Last visit was: 18 Nov 2025, 20:07 It is currently 18 Nov 2025, 20:07
Close
GMAT Club Daily Prep
Thank you for using the timer - this advanced tool can estimate your performance and suggest more practice questions. We have subscribed you to Daily Prep Questions via email.

Customized
for You

we will pick new questions that match your level based on your Timer History

Track
Your Progress

every week, we’ll send you an estimated GMAT score based on your performance

Practice
Pays

we will pick new questions that match your level based on your Timer History
Not interested in getting valuable practice questions and articles delivered to your email? No problem, unsubscribe here.
Close
Request Expert Reply
Confirm Cancel
User avatar
PK1
Joined: 11 Aug 2018
Last visit: 14 Jun 2025
Posts: 96
Own Kudos:
143
 [1]
Given Kudos: 47
Products:
Posts: 96
Kudos: 143
 [1]
1
Kudos
Add Kudos
Bookmarks
Bookmark this Post
User avatar
LUBABAYIMER
Joined: 01 Jul 2024
Last visit: 23 Sep 2024
Posts: 54
Own Kudos:
Given Kudos: 3
Posts: 54
Kudos: 16
Kudos
Add Kudos
Bookmarks
Bookmark this Post
User avatar
OmerKor
Joined: 24 Jan 2024
Last visit: 10 Sep 2025
Posts: 129
Own Kudos:
150
 [1]
Given Kudos: 150
Location: Israel
Posts: 129
Kudos: 150
 [1]
1
Kudos
Add Kudos
Bookmarks
Bookmark this Post
User avatar
Suboopc
Joined: 14 Mar 2023
Last visit: 02 Jul 2025
Posts: 82
Own Kudos:
Given Kudos: 5
Posts: 82
Kudos: 138
Kudos
Add Kudos
Bookmarks
Bookmark this Post
 
Quote:
 ­Since new environmental regulations were enacted last year, factories emitting pollutants above a certain level must install advanced filtration systems. Therefore, any factory that has not installed such a system since last year must be emitting pollutants below the required level.

The reasoning above exhibits a flaw similar to one in which of the following?

A. Any animal classified as a reptile must be cold-blooded, so if an animal is not cold-blooded, it cannot be classified as a reptile.

B. All licensed drivers must pass a driving test, and since Jorge has passed a driving test, he must be a licensed driver.

C. A person who is an elected official must reside in the district they represent, so anyone who does not reside in a particular district cannot be an elected official there.

D. Every person entering the country must go through customs; therefore, the increase in the number of customs agents will necessarily lead to a decrease in the number of people entering the country.

E. All professional athletes must undergo regular drug testing; hence, if someone has not undergone drug testing, they must not be a professional athlete.
 
­A. There is no flaw in this statement
B. In this case, Necessary condition is passing the drivering test.Sufficient condition is being a licensed driver. Just because someone passed a driving test, they don't have to be a licensed driver. If sufficient condition is absent then it does not necessarily mean necessary condition is absent.
C. Absence of necessary condition(residing in that district) leads to absence of sufficient condition(elected official). logical.
D. This statement is not drawing any logical conclusion based on given information.
E. This makes logical sense. Necessary condition(drug testing) is not fulfilled then necessary condition(Professional athelete) is not present­
User avatar
smile2
Joined: 17 Jul 2018
Last visit: 17 Nov 2025
Posts: 59
Own Kudos:
Given Kudos: 29
Posts: 59
Kudos: 85
Kudos
Add Kudos
Bookmarks
Bookmark this Post
­Since new environmental regulations were enacted last year, factories emitting pollutants above a certain level must install advanced filtration systems. Therefore, any factory that has not installed such a system since last year must be emitting pollutants below the required level.        
Necessary condition is emitting pollutants above a certain level
If a factory doesn't have advanced filtering system it doesn't mean that the factory is emitting pollutants below the required level. 

We are asked to identify the reasoning above that exhibits a similar flaw. 

