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Updated on: 08 Apr 2020, 05:42
Originally posted by Sajjad1994 on 17 Apr 2019, 07:46.
Last edited by Sajjad1994 on 08 Apr 2020, 05:42, edited 2 times in total.
Last edited by Sajjad1994 on 08 Apr 2020, 05:42, edited 2 times in total.
Updated - Complete topic (599).
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Question 1
B
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
75%
(hard)
Question Stats:
51% (03:10) correct
49%
(03:30) wrong
based on 631
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Question 2
D
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
15%
(low)
Question Stats:
80% (01:20) correct 20%
(01:35) wrong
based on 1021
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Question 3
E
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
75%
(hard)
Question Stats:
48% (01:52) correct 52%
(01:55) wrong
based on 1017
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Question 4
B
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
55%
(hard)
Question Stats:
56% (01:28) correct 44%
(01:31) wrong
based on 984
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Question 5
A
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
45%
(medium)
Question Stats:
56% (01:03) correct 44%
(01:03) wrong
based on 943
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Question 6
E
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
25%
(medium)
Question Stats:
71% (00:50) correct 29%
(01:09) wrong
based on 911
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
New Project RC Butler 2019 - Practice 2 RC Passages Everyday
Passage # 150, Date : 16-APR-2019
This post is a part of New Project RC Butler 2019. Click here for Details
Passage # 150, Date : 16-APR-2019
This post is a part of New Project RC Butler 2019. Click here for Details
Years after the movement to obtain civil rights
for black people in the United States made its
most important gains, scholars are reaching for
a theoretical perspective capable of clarifying its
(5) momentous developments. New theories of social
movements are being discussed, not just among
social psychologists, but also among political
theorists.
Of the many competing formulations of the
(10) “classical” social psychological theory of social
movement, three are prominent in the literature on
the civil rights movement: “rising expectations,”
“relative deprivation,” and “J-curve.” Each
conforms to a causal sequence characteristic of
(15) classical social movement theory, linking some
unusual condition, or “system strain,” to the
generation of unrest. When these versions of the
classical theory are applied to the civil rights
movement, the source of strain is identified as a
(20) change in black socioeconomic status that occurred
shortly before the widespread protest activity of the
movement.
For example, the theory of rising expectations
asserts that protest activity was a response to
(25) psychological tensions generated by gains
experienced immediately prior to the civil rights
movement. Advancement did not satisfy ambition,
but created the desire for further advancement.
Only slightly different is the theory of relative
(30) deprivation. Here the impetus to protest is identified
as gains achieved during the premovement period,
coupled with simultaneous failure to make any
appreciable headway relative to the dominant
group. The J-curve theory argues that the movement
(35) occurred because a prolonged period of rising
expectations and gratification was followed by a
sharp reversal.
Political theorists have been dismissive of these
applications of classical theory to the civil rights
(40) movement. Their arguments rest on the conviction
that, implicitly, the classical theory trivializes the
political ends of movement participants, focusing
rather on presumed psychological dysfunctions;
reduction of complex social situations to simple
(45) paradigms of stimulus and response obviates the
relevance of all but the shortest-term analysis.
Furthermore, the theories lack predictive value:
“strain” is always present to some degree, but
social movement is not. How can we know which
(50) strain will provoke upheaval?
These very legitimate complaints having
frequently been made, it remains to find a means of
testing the strength of the theories. Problematically,
while proponents of the various theories have
(55) contradictory interpretations of socioeconomic
conditions leading to the civil rights movement,
examination of various statistical records regarding
the material status of black Americans yields ample
evidence to support any of the three theories. The
(60) steady rise in median black family income supports
the rising expectations hypothesis; the stability
of the economic position of black vis-à-vis white
Americans lends credence to the relative deprivation
interpretation; unemployment data are consistent
(65) with the J-curve theory. A better test is the
comparison of each of these economic indicators
with the frequency of movement-initiated events
reported in the press; unsurprisingly, none
correlates significantly with the pace of reports
(70) about movement activity.
for black people in the United States made its
most important gains, scholars are reaching for
a theoretical perspective capable of clarifying its
(5) momentous developments. New theories of social
movements are being discussed, not just among
social psychologists, but also among political
theorists.
