Dowsing is the practice of detecting resources or objects beneath the

Question

Dowsing is the practice of detecting resources or objects beneath the ground by passing handheld, inert tools such as forked sticks, pendulums, or metal rods over a terrain. For example, dowsers typically determine prospective water-well drilling locations by walking with a horizontally held forked tree branch until it becomes vertical, claiming the branch is pulled to this position. The distance to the water from the surface and the potential well's flow rate are then determined by holding the branch horizontally again and either walking in place or backwards while the branch is pulled vertical again. The number of paces indicates the distance to the water, and the strength of the pull felt by the dowser correlates with the potential well's flow rate.

Those skeptical of dowsing's efficacy point to the crudeness of its methods as a self-evident reason to question it. They assert that dowsers' use of inert tools indicates that the dowsers themselves actually make subconscious determinations concerning the likely location of groundwater using clues derived from surface conditions; the tools' movements merely reflect the dowsers' subconscious thoughts. Further, skeptics say, numerous studies show that while a few dowsers have demonstrated considerable and consistent success, the success rate for dowsers generally is notably inconsistent. Finally, skeptics note, dowsing to locate groundwater is largely confined to areas where groundwater is expected to be ubiquitous, making it statistically unlikely that a dowsed well will be completely dry.

Proponents of dowsing point out that it involves a number of distinct techniques and contend that each of these techniques should be evaluated separately. They also note that numerous dowsing studies have been influenced by a lack of care in selecting the study population; dowsers are largely self-proclaimed and self-certified, and verifiably successful dowsers are not well represented in the typical study. Proponents claim that successful dowsers may be sensitive to minute changes in Earth's electromagnetic field associated with variations in subsurface conditions. They also claim that these dowsers have higher success rates than geologists and hydrologists who use scientific tools such as electromagnetic sensors or seismic readings to locate groundwater.

The last two claims were corroborated during a recent and extensive study that utilized teams of the most successful dowsers, geologists, and hydrologists to locate reliable water supplies in various arid countries. Efforts were concentrated on finding groundwater in narrow, tilted fracture zones in bedrock underlying surface sediments. The teams were unfamiliar with the areas targeted, and they agreed that no surface clues existed that could assist in pinpointing the locations of fracture zones. The dowsers consistently made significantly more accurate predictions regarding drill sites, and on request even located a dry fracture zone, suggesting that dowsers can detect variations in subsurface conditions.   1 
 C 
 1. Which one of the following most accurately describes the primary purpose of the second paragraph?

(A) to add detail to the description presented in the first paragraph
(B) to offer two perspectives that are synthesized into a new perspective presented in the final paragraph
(C) to present arguments against which the third paragraph presents counterarguments
(D) to explore in detail the ramifications of one claim made in the first paragraph
(E) to clarify the issues on both sides in a dispute that the third paragraph attempts to resolve

2 
 A 
 2. According to the passage, dowsing's skeptics acknowledge which one of the following?

(A) A few dowsers have shown considerable and consistent success.
(B) Dowsing techniques are generally rejected by scientists.
(C) Successful dowsers are not well represented in the typical study of dowsing's efficacy.
(D) Successful dowsers may be sensitive to minute changes in Earth's electromagnetic field.
(E) Each dowsing technique should be evaluated separately.

3 
 D 
 3. The reasoning in which one of the following is most analogous to an argument explicitly attributed to dowsing's skeptics in the passage?

(A) Some weather analysts claim that no one can forecast the weather a week ahead with better than 40 percent accuracy, but some computer models have been known to perform with more accuracy than that.
(B) Some people claim to have seen ghosts, but very few of these people can adduce even the smallest piece of credible evidence to support their claims.
(C) Some musicians perform so well that their performances have been said to express a pure, innate talent, but such performances are in fact due to years of very intense practice.
(D) Some people claim to be able to sense where the area's good fishing spots are, but the lakes in the area are so loaded with fish it would be difficult not to pick a good spot.
(E) Some people have memories of participating in historical events in which they did not actually participate, but this does not prove that they have been reincarnated.

4 
 B 
 4. The author of the passage would be most likely to agree with which one of the following statements about the results of the groundwater-locating study discussed in the final paragraph?