A. Any animal classified as a reptile must be cold-blooded, so if an animal is not cold-blooded, it cannot be classified as a reptile.
            S ---> N
      not N ---> not S
            N = Cold-blooded, S = classified as reptile

B. All licensed drivers must pass a driving test, and since Jorge has passed a driving test, he must be a licensed driver.
Sufficient condition is that one is a licensed driver and the necessary condition is passing a driving test.
Just because Jorge has passed a driving test (fulfilling the necessary condition) doesn't guarantee that he is a licensed driver. This is the flaw similar to that of the argument.


C. A person who is an elected official must reside in the district they represent, so anyone who does not reside in a particular district cannot be an elected official there.
            S ---> N
      not N ---> not S
            N = reside in a specific district, S = elected official in that district

D. Every person entering the country must go through customs; therefore, the increase in the number of customs agents will necessarily lead to a decrease in the number of people entering the country.
    There is no similar reasoning to the scenario mentioned in the argument. It is remotely correlated to what argument is saying.

E. All professional athletes must undergo regular drug testing; hence, if someone has not undergone drug testing, they must not be a professional athlete.

            S ---> N
      not N ---> not S
            N = undergo regular drug testing, S = professional athlete
 ­
Therefore, the correct answer choice is B. 
User avatar
arraj
Joined: 05 Sep 2023
Last visit: 11 Aug 2025
Posts: 29
Own Kudos:
33
 [1]
Given Kudos: 34
Posts: 29
Kudos: 33
 [1]
1
Kudos
Add Kudos
Bookmarks
Bookmark this Post
Bunuel
­Since new environmental regulations were enacted last year, factories emitting pollutants above a certain level must install advanced filtration systems. Therefore, any factory that has not installed such a system since last year must be emitting pollutants below the required level.

The reasoning above exhibits a flaw similar to one in which of the following?

A. Any animal classified as a reptile must be cold-blooded, so if an animal is not cold-blooded, it cannot be classified as a reptile.

B. All licensed drivers must pass a driving test, and since Jorge has passed a driving test, he must be a licensed driver.

C. A person who is an elected official must reside in the district they represent, so anyone who does not reside in a particular district cannot be an elected official there.

D. Every person entering the country must go through customs; therefore, the increase in the number of customs agents will necessarily lead to a decrease in the number of people entering the country.

E. All professional athletes must undergo regular drug testing; hence, if someone has not undergone drug testing, they must not be a professional athlete.



­
 


This question was provided by GMAT Club
for the GMAT Club Olympics Competition

Win over $30,000 in prizes such as Courses, Tests, Private Tutoring, and more

 

­
­E) is the only one which is considering the time just like the question. in the question the adv filteration system can be installed before the last year. similarly the athlete could have taken test before 
User avatar
VivekSri
Joined: 01 May 2022
Last visit: 17 Nov 2025
Posts: 468
Own Kudos:
721
 [1]
Given Kudos: 117
Location: India
WE:Engineering (Consulting)
Posts: 468
Kudos: 721
 [1]
1
Kudos
Add Kudos
Bookmarks
Bookmark this Post
 
Bunuel
­Since new environmental regulations were enacted last year, factories emitting pollutants above a certain level must install advanced filtration systems. Therefore, any factory that has not installed such a system since last year must be emitting pollutants below the required level.

The reasoning above exhibits a flaw similar to one in which of the following?

A. Any animal classified as a reptile must be cold-blooded, so if an animal is not cold-blooded, it cannot be classified as a reptile.

B. All licensed drivers must pass a driving test, and since Jorge has passed a driving test, he must be a licensed driver.

C. A person who is an elected official must reside in the district they represent, so anyone who does not reside in a particular district cannot be an elected official there.

D. Every person entering the country must go through customs; therefore, the increase in the number of customs agents will necessarily lead to a decrease in the number of people entering the country.

E. All professional athletes must undergo regular drug testing; hence, if someone has not undergone drug testing, they must not be a professional athlete.



­
 


This question was provided by GMAT Club
for the GMAT Club Olympics Competition

Win over $30,000 in prizes such as Courses, Tests, Private Tutoring, and more

 

­
­
OA = E

new environmental regulations -> Factories emitting pollutants above a certain level must install advanced filtration systems.