Of the many competing formulations of the
(10) “classical” social psychological theory of social
movement, three are prominent in the literature on
the civil rights movement: “rising expectations,”
“relative deprivation,” and “J-curve.” Each
conforms to a causal sequence characteristic of
(15) classical social movement theory, linking some
unusual condition, or “system strain,” to the
generation of unrest. When these versions of the
classical theory are applied to the civil rights
movement, the source of strain is identified as a
(20) change in black socioeconomic status that occurred
shortly before the widespread protest activity of the
movement.
For example, the theory of rising expectations
asserts that protest activity was a response to
(25) psychological tensions generated by gains
experienced immediately prior to the civil rights
movement. Advancement did not satisfy ambition,
but created the desire for further advancement.
Only slightly different is the theory of relative
(30) deprivation. Here the impetus to protest is identified
as gains achieved during the premovement period,
coupled with simultaneous failure to make any
appreciable headway relative to the dominant
group. The J-curve theory argues that the movement
(35) occurred because a prolonged period of rising
expectations and gratification was followed by a
sharp reversal.
Political theorists have been dismissive of these
applications of classical theory to the civil rights
(40) movement. Their arguments rest on the conviction
that, implicitly, the classical theory trivializes the
political ends of movement participants, focusing
rather on presumed psychological dysfunctions;
reduction of complex social situations to simple
(45) paradigms of stimulus and response obviates the
relevance of all but the shortest-term analysis.
Furthermore, the theories lack predictive value:
“strain” is always present to some degree, but
social movement is not. How can we know which
(50) strain will provoke upheaval?
These very legitimate complaints having
frequently been made, it remains to find a means of
testing the strength of the theories. Problematically,
while proponents of the various theories have
(55) contradictory interpretations of socioeconomic
conditions leading to the civil rights movement,
examination of various statistical records regarding
the material status of black Americans yields ample
evidence to support any of the three theories. The
(60) steady rise in median black family income supports
the rising expectations hypothesis; the stability
of the economic position of black vis-à-vis white
Americans lends credence to the relative deprivation
interpretation; unemployment data are consistent
(65) with the J-curve theory. A better test is the
comparison of each of these economic indicators
with the frequency of movement-initiated events
reported in the press; unsurprisingly, none
correlates significantly with the pace of reports
(70) about movement activity.
1. It can be inferred from the passage that the classical theory of social movement would not be appropriately applied to an annual general election because such an election
(A) may focus on personalities rather than on political issues
(B) is not provoked primarily by an unusual condition
(C) may be decided according to the psychological needs of voters
(D) may not entail momentous developments
(E) actually entails two or more distinct social movements
2. According to the passage, the “rising expectations” and “relative deprivation” models differ in which one of the following ways?
(A) They predict different responses to the same socioeconomic conditions.
(B) They disagree about the relevance of psychological explanations for protest movements.
(C) They are meant to explain different kinds of social change.
(D) They describe the motivation of protesters in slightly different ways.
(E) They disagree about the relevance of socioeconomic status to system strain.
3. The author implies that political theorists attribute which one of the following assumptions to social psychologists who apply the classical theory of social movements to the civil rights movement?
(A) Participants in any given social movement have conflicting motivations.
(B) Social movements are ultimately beneficial to society.
(C) Only strain of a socioeconomic nature can provoke a social movement.
(D) The political ends of movement participants are best analyzed in terms of participants’ psychological motivations.
(E) Psychological motivations of movement participants better illuminate the causes of social movements than do participants’ political motivations.
4. Which one of the following statements is supported by the results of the “better test” discussed in the last paragraph of the passage?
(A) The test confirms the three classical theories discussed in the passage.
(B) The test provides no basis for deciding among the three classical theories discussed in the passage.
(C) The test shows that it is impossible to apply any theory of social movements to the civil rights movement.
(D) The test indicates that press coverage of the civil rights movement was biased.
(E) The test verifies that the civil rights movement generated socioeconomic progress.
5. The validity of the “better test” (line 65) as proposed by the author might be undermined by the fact that
(A) the press is selective about the movement activities it chooses to cover
(B) not all economic indicators receive the same amount of press coverage
(C) economic indicators often contradict one another
(D) a movement-initiated event may not correlate significantly with any of the three economic indicators
(E) the pace of movement-initiated events is difficult to anticipate
6. The main purpose of the passage is to
(A) persuade historians of the indispensability of a theoretical framework for understanding recent history
(B) present a new model of social movement
(C) account for a shift in a theoretical debate
(D) show the unity underlying the diverse classical models of social movement
(E) discuss the reasoning behind and shortcomings of certain social psychological theories
(A) may focus on personalities rather than on political issues
(B) is not provoked primarily by an unusual condition
(C) may be decided according to the psychological needs of voters
(D) may not entail momentous developments
(E) actually entails two or more distinct social movements
2. According to the passage, the “rising expectations” and “relative deprivation” models differ in which one of the following ways?