(A) The results suggest that geologists and hydrologists would likely be of little service to any groundwater-locating effort.
(B) The results leave open the possibility that dowsers can sense minute changes in Earth's electromagnetic field.
(C) The results prove conclusively that dowsing is the most dependable technique for finding water in arid countries.
(D) The results demonstrate that dowsers are most successful in their efforts to locate groundwater when they use tools that are typically employed by geologists and hydrologists.
(E) The results do not help to refute skeptics' arguments, because the results provide evidence for dowsing's efficacy in only one type of terrain.

5 
 D 
 5. The passage provides information most helpful in answering which one of the following questions ?

(A) When was dowsing first employed as a means of locating groundwater?
(B) Is the success of dowsers affected by rainstorms that may have saturated the ground in the area being dowsed?
(C) What proportion of successful dowsers use forked sticks in locating groundwater?
(D) Is dowsing ever utilized to try to locate anything other than water?
(E) What are some of the specific surface clues that can indicate the presence of groundwater?

6 
 E 
 6. The passage provides the most support for inferring which one of the following statements?

(A) Narrow, tilted fracture zones in underlying bedrock are more likely to be found in arid regions than in other regions.
(B) There are no reliable studies indicating that dowsers are consistently able to locate subsurface resources other than groundwater.
(C) A dowser attempting to locate a dry fracture zone would not use the same tools as a dowser attempting to locate groundwater.
(D) Geologists and hydrologists participating in the groundwater-locating study described in the final paragraph could not locate a dry fracture zone upon request.
(E) The groundwater-locating study described in the final paragraph was not a typical dowsing study.

auradediligodo · Accepted Answer

Hi everyone,
Took 15 minutes including 5 minutes to read, write down paragraphs summaries and main point formulation.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 
 P1

This paragraphs describes how the practice of dowsing works. Plus we have an example explaining how this practice can determine the location of underground water, the distance to the water from the surface and the potential well's flow rate.

P2

This paragraph talks about the skeptics.
Their point of view:
-crude method
-dowsing=subconscious of the dowser
-only few cases of success, lots of cases of inconsistency and failure
-dowsing successful only when lots of water

P3

This paragraph talks about the proponents of dowsing. 
-Dowsing studies did not take into consideration a significant sample.
-Dowsers may be sensitive to electromagnetic field
-higher success rates than geologists and hydrologists to locate underground water

P4

Paragraphs 4 intends to support the last 2 claims made in paragraph 3 :

#1 successful dowsers may be sensitive to minute changes in Earth's electromagnetic field associated with variations in subsurface conditions
#2 these dowsers have higher success rates than geologists and hydrologists who use scientific tools such as electromagnetic sensors or seismic readings to locate groundwater.

So Dowsers, geologists and hydrologists are put together in an unfamiliar area where no clues on the surface are indicative of the presence of underground water. Dowsers are the best.

MP
  
Describe the practice of dowsing and support the proponents of this practice rather than those skeptical of it

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1 . Which one of the following most accurately describes the primary purpose of the second paragraph?

Pre-thinking:
 Refer to the paragraph map above.

(A) to add detail to the description presented in the first paragraph
 P2 talks about the skeptics. Hence incorrect

(B) to offer two perspectives that are synthesized into a new perspective presented in the final paragraph
 P2 talks about the skeptics. Plus last paragraph is i support of the proponents. Hence incorrect

(C)   to present arguments against which the third paragraph presents counterarguments
 Wordy put but correct. Hence correct

(D) to explore in detail the ramifications of one claim made in the first paragraph
 P2 talks about the skeptics. Hence incorrect

(E) to clarify the issues on both sides in a dispute that the third paragraph attempts to resolve
 P2 talks about the skeptics. Hence incorrect

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2 . According to the passage, dowsing's skeptics acknowledge which one of the following?

Pre-thinking:
 My guess is that there are some cases of success in the practice of dowsing acc to skeptics

(A)   A few dowsers have shown considerable and consistent success.
 In line with pre-thinking. Hence correct

(B) Dowsing techniques are generally rejected by scientists.
 Not in line with pre-thinking. Hence incorrect

(C) Successful dowsers are not well represented in the typical study of dowsing's efficacy.
 Not in line with pre-thinking. Hence incorrect

(D) Successful dowsers may be sensitive to minute changes in Earth's electromagnetic field.
 Not in line with pre-thinking. Plus out of context. Hence incorrect

(E) Each dowsing technique should be evaluated separately.
 Not in line with pre-thinking. Hence incorrect

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3 . The reasoning in which one of the following is most analogous to an argument explicitly attributed to dowsing's skeptics in the passage?