Therefore, any factory that has not installed such a system since last year must be emitting pollutants below the required level. Now negation of it cant be true at all time. 

Now last year when the regulation started at that time let us suppose factory A has nit that much pollutant, and now it has that much pollutant, so we can say that.

Similar is option E.

All professional athletes must undergo regular drug testing; hence, if someone has not undergone drug testing, they must not be a professional athlete.

Now what if athlete has joined just now and has not done the testing because of this we cant rule out that he/she is not a professional athlete
 
User avatar
1111fate
Joined: 19 Oct 2021
Last visit: 16 Nov 2025
Posts: 81
Own Kudos:
Given Kudos: 688
Location: India
Posts: 81
Kudos: 63
Kudos
Add Kudos
Bookmarks
Bookmark this Post
Answer is C
IT uses the correct analogy. As those who haven't installed filtration systems are deemed to be having low emissions similarly a person who doesn't live in the district cannot be an elected official there
avatar
d_patel
Joined: 16 May 2024
Last visit: 24 Nov 2024
Posts: 57
Own Kudos:
70
 [1]
Given Kudos: 13
GMAT Focus 1: 685 Q89 V84 DI79
GMAT Focus 1: 685 Q89 V84 DI79
Posts: 57
Kudos: 70
 [1]
1
Kudos
Add Kudos
Bookmarks
Bookmark this Post
Question stem can be explained as:
1. Factory emits pollutants above a certain level => must install an advanced filtration system. 
2.­ If a factory has not installed an advanced filtration system => must be emitting pollutants below the required level.

Author of the passage is assuming that if a condition is necessary for a certain outcome in statement-1, then the absence of that condition means the outcome did not occur in statement-2. 

Let's look at the options to find one with similar flaw:
A. Any animal classified as a reptile must be cold-blooded, so if an animal is not cold-blooded, it cannot be classified as a reptile. This is valid reasoning. Incorrect.
B. All licensed drivers must pass a driving test, and since Jorge has passed a driving test, he must be a licensed driver. Not a valid reasoning. Passing test alone does not mean that Jorge is licensed driver. But not similar to logical flaw of question stem. Incorrect.
C. A person who is an elected official must reside in the district they represent, so anyone who does not reside in a particular district cannot be an elected official there. Valid reasoning. Incorrect.
D. Every person entering the country must go through customs; therefore, the increase in the number of customs agents will necessarily lead to a decrease in the number of people entering the country. Can't say if reasoning is right or not but not similar to question flaw. Incorrect.
E. All professional athletes must undergo regular drug testing; hence, if someone has not undergone drug testing, they must not be a professional athlete. This is same logical flaw as question. Condition is that athletes must undergo drug testing. But that does not mean that if condition is false which in this case is not undergone drug testing that person cannot be athlete. So, Correct.

 ­
User avatar
wwcd
Joined: 21 Apr 2024
Last visit: 12 May 2025
Posts: 46
Own Kudos:
52
 [1]
Given Kudos: 83
Posts: 46
Kudos: 52
 [1]
1
Kudos
Add Kudos
Bookmarks
Bookmark this Post
 
Bunuel
­Since new environmental regulations were enacted last year, factories emitting pollutants above a certain level must install advanced filtration systems. Therefore, any factory that has not installed such a system since last year must be emitting pollutants below the required level.

The reasoning above exhibits a flaw similar to one in which of the following?

A. Any animal classified as a reptile must be cold-blooded, so if an animal is not cold-blooded, it cannot be classified as a reptile.

B. All licensed drivers must pass a driving test, and since Jorge has passed a driving test, he must be a licensed driver.

C. A person who is an elected official must reside in the district they represent, so anyone who does not reside in a particular district cannot be an elected official there.

D. Every person entering the country must go through customs; therefore, the increase in the number of customs agents will necessarily lead to a decrease in the number of people entering the country.

E. All professional athletes must undergo regular drug testing; hence, if someone has not undergone drug testing, they must not be a professional athlete.
A = factories emitting pollutants over a certain level.
B = installation of advanced filteration units.