(A) They predict different responses to the same socioeconomic conditions.
(B) They disagree about the relevance of psychological explanations for protest movements.
(C) They are meant to explain different kinds of social change.
(D) They describe the motivation of protesters in slightly different ways.
(E) They disagree about the relevance of socioeconomic status to system strain.
3. The author implies that political theorists attribute which one of the following assumptions to social psychologists who apply the classical theory of social movements to the civil rights movement?
(A) Participants in any given social movement have conflicting motivations.
(B) Social movements are ultimately beneficial to society.
(C) Only strain of a socioeconomic nature can provoke a social movement.
(D) The political ends of movement participants are best analyzed in terms of participants’ psychological motivations.
(E) Psychological motivations of movement participants better illuminate the causes of social movements than do participants’ political motivations.
4. Which one of the following statements is supported by the results of the “better test” discussed in the last paragraph of the passage?
(A) The test confirms the three classical theories discussed in the passage.
(B) The test provides no basis for deciding among the three classical theories discussed in the passage.
(C) The test shows that it is impossible to apply any theory of social movements to the civil rights movement.
(D) The test indicates that press coverage of the civil rights movement was biased.
(E) The test verifies that the civil rights movement generated socioeconomic progress.
5. The validity of the “better test” (line 65) as proposed by the author might be undermined by the fact that
(A) the press is selective about the movement activities it chooses to cover
(B) not all economic indicators receive the same amount of press coverage
(C) economic indicators often contradict one another
(D) a movement-initiated event may not correlate significantly with any of the three economic indicators
(E) the pace of movement-initiated events is difficult to anticipate
6. The main purpose of the passage is to
(A) persuade historians of the indispensability of a theoretical framework for understanding recent history
(B) present a new model of social movement
(C) account for a shift in a theoretical debate
(D) show the unity underlying the diverse classical models of social movement
(E) discuss the reasoning behind and shortcomings of certain social psychological theories
- Source: LSAT Official PrepTest 10 (February 1994)
- Difficulty Level: 700
auradediligodo
Posts: 364
01 Sep 2019, 01:44
Kudos
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Hi everyone,
Took 13:20 minutes and got 5/6 correct. Took 5:30 minutes to read, write down paragraphs summaries and main point formulation.
P1: New theories of social movements
P2: 3 theories and their mechanism
P3: 3 theories described
P4: Complaints by the political theorists
P5: How the theories should be validated
MP: Present 3 theories and discuss the benefits and drawbacks of those
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. It can be inferred from the passage that the classical theory of social movement would not be appropriately applied to an annual general election because such an election
Pre-thinking:
We know that the classical theory of social movements goes against the 3 theories discussed in P2.
Now Each of those theories talks about an unusual condition prior to any development. Hence let's infer that the classical theory does not entail any unusual condition.
(A) may focus on personalities rather than on political issues
Personalities are outside of the scope. Hence incorrect
(B) is not provoked primarily by an unusual condition
In line with pre-thinking. Hence correct
(C) may be decided according to the psychological needs of voters
Cannot be inferred as a difference from the information given. Hence incorrect
(D) may not entail momentous developments
Very vague answer and it does not clearly shows as a difference. hence incorrect
(E) actually entails two or more distinct social movements
Cannot be inferred from the given information. Hence incorrect
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2. According to the passage, the “rising expectations” and “relative deprivation” models differ in which one of the following ways?
Pre-thinking:
Looking at paragraph 3 we can find the main difference: "coupled with simultaneous failure to make any
appreciable headway relative to the dominant
group."
(A) They predict different responses to the same socioeconomic conditions.
Same responses actually. Hence incorrect
(B) They disagree about the relevance of psychological explanations for protest movements.
Not mentioned. Hence incorrect
(C) They are meant to explain different kinds of social change.
No. They all want to explain the same social change. Hence incorrect
(D) They describe the motivation of protesters in slightly different ways.
Yes. We need to make an inference here. In the first theory the motivation comes from getting more and more. In the second case the motivation comes always from further gains but is associated with failures. Hence correct
(E) They disagree about the relevance of socioeconomic status to system strain.