Pre-thinking:
 Let's analyze the answer choices

(A) Some weather analysts claim that no one can forecast the weather a week ahead with better than 40 percent accuracy, but some computer models have been known to perform with more accuracy than that.
 Out of scope. Hence incorrect

(B) Some people claim to have seen ghosts, but very few of these people can adduce even the smallest piece of credible evidence to support their claims.
 Out of scope. Hence incorrect

(C) Some musicians perform so well that their performances have been said to express a pure, innate talent, but such performances are in fact due to years of very intense practice.
 Out of scope. Hence incorrect

(D)   Some people claim to be able to sense where the area's good fishing spots are, but the lakes in the area are so loaded with fish it would be difficult not to pick a good spot.
 Along the lines of the last sentence in P2. Hence correct

(E) Some people have memories of participating in historical events in which they did not actually participate, but this does not prove that they have been reincarnated.
 Out of scope. Hence incorrect

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

4 . The author of the passage would be most likely to agree with which one of the following statements about the results of the groundwater-locating study discussed in the final paragraph?

Pre-thinking:
 Last P supports two claims made by the proponents. Any statement along with the lines of those claims will be our answer.

#1 successful dowsers may be sensitive to minute changes in Earth's electromagnetic field associated with variations in subsurface conditions
#2 these dowsers have higher success rates than geologists and hydrologists who use scientific tools such as electromagnetic sensors or seismic readings to locate groundwater.

(A) The results suggest that geologists and hydrologists would likely be of little service to any groundwater-locating effort.
 Opposite. Hence incorrect

(B)   The results leave open the possibility that dowsers can sense minute changes in Earth's electromagnetic field.
 In line with pre-thinking. Hence correct

(C) The results prove conclusively that dowsing is the most dependable technique for finding water in arid countries.
 Not in line with pre-thinking. Hence incorrect

(D) The results demonstrate that dowsers are most successful in their efforts to locate groundwater when they use tools that are typically employed by geologists and hydrologists.
 Not in line with pre-thinking. Hence incorrect

(E) The results do not help to refute skeptics' arguments, because the results provide evidence for dowsing's efficacy in only one type of terrain.
 Not in line with pre-thinking. Hence incorrect

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

5 . The passage provides information most helpful in answering which one of the following questions?

Pre-thinking:
 Let's evaluate the answer choices

(A) When was dowsing first employed as a means of locating groundwater?
 The passage toes not help on this one. Hence incorrect

(B) Is the success of dowsers affected by rainstorms that may have saturated the ground in the area being dowsed?
 The passage toes not help on this one. Hence incorrect

(C) What proportion of successful dowsers use forked sticks in locating groundwater?
 The passage toes not help on this one. Hence incorrect

(D)   Is dowsing ever utilized to try to locate anything other than water?
 Dowser can locate objects according to the first lines of P1. Hence correct

(E) What are some of the specific surface clues that can indicate the presence of groundwater?
 The passage toes not help on this one. Hence incorrect

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

6 . The passage provides the most support for inferring which one of the following statements?

Pre-thinking:
 Let's analyze the answer choices

(A) Narrow, tilted fracture zones in underlying bedrock are more likely to be found in arid regions than in other regions.
 Cannot be inferred from the given information. Hence incorrect

(B) There are no reliable studies indicating that dowsers are consistently able to locate subsurface resources other than groundwater.
 Cannot be inferred from the given information. Hence incorrect

(C) A dowser attempting to locate a dry fracture zone would not use the same tools as a dowser attempting to locate groundwater.
 Cannot be inferred from the given information. Hence incorrect

(D) Geologists and hydrologists participating in the groundwater-locating study described in the final paragraph could not locate a dry fracture zone upon request.
 Cannot be inferred from the given information. Hence incorrect

(E)   The groundwater-locating study described in the final paragraph was not a typical dowsing study.
 Study talks about successful dowsers and successful dowsers are just a few. Plus the study is conducted in arid regions with no surface clue Hence correct

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It's a good day to be alive, cheers!