The passage follows the following :
A => B.
Not B => not A.

The only option that also follows the above pattern is E

Option E­
User avatar
Rahul_Sharma23
Joined: 05 Aug 2023
Last visit: 12 Nov 2025
Posts: 114
Own Kudos:
82
 [1]
Given Kudos: 17
Location: India
GMAT Focus 1: 695 Q87 V83 DI83
GPA: 2.5
Products:
GMAT Focus 1: 695 Q87 V83 DI83
Posts: 114
Kudos: 82
 [1]
1
Kudos
Add Kudos
Bookmarks
Bookmark this Post
According to the reasoning provided, any factory who doesn't installed advanced filtration system must have pollutants emission level below the required limit. However, it may be the case that factory is not abiding by the rules , which is the flaw in the statement. We have to look for the similar flaw in the options.

Options A,B,C doesn't exhibit that flaw and D's reasoning is not in line with it's statement. In option E it may be the case that a person is a professional athlete but he is not abiding by the rules, hence option E is correct
User avatar
AviNFC
Joined: 31 May 2023
Last visit: 13 Nov 2025
Posts: 216
Own Kudos:
288
 [1]
Given Kudos: 5
Posts: 216
Kudos: 288
 [1]
1
Kudos
Add Kudos
Bookmarks
Bookmark this Post
Flaw is the assumption that all the industries are following the implemented rules.
A. Any animal classified as a reptile must be cold-blooded, so if an animal is not cold-blooded, it cannot be classified as a reptile. #Classification flaw case

B. All licensed drivers must pass a driving test, and since Jorge has passed a driving test, he must be a licensed driver. #This is necessary-sufficient case

C. A person who is an elected official must reside in the district they represent, so anyone who does not reside in a particular district cannot be an elected official there.#no flaw in logic

D. Every person entering the country must go through customs; therefore, the increase in the number of customs agents will necessarily lead to a decrease in the number of people entering the country. #Increase-Decrease not in consideration

E. All professional athletes must undergo regular drug testing; hence, if someone has not undergone drug testing, they must not be a professional athlete. #Correct. The profesional atheletes are not following the rules.

Ans E
­
User avatar
prantorboni
Joined: 28 Nov 2020
Last visit: 03 Nov 2025
Posts: 147
Own Kudos:
150
 [1]
Given Kudos: 221
Products:
Posts: 147
Kudos: 150
 [1]
1
Kudos
Add Kudos
Bookmarks
Bookmark this Post
­Since new environmental regulations were enacted last year, factories emitting pollutants above a certain level must install advanced filtration systems. Therefore, any factory that has not installed such a system since last year must be emitting pollutants below the required level.

From the reasoning above exhibits a flaw, which is, the author is assuming every factory abiding by new environmental regulations ignoring the possibility that there may be one or some factory that may not obeing the new environmental regulations.

Now, consider option, E, All professional athletes must undergo regular drug testing; hence, if someone has not undergone drug testing, they must not be a professional athlete.

This reasoning also demanded that be a professional athlete, all must undergo regular drug testing ignoring the possibility that there may be one or some who is a professional athlete but does not undergo regular drug testing which is similar to previous one.

So, answer E.
 
User avatar
Gemmie
Joined: 19 Dec 2021
Last visit: 18 Nov 2025
Posts: 491
Own Kudos:
426
 [1]
Given Kudos: 76
Location: Viet Nam
Concentration: Technology, Economics
GMAT Focus 1: 695 Q87 V84 DI83
GPA: 3.55
GMAT Focus 1: 695 Q87 V84 DI83
Posts: 491
Kudos: 426
 [1]
1
Kudos
Add Kudos
Bookmarks
Bookmark this Post
­The reasoning in the passage is based on the idea that if a factory hasn't installed a filtration system, it must be emitting pollutants below the required level. This reasoning assumes that the only reason a factory wouldn't install the system is because its emissions are below the threshold, ignoring other possible reasons for non-compliance.Option E has similar flawed reasoning: "All professional athletes must undergo regular drug testing; hence, if someone has not undergone drug testing, they must not be a professional athlete."