Never mentioned. hence incorrect
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. The author implies that political theorists attribute which one of the following assumptions to social psychologists who apply the classical theory of social movements to the civil rights movement?
Pre-thinking:
Lets have a look at P4 where this is discussed:"Their arguments rest on the conviction
that, implicitly, the classical theory trivializes the
political ends of movement participants, focusing
rather on presumed psychological dysfunctions;"
It seems that the mistake is to not consider at all the political ends and to focus only on PD
(A) Participants in any given social movement have conflicting motivations.
Too general and it does not addresses the matter at hand. Hence incorrect
(B) Social movements are ultimately beneficial to society.
Never mentioned. Hence incorrect
(C) Only strain of a socioeconomic nature can provoke a social movement.
To extreme and never mentioned. Hence incorrect
(D) The political ends of movement participants are best analyzed in terms of participants’ psychological motivations.
Political ends are not considered at all. Hence incorrect
(E) Psychological motivations of movement participants better illuminate the causes of social movements than do participants’ political motivations.
In line with pre-thinking. Hence correct
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4. Which one of the following statements is supported by the results of the “better test” discussed in the last paragraph of the passage?
Pre-thinking:
The better test is a test that shows correlation between actions and results. It seems that such correlation didn't show up when analyzing the theories.
(A) The test confirms the three classical theories discussed in the passage.
Opposite. Hence incorrect
(B) The test provides no basis for deciding among the three classical theories discussed in the passage.
In line with pre-thinking.hence corret
(C) The test shows that it is impossible to apply any theory of social movements to the civil rights movement.
Not according to the passage. Hence incorrect
(D) The test indicates that press coverage of the civil rights movement was biased.
Press coverage is not at issue. Hence incorrect
(E) The test verifies that the civil rights movement generated socioeconomic progress.
The test should test the theories not the accuracy of the results. Hence incorrect
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5. The validity of the “better test” (line 65) as proposed by the author might be undermined by the fact that
Pre-thinking:
The press coverage was somehow not accurate, biased.
(A) the press is selective about the movement activities it chooses to cover
If the press does not cover those movements the test inevitably can't be accurate. Hence correct
(B) not all economic indicators receive the same amount of press coverage
Press coverage reports events not economic indicators. Hence incorrect
(C) economic indicators often contradict one another
Irrelevant to the discussion.Hence incorrect
(D) a movement-initiated event may not correlate significantly with any of the three economic indicators
If so the test would show no correlation and it would still be accurate. Hence incorrect
(E) the pace of movement-initiated events is difficult to anticipate
No matter if so because the important factor is that the movement-initiated event is reported by the press. Hence incorrect
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6. The main purpose of the passage is to
Pre-thinking:
Refer to main point above to analyze the answer choices.
(A) persuade historians of the indispensability of a theoretical framework for understanding recent history
No attempt at persuading. Hence incorrect
(B) present a new model of social movement
No new model presented. Hence incorrect
(C) account for a shift in a theoretical debate
No shift. Hence incorrect
(D) show the unity underlying the diverse classical models of social movement
Partial scope. Hence incorrect
(E) discuss the reasoning behind and shortcomings of certain social psychological theories
Correct since the theories are analyzed and the shortcomings are presented. Hence correct
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
It is a good day to be alive, cheers!
Took 13:20 minutes and got 5/6 correct. Took 5:30 minutes to read, write down paragraphs summaries and main point formulation.
P1: New theories of social movements
P2: 3 theories and their mechanism
P3: 3 theories described
P4: Complaints by the political theorists
P5: How the theories should be validated
MP: Present 3 theories and discuss the benefits and drawbacks of those
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. It can be inferred from the passage that the classical theory of social movement would not be appropriately applied to an annual general election because such an election
Pre-thinking:
We know that the classical theory of social movements goes against the 3 theories discussed in P2.
Now Each of those theories talks about an unusual condition prior to any development. Hence let's infer that the classical theory does not entail any unusual condition.
(A) may focus on personalities rather than on political issues
Personalities are outside of the scope. Hence incorrect
(B) is not provoked primarily by an unusual condition
In line with pre-thinking. Hence correct
(C) may be decided according to the psychological needs of voters
Cannot be inferred as a difference from the information given. Hence incorrect
(D) may not entail momentous developments
Very vague answer and it does not clearly shows as a difference. hence incorrect
(E) actually entails two or more distinct social movements
Cannot be inferred from the given information. Hence incorrect
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2. According to the passage, the “rising expectations” and “relative deprivation” models differ in which one of the following ways?