Sajjad1994 · Answer

saintlyzero 
 prototypevenom 
 Raj30

Here it is.

Explanation

5. The passage provides information most helpful in answering which one of the following questions?

Explanation

A prediction cannot be made here. Instead, go through the answers one at a time and research when necessary to make sure there is a directly stated answer to the question provided. 
 
 Evaluate the Answer Choices

(A)  is not answered. No timeline is given in the passage. 
 
 (B)  is not answered. The effect of rain is not brought up. 
 
 (C)  is not answered. Forked sticks are brought up as one method for finding water, but there's no mention of whether this is the most common or how it compares statistically to other methods. 
 
  (D) is answered in the first sentence. Dowsing is used to detect resources (e.g., water) or objects—which suggests physical items other than water.

(E)  is not answered. Skeptics only broadly refer to using surface clues, but never mention any specific clues.

ANSWER: D   
 
   6. The passage provides the most support for inferring which one of the following statements?

Identify the Question Type  
 
The correct answer is something for which there is "support for inferring," making this an Inference question. 
 
 Research the Relevant Text  
 
There are no Research Clues, so the entire text is relevant. 
 
 Make a Prediction  
 
With no clues, there's no choice but to go through the answers, eliminate those that are clearly wrong, and test the remaining answers as necessary. 
 
 Evaluate the Answer Choices  
 
 (A)  is a Distortion. The study in the last paragraph was conducted around narrow, tilted fracture zones. And while dowsers did find a dry zone on request, that is not to say the entire region was arid. Nor does that suggest that such fracture zones are more common in arid regions than in other regions. The comparison is unsubstantiated. 
 
 (B)  is Extreme and Out of Scope. The passage only discusses studies related to finding groundwater, not other resources. Further, there's nothing to suggest that no reliable studies have been performed. 
 
 (C)  is not supported. There's no mention in the final study what tools were used or whether they would be any different from tools used in different zones. 
 
 (D)  is a Distortion. It is merely said that dowsers were able to locate a dry zone. That doesn't mean that other scientists couldn't. Perhaps they also did, or perhaps they just weren't asked.

(E)  is supported. According to proponents of dowsing, successful dowsers   "are not well represented in the typical study"  . However, the study in the last paragraph was extensive and used teams of   "the most successful dowsers."   Combined, that suggests the last study is not your typical study involving a poor representative sample.

ANSWER: E

Hope it Helps

Skywalker18 · Answer

All correct in 12 mins, including 4 mins and 30 seconds to read.

Para 1- Dowsing- what it is and how it works?
Para 2- what skeptics say?
Para 3- what proponents say?
Para 4- study corroborates 2 claims; dowsers consistently made significantly more accurate predictions than geologists and hydrologists

1. Which one of the following most accurately describes the primary purpose of the second paragraph?
(C) to present arguments against which the third paragraph presents counterarguments- Correct

2. According to the passage, dowsing's skeptics acknowledge which one of the following?
(A) A few dowsers have shown considerable and consistent success.

Further, skeptics say, numerous studies show that while a few dowsers have demonstrated considerable and consistent success, the success rate for dowsers generally is notably inconsistent.

3. The reasoning in which one of the following is most analogous to an argument explicitly attributed to dowsing's skeptics in the passage?
(D) Some people claim to be able to sense where the area's good fishing spots are, but the lakes in the area are so loaded with fish it would be difficult not to pick a good spot.

Finally, skeptics note, dowsing to locate groundwater is largely confined to areas where groundwater is expected to be ubiquitous, making it statistically unlikely that a dowsed well will be completely dry.

4. The author of the passage would be most likely to agree with which one of the following statements about the results of the groundwater-locating study discussed in the final paragraph?
(B) The results leave open the possibility that dowsers can sense minute changes in Earth's electromagnetic field.-- Correct; this makes sense because in the study 'dowsers consistently made significantly more accurate predictions than geologists and hydrologists'

5. The passage provides information most helpful in answering which one of the following questions?
(D) Is dowsing ever utilized to try to locate anything other than water?

