
Ritual sacrifice- animals are burned so few marks

A- DOESNT TELL ABOUT THE TYPE OF DEPOSIT
B-BOTH CAN USE COMMONLY HUNTED ANIMALS.
C- CORRECT. Gives clear distinguishing evidence.
D-AGAIN, CAN FIT EITHER OF THE DEPOSIT TYPE
E- IRRELEVANT.
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A. knowing that won't tell us anything on whether it was food or offering
B. Commonly hunted for food could be also commonly for offering. Not helpful
C. CORRECT. Cut marks for food will distinguish between burnt whole or cut into pieces for food
D. It matters not since we do not know age of animals eaten or burnt as offerings
E. Even if records say either or , it doesnt tell us on the exact spot in question
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Answer: C)

Charred animal bones were discovered which are either the result of cooking or sacrificing.

A) This wouldn't help decide between the two possible causes, INCORRECT
B) Tempting, but we still don't know whether the animals were hunted for food, hunter for sacrifice etc. -> INCORRECT
C) Because the passage tells us that if they were sacrificed, they were burned whole, we know that cuts made to remove meat would indicate that the animals were cooked for food instead of sacrificed -> CORRECT
D) The age of the animal is not helpful as we would have to assume that they only hunted or sacrificed animals at certain ages -> INCORRECT
E) This doesn't help us too decide between the two possible explanations, it only confirms the chance of religious sacrifice -> INCORRECT
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We need to find a reason that can help differentiate between reason of slaughtering animals- Food or Rituals?
A- Does not help in differentiating- no
B- Hunting has to be done in both scenarios- no
C- Cut marks in a certain way will most likelly tell about the reason for slaughtering the animal- Yes!
D- Age doesnt matter- out of scope
E- No mention of any records in question- out of scope
HENCE, C
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com food prep--Animal were slaugh and butc for meat
Ritual sac- animals were burned whole as offer
only c fits
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I went for C

The question Stem says charred bones were found.
Hypo 1: Could be bones of animals that were cooked for eating.
Hypo 2: Could be bones of animals burned WHOLE (keyword) for sacrifice.

Option A: Even if similar bones were found in settlements around, it still does not give us any information about why the bones were charred. Irrelevant. Eliminate

Option B: Even if they were bones belonging to animals commonly hunted for food in the surrounding region, there is not information provided which says the same animals cannot also be used for sacrifice. This was a trick choice for me, but Eliminate.

Option C: This seems to be the correct choice. If the bones displayed the said cut marks which are found on bones due to removal of meat, we can say for certain that those animals wer not burnt WHOLE as a part of sacrificial rituals. This is is why burning WHOLE was a key term.

Option D: Age of animals is irrelevant for us. Eliminate.

Option E: Even if the records tell us that animals were used for sacrifice, it does not tell us why were these specific animals burnt. It just confirms that sacrificial rituals existed. Eliminate
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H1 - Animal slaughtered and cooked - clue: Must be chopped into pieces
H2- Burnt as a whole for offering

With only these two words, we can easily choose option C.

C clearly says that whether there are cuts on the bones or not, that means whether they have been slaughtered or not, which will eventually help us to choose either hypothesis.

Now let's see what other options say and why they are Incorrect:

A) Knowing similar practices will tell us how the common practice was, but it doesn't tell us what the practice actually was. Incorrect.

B) Commonly hunted food can be easily chosen as a sacrifice as well, which doesn't help distinguish between the two.

D) Same as B, animals in prime can be used as both a feast and as sacrifices.

E) Classic GMAT TRAP - Here, it is talking about the contemporary culture, so it can be neighbouring or external, which can't prove what happened at this specific site. Isn't this option the same as A?
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IMO B is the answer.

In order to confirm if the animal has been used a source of food or in rituals, we need to know one such statement that can solidify the response when stated yes and and does not when stated no.

Only option B does the same.
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Let's break down the stem first.
Fact: Archaeologists discovered charred bones at a single spot in the living grounds of an old society.

