Bunuel
Shakespeare’s Hamlet was based on a style of morality plays, wherein personifications of vice and virtue fight over a man’s soul; Shakespeare’s originality
lay in the fact that he integrated these personifications into the internal psyche of the protagonist.
(A) lay in the fact that he integrated these
(B) lay in the fact of his integrating these
(C) laid in the fact of his integrating these
(D) lay in his integration of these
(E) laid in his integration of these
Experts' Global Official Explanation:Meaning+ Tenses + IdiomsUnderstanding the intended meaning is key to solving this question; the intended meaning of the crucial part of this sentence is that Shakespeare’s originality was manifest in his action of integrating the personifications into the protagonist’s internal psyche.
• “fact that” is a correct, idiomatic construction.
Note: This question features a highly subtle difference in the use of the verbs “lay” and “laid”; in this context, “laid” is the past tense of “lay”, which requires an object to act upon, and “lay” is the past tense of the verb “lie”, which does not require an object to act upon.
A. Trap. This answer choice alters the meaning of the sentence through the phrase “Shakespeare’s originality lay in the fact that he integrated”; the construction of this phrase incorrectly implies that Shakespeare’s originality was manifest in “the fact” of his integrating the personifications into the protagonist’s internal psyche; the intended meaning of the sentence is that Shakespeare’s originality was manifest in his action of integrating the personifications into the protagonist’s internal psyche.
B. This answer choice alters the meaning of the sentence through the phrase “Shakespeare’s originality lay in the fact of his integrating”; the construction of this phrase incorrectly implies that Shakespeare’s originality was manifest in “the fact” of his integrating the personifications into the protagonist’s internal psyche; the intended meaning of the sentence is that Shakespeare’s originality was manifest in his action of integrating the personifications into the protagonist’s internal psyche. Further, Option B uses the unidiomatic construction “fact of” rather than the idiomatic construction “fact that”; please remember, “fact that” is a correct, idiomatic construction.
C. This answer choice alters the meaning of the sentence through the phrase “Shakespeare’s originality laid in the fact of his integrating”; the construction of this phrase incorrectly implies that Shakespeare’s originality was manifest in “the fact” of his integrating the personifications into the protagonist’s internal psyche; the intended meaning of the sentence is that Shakespeare’s originality was manifest in his action of integrating the personifications into the protagonist’s internal psyche. Further, Option C incorrectly uses the verb “laid”; “laid” is the past tense of “lay”, which requires an object to act upon; however, this sentence has no such object. Further, Option C uses the unidiomatic construction “fact of” rather than the idiomatic construction “fact that”; please remember, “fact that” is a correct, idiomatic construction.
D. Correct. This answer choice correctly uses the phrase “Shakespeare’s originality lay in his integration of”, conveying the intended meaning of the sentence- that Shakespeare’s originality was manifest in his action of integrating the personifications into the protagonist’s internal psyche. Further, Option D correctly uses the verb “lay” as the past tense of the verb “lie”, which does not require an object to act upon.
E. Trap. This answer choice incorrectly uses the verb “laid”; “laid” is the past tense of “lay”, which requires an object to act upon; however, this sentence has no such object.
D is the best answer choice.