The dowsers consistently made significantly more accurate predictions regarding drill sites, and on request even located a dry fracture zone, suggesting that dowsers can detect variations in subsurface conditions.

6. The passage provides the most support for inferring which one of the following statements?
(B) There are no reliable studies indicating that dowsers are consistently able to locate subsurface resources other than groundwater.-- no evidence to support this
(E) The groundwater-locating study described in the final paragraph was not a typical dowsing study.

I eliminated other options but took some time to find the following-

They also note that numerous dowsing studies have been influenced by a lack of care in selecting the study population; dowsers are largely self-proclaimed and self-certified, and verifiably successful dowsers are not well represented in the typical study.

The last two claims were corroborated during a recent and extensive study that utilized teams of the most successful dowsers, geologists, and hydrologists to locate reliable water supplies in various arid countries.

ballest127 · Answer

Hi Experts,

I have a question on Q5.
Why (D) is correct?

I understand that the first sentence of the passage states that 
" Dowsing is the practice of detecting resources or objects beneath the ground  by passing handheld, inert tools such as forked sticks, pendulums, or metal rods over a terrain."
However, it is just a definition of dowsing, so can we be sure that it is ever utilized to try by someone?

Also why B is incorrect?
According to the second sentence of the paragraph 2:
"They assert that dowsers' use of inert tools indicates that the dowsers themselves actually make subconscious determinations concerning the likely location of groundwater  using clues derived from surface conditions ;" , suggesting that we can infer the clue from surface, supposedly affected by rainstorms

Please help. 
Thank you.

Sajjad1994 · Answer

Why B is incorrect?

The passage didn't mentions rainstorms. The only mention of water is that dowsers often search in areas water is likely to be found. But that’s underground water, not rain.

Why D is correct?

Lines 1-2  in the passage say that dowsing is used to locate resources or objects.  Lines 3-4  say that water is merely an example of what dowsing is used to find. So dowsing is used to locate many things.

Answer D

Harsh2111s · Answer

VeritasKarishma   AndrewN 
I am really hoping to get good answer for below query.
Correct answer given option D "Is dowsing ever utilized to try to locate anything other than water?"
We don't know.
Nowhere mentioned that dowsing utilized to locate anything other than water.
Below lines from passage 
"Dowsing is the practice of detecting resources or objects beneath the ground by passing handheld, inert tools such as forked sticks, pendulums, or metal rods over a terrain."
We can't infer if dowsing utilized for anything else.
As per theory there can be objects but do we really have proof as per passage that dowsing used for them also ?
Please help.

Harsh2111s · Answer

Hi  Sajjad1994 ,

Can you change the topic from social science to science.

Next I still have doubt with above reasoning.
The exact sentence says "dowsers typically determine prospective water-well drilling locations by walking with a horizontally held forked tree branch until it becomes vertical, claiming the branch is pulled to this position."

The above sentence is explaining about the procedure.
Dowsers usually determine prospective water-well drilling locations by..... abcde

This doesn't show dowsers used for other object also.

AndrewN · Answer

Hello,  Harsh2111s . There are two ways you can approach the question that should lead to the correct answer. The first is to seek to justify choice (D). You have, in fact, singled out the line that you need to support the answer.

Q: Is dowsing ever utilized to  try  to locate  anything other than water ? (My italics.)

A: Yes, because  dowsing is the practice of detecting resources  or objects  beneath the ground . (Again, my italics.)

One uses a detector in an attempt to find or locate something, and, not to be overlooked,  a practice  in this context indicates an established procedure, one that exists in more than theory only. Water is definitely a resource; I can call an ice cube an object, but not water itself. Thus, it  must be true  that dowsing is used to locate non-water objects, whatever those objects may be. That is all we need here. (We need not press any further for  exact  answers. We just need to answer this particular question.)

If you are curious, the second method to arrive at the answer is to attempt to disprove each answer as part of an assay against the passage. I would rather arrive at a conclusion by disproving other potential answers than to think I had simply spotted the one true answer. Were you thinking that something else among the five answer choices given was supported by the passage?

I hope that helps. Although you had found the pertinent part of the text already, maybe you had not picked it apart the same way. Thank you, in any case, for drawing my attention to the question. The LSAT passages can be tricky.