Hypothesis 1: The deposit may have resulted from communal food preparation
Hypothesis 2: The deposit is a result of animal sacrifices during ceremonies

Let's look at the options-

A) Since the questions deals with a specific settlement, the evidence discovered at other settlements. Also, its possible that these other societies were non-agrarian, and did not have agriculture as a part of their culture. Which would mean that their food habits would not be any good to draw conclusions about the settlement we are speaking of. Invalid option.

B) If the bones belong to species commonly hunted, it can be that they were used for food. But upon closer examination this appears to be a trap. These same societies are equally likely to sacrifice animals they capture to a higher deity.

C) This one is interesting. If we know the definite answer for this (in form of a Yes or No) we can strengthen one hypothesis.
A key thing to note: The question explicitly states that the animals that were sacrificed were 'burned whole'. So they will likely have no signs of butchering in any form. hence, if there are signs of butchering, they were definitely used for food, and if there are no signs of butchering at all, they were definitely sacrificed by burning. We keep this option.

D) Ages of animals are not a strong indicator of their use, as a young or an old animal can be used for sacrifice or food basis their religious beliefs and food preference. Invalid option.

E) Records of contemporary cultures are not a strong indicator of what happened in ancient cultures. Additionally, even if we use that as proof, presence of sacrifice in contemporary cultures does not strongly negate the fact that they were also used for communal meals. Hence, this option does not do the full job.

Since a definitive Yes/No for (C) clearly strengthens one hypothesis while weakening the other, (C) is the correct answer.

Ans: C
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The deposit may be the remnants of communal food preparation - animals slaughtered and cooked during large gatherings of the settlement's inhabitants. Alternatively, the deposit may represent the remains of ritual animal sacrifices, in which animals were burned whole as offerings during religious ceremonies.

(A) Whether similar deposits of charred animal bones have been found at other settlements in the same region. It doesn't help us know whether they were used for cooking or ritual. NO
(B) Whether the bones belong to animal species that were commonly hunted for food in the surrounding region. Same animal species could be used for hunting and sacrifice. NO
(C) Whether the bones display cut marks of the kind produced when animals are butchered for the removal of meat. If butcher cut marks are present then it is used for food and if there are no major cut marks then it must be used for sacrifice. Helps us..... ANSWER

(D) Whether the deposit contains bones from animals of various ages or predominantly from animals in their prime. Any age animal can be used for eatig or sacrifice. NO
(E) Whether written or artistic records from contemporary cultures depict animals being used in religious ceremonies. NO

C
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We want to understand why are there the charred animal fragments? from cooking or from sacrifical ritual.

A = even if we find nearby places that have the same remains, how does that help answer my question? Wrong

D = Old animal / prime age animal - I dont have the answer to my question. Wrong

E = If the religious book depict animal sacrifice, I still dont know if those specific deposits are from sacrifice or not . Wrong

B and C both make sense to me, but C is stronger. In B, even if animals were mainly hunted for food they could still be sacrificed. C = cut marks, very strong logic to get my answer.

C
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So from the passage we know that, either the animal were used for food prep for large gathering or they were used for sacrifice.
In need to find an answer which can answer the above question most clearly.

A) Even if we can find similar deposits of bone near by, it doesn't answer our question for what purpose it has been used. Eliminate.
B) This tells us that these animals are commonly hunted for food but that doesn't specify they can't be used for sacrifice. So we can Eliminate.
C) This feels right. This says the cut marks been found on animal bones are of butchered for the removal of meat. Now if those animals were sacrificed then we wouldn't see these cuts for sure. So this we can keep for our answer and move ahead.
D) This feels irrelevant, animals age has nothing to do with our question here. So Eliminate.
E) This could have been close. But passage hasn't mentioned anything about artistic/written records which can be referred for truth. It's too weak against our Option C. So we should Eliminate.
The answer should be C
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Archaeologists excavating an early agrarian settlement discovered a concentrated deposit of charred animal bones at the center of the site. The bones represent several different species and show varying degrees of burning. The deposit may be the remnants of communal food preparation - animals slaughtered and cooked during large gatherings of the settlement's inhabitants. Alternatively, the deposit may represent the remains of ritual animal sacrifices, in which animals were burned whole as offerings during religious ceremonies.