Pre-thinking:
Looking at paragraph 3 we can find the main difference: "coupled with simultaneous failure to make any
appreciable headway relative to the dominant
group."
(A) They predict different responses to the same socioeconomic conditions.
Same responses actually. Hence incorrect
(B) They disagree about the relevance of psychological explanations for protest movements.
Not mentioned. Hence incorrect
(C) They are meant to explain different kinds of social change.
No. They all want to explain the same social change. Hence incorrect
(D) They describe the motivation of protesters in slightly different ways.
Yes. We need to make an inference here. In the first theory the motivation comes from getting more and more. In the second case the motivation comes always from further gains but is associated with failures. Hence correct
(E) They disagree about the relevance of socioeconomic status to system strain.
Never mentioned. hence incorrect
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. The author implies that political theorists attribute which one of the following assumptions to social psychologists who apply the classical theory of social movements to the civil rights movement?
Pre-thinking:
Lets have a look at P4 where this is discussed:"Their arguments rest on the conviction
that, implicitly, the classical theory trivializes the
political ends of movement participants, focusing
rather on presumed psychological dysfunctions;"
It seems that the mistake is to not consider at all the political ends and to focus only on PD
(A) Participants in any given social movement have conflicting motivations.
Too general and it does not addresses the matter at hand. Hence incorrect
(B) Social movements are ultimately beneficial to society.
Never mentioned. Hence incorrect
(C) Only strain of a socioeconomic nature can provoke a social movement.
To extreme and never mentioned. Hence incorrect
(D) The political ends of movement participants are best analyzed in terms of participants’ psychological motivations.
Political ends are not considered at all. Hence incorrect
(E) Psychological motivations of movement participants better illuminate the causes of social movements than do participants’ political motivations.
In line with pre-thinking. Hence correct
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4. Which one of the following statements is supported by the results of the “better test” discussed in the last paragraph of the passage?
Pre-thinking:
The better test is a test that shows correlation between actions and results. It seems that such correlation didn't show up when analyzing the theories.
(A) The test confirms the three classical theories discussed in the passage.
Opposite. Hence incorrect
(B) The test provides no basis for deciding among the three classical theories discussed in the passage.
In line with pre-thinking.hence corret
(C) The test shows that it is impossible to apply any theory of social movements to the civil rights movement.
Not according to the passage. Hence incorrect
(D) The test indicates that press coverage of the civil rights movement was biased.
Press coverage is not at issue. Hence incorrect
(E) The test verifies that the civil rights movement generated socioeconomic progress.
The test should test the theories not the accuracy of the results. Hence incorrect
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5. The validity of the “better test” (line 65) as proposed by the author might be undermined by the fact that
Pre-thinking:
The press coverage was somehow not accurate, biased.
(A) the press is selective about the movement activities it chooses to cover
If the press does not cover those movements the test inevitably can't be accurate. Hence correct
(B) not all economic indicators receive the same amount of press coverage
Press coverage reports events not economic indicators. Hence incorrect
(C) economic indicators often contradict one another
Irrelevant to the discussion.Hence incorrect
(D) a movement-initiated event may not correlate significantly with any of the three economic indicators
If so the test would show no correlation and it would still be accurate. Hence incorrect
(E) the pace of movement-initiated events is difficult to anticipate
No matter if so because the important factor is that the movement-initiated event is reported by the press. Hence incorrect
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6. The main purpose of the passage is to
Pre-thinking:
Refer to main point above to analyze the answer choices.
(A) persuade historians of the indispensability of a theoretical framework for understanding recent history
No attempt at persuading. Hence incorrect
(B) present a new model of social movement
No new model presented. Hence incorrect
(C) account for a shift in a theoretical debate
No shift. Hence incorrect
(D) show the unity underlying the diverse classical models of social movement
Partial scope. Hence incorrect
(E) discuss the reasoning behind and shortcomings of certain social psychological theories
Correct since the theories are analyzed and the shortcomings are presented. Hence correct
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
It is a good day to be alive, cheers!
General Discussion
13 May 2019, 22:07
Kudos
Bookmarks
Could you please explain question 1 why the answer is option b and not c because in lines 40-45 movement participants i.e votes indirectly is mentioned
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