- Andrew

RohitSaluja · Answer

Hi  AndrewN   VeritasKarishma   Sajjad1994  Although I selected the correct option choice for Q5. I am unable to eliminate option B. The passage states that

"Finally, skeptics note, dowsing to locate groundwater is largely confined to areas where groundwater is expected to be ubiquitous, making it statistically unlikely that a dowsed well will be completely dry".

Option B states "Is the success of dowsers affected by rainstorms that may have saturated the ground in the area being dowsed?" Does option B mean that rainwater is saturating the groundwater? If not then what does the phrase "saturated the ground in the area being dowsed" means?

AndrewN · Answer

Hello,  RohitSaluja . Have you taken a look at  this post  above by   Sajjad1994  ? I think it explains well enough why (B) is not a qualified answer. To answer your question about interpreting the answer choice, (B) conveys that rainwater (via rainstorms) is saturating the ground itself, thereby creating stores of groundwater.

As I wrote myself in an earlier post, this is a tough passage, more nuanced in its use of language than I am accustomed to seeing on the GMAT™. That does not mean I think it is a poor-quality passage, just that it may not be worth getting worked up over.

Thank you for thinking to ask. Good luck with your studies.

- Andrew

akt715 · Answer

In Q6, Why option C is incorrect??? if we refer these lines from first para: Dowsing is the practice of detecting resources or objects beneath the ground by passing handheld, inert tools such as  forked sticks, pendulums, or metal rods  over a terrain. We can infer that dowser use different tools for different resources.

I was confused between C and E and after going through the explanation given above :  According to proponents of dowsing, successful dowsers "are not well represented in the typical study". However, the study in the last paragraph was extensive and used teams of "the most successful dowsers." Combined, that suggests the last study is not your typical study involving a poor representative sample.  I feel in the same way we can make the inference for option C . Overall the logic for choosing option E is not that strong

bM22 · Answer

Hi  akt715 ,

Let us know if you find the below explanations helpful: 
 https://gmatclub.com/forum/dowsing-is-the-practice-of-detecting-resources-or-objects-beneath-the-291247.html#p2246489

Thanks.

Oppenheimer1945 · Answer

For Q5 :
Why can't option E be correct?

What are some of the specific surface clues that can indicate the presence of groundwater?

-The number of paces indicates the distance to the water, and the strength of the pull felt by the dowser correlates with the potential well's flow rate.

KarishmaB  ,  GMATNinja  ,  MartyMurray

daemon_slayer · Answer

I have a doubt in Q4, 
How to eliminate option C? I mean it pretty much is the result of the experiment conducted in P4.

Please help  GMATNinja   MartyTargetTestPrep   Bunuel

GMATNinja · Answer

Question 5 
 
From the final paragraph:
 
In other words, the dowsers made their predictions WITHOUT the use of surface clues.

This tells us that the passage does not consider the stuff about the number of paces and strength of pull to be surface clues. Yes, those things are perceived on the surface, but they are subjective observations made by the dowser, not static features of the surface observable to anyone.

Choice (D) is a much better answer, thanks to the first sentence of the passage: "Dowsing is the practice of detecting resources or objects beneath the ground." From this, we can infer that that dowsing is used to locate other resources/objects besides water.

I hope that helps!

GMATNinja · Answer

Question 4 
 
Yes, the dowsers did a better job than the geologists and hydrologists in this particular experiment, but that's not enough to  prove conclusively  that dowsing is the most dependable technique for finding water in arid countries. For all we know, the next study or experiment could yield conflicting results.

We get another clue from the author in the final sentence:

So even though the dowsers obviously fared very well in this particular study, the author only concedes that these results SUGGEST that dowsers can detect variations in subsurface conditions. The word "suggesting" shows that the author is not 100% convinced and does not believe that this one study proves anything.

That same sentence fits with choice (B): the study results certainly do not DISPROVE the claim "that successful dowsers may be sensitive to minute changes in Earth's electromagnetic field associated with variations in subsurface conditions". Again, the author is not 100% convinced, but the results do give skeptics something to think about -- maybe it is possible that dowsers can sense minute changes in Earth's electromagnetic field.

I hope that helps!

Dowsing is the practice of detecting resources or objects beneath the

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Dowsing is the practice of detecting resources or objects beneath the

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