In order to help decide between the two hypotheses about the origin of the bone deposit, which of the following would it be most useful to know?

(A) Whether similar deposits of charred animal bones have been found at other settlements in the same region
(B) Whether the bones belong to animal species that were commonly hunted for food in the surrounding region
(C) Whether the bones display cut marks of the kind produced when animals are butchered for the removal of meat
(D) Whether the deposit contains bones from animals of various ages or predominantly from animals in their prime
(E) Whether written or artistic records from contemporary cultures depict animals being used in religious ceremonies

 


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I chose C because it gives us more definitive conclusions.

If there were cut marks on the bones then clearly the deposit of bones was from food prep.
If there were no cuts, and since the passage says "animals were burned whole", the deposits were from ritual sacrifices.
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Archaeologists excavating an early agrarian settlement discovered a concentrated deposit of charred animal bones at the center of the site. The bones represent several different species and show varying degrees of burning. The deposit may be the remnants of communal food preparation - animals slaughtered and cooked during large gatherings of the settlement's inhabitants. Alternatively, the deposit may represent the remains of ritual animal sacrifices, in which animals were burned whole as offerings during religious ceremonies.

In order to help decide between the two hypotheses about the origin of the bone deposit, which of the following would it be most useful to know?

(A) Whether similar deposits of charred animal bones have been found at other settlements in the same region
(B) Whether the bones belong to animal species that were commonly hunted for food in the surrounding region
(C) Whether the bones display cut marks of the kind produced when animals are butchered for the removal of meat
(D) Whether the deposit contains bones from animals of various ages or predominantly from animals in their prime
(E) Whether written or artistic records from contemporary cultures depict animals being used in religious ceremonies

 


This question was provided by GMAT Club
for the GMAT World Cup Competition

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⚠️ Important: GMAT Club does not allow AI-generated posts. AI-generated solutions are not eligible for kudos, and users who post them may face moderation action, including a ban.
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Again very similar to previous questions and common on the gmat.
Essentially two hypothesis, you pick that if true will make one hypothesis yes and the other no and vice versa.

Correct is C.

Why others are wrong:
A: similar deposits could help but we don't know what they represent
B: Swings both ways, could be hunted for food or sacrifice
D: Indirect as both food prep and sacrifice could involve animals of all ages
E: Records could show animal sacrifice existed but does not link to the deposit itself
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The two hypotheses in short are - whether the animals bones at the center of the sites were due to
Hypotheses 1 - food preparation
Hypotheses 2 - Ritual Animal Sacrifices

Question stem suggests: In order to decide we must have an option that rules out one hypotheses and supports the other hypotheses.

A) this would not help us choose between the two. It was not necessary that food was only prepared at center site or rituals were done at only center site
B) The animals commonly hunted for food could also be used for ritual animal sacrifices - it does not rules out other hypotheses
C) If the bones display cut marks representing butchery then it is very likely that the animals were used as food because the animals used in ritual sacrifices would not be butchered first for the removal of meat. This supports our hypotheses of food preparation and rules out hypotheses of ritual animal sacrifices - CORRECT
D) It does not rule out the ritual animal sacrifice because it talks about the animal in use and does not give any implication of the animals being used for.
E) Say if it yes that the records depict animal being used in religious ceremonies then the evidence gathered from the center of the site could still support both the hypotheses.
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a. Not helpful
b. rutuals involve food animals as well
C. Best answer. If they ate animals for food there would be knife markings on bone. if they sacrificed animals whole then there would be few knife markings
d. they could eat or sacrific animals of different ages
e. neighboring cultures may have different animal sacrific customs

Best Answer C
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