This assumes the only reason someone wouldn’t undergo drug testing is because they aren't a professional athlete, ignoring other reasons someone might not be tested. 

Both arguments make an assumption based on the absence of a required action, ignoring other possible reasons for non-compliance.
User avatar
asad9242
Joined: 07 Jul 2024
Last visit: 18 Nov 2025
Posts: 23
Own Kudos:
22
 [1]
Given Kudos: 2
Concentration: Technology, Social Entrepreneurship
GPA: 3.7
Products:
Posts: 23
Kudos: 22
 [1]
1
Kudos
Add Kudos
Bookmarks
Bookmark this Post
­Since new environmental regulations were enacted last year, factories emitting pollutants above a certain level must install advanced filtration systems. Therefore, any factory that has not installed such a system since last year must be emitting pollutants below the required level.

The reasoning above exhibits a flaw similar to one in which of the following?

A. Any animal classified as a reptile must be cold-blooded, so if an animal is not cold-blooded, it cannot be classified as a reptile.

B. All licensed drivers must pass a driving test, and since Jorge has passed a driving test, he must be a licensed driver.

C. A person who is an elected official must reside in the district they represent, so anyone who does not reside in a particular district cannot be an elected official there.

D. Every person entering the country must go through customs; therefore, the increase in the number of customs agents will necessarily lead to a decrease in the number of people entering the country.

E. All professional athletes must undergo regular drug testing; hence, if someone has not undergone drug testing, they must not be a professional athlete.


Correct Answer is E
The question says that any factory which has not installed filtration system does not emit pollutants. However, in actual, they have either not gotten caught or they are still not complying with the requirement.
For A, reasoning is correct.
In B, reasoning is flawed but it is a little different from what has been flawed in the actual statement. Jorge can not be a licensed driver even after passing the test because he might have not completed other requirements.
in C, The reasoning can be taken as correct. But other aspect can be that the person can be elected , but after getting elected, he must reside in that particular district. Flawed but different.
In D, it is showing cause and effect relation which is not the flaw in the actual statement.
For E, If someone has not undergone the drug test, it does not mean he is not a professional athelete. It may suggest that he is evading the drug test.
User avatar
said.tojiboev
User avatar
PhD Forum Moderator
Joined: 04 Oct 2018
Last visit: 20 Oct 2025
Posts: 65
Own Kudos:
60
 [1]
Given Kudos: 10
Location: Uzbekistan
Concentration: Strategy, General Management
Schools: Stanford '27
GPA: 4.49
WE:Project Management (Education)
Schools: Stanford '27
Posts: 65
Kudos: 60
 [1]
1
Kudos
Add Kudos
Bookmarks
Bookmark this Post
Bunuel
­Since new environmental regulations were enacted last year, factories emitting pollutants above a certain level must install advanced filtration systems. Therefore, any factory that has not installed such a system since last year must be emitting pollutants below the required level.

The reasoning above exhibits a flaw similar to one in which of the following?

A. Any animal classified as a reptile must be cold-blooded, so if an animal is not cold-blooded, it cannot be classified as a reptile.

B. All licensed drivers must pass a driving test, and since Jorge has passed a driving test, he must be a licensed driver.

C. A person who is an elected official must reside in the district they represent, so anyone who does not reside in a particular district cannot be an elected official there.

D. Every person entering the country must go through customs; therefore, the increase in the number of customs agents will necessarily lead to a decrease in the number of people entering the country.

E. All professional athletes must undergo regular drug testing; hence, if someone has not undergone drug testing, they must not be a professional athlete.



­
 


This question was provided by GMAT Club
for the GMAT Club Olympics Competition

Win over $30,000 in prizes such as Courses, Tests, Private Tutoring, and more

 

­
Explanation:
Quote:
­If a factory emits pollutants above a certain level, it must install advanced filtration systems.
It means that having high emissions is a sufficient condition for needing filtration systems.
  • A→B
  • A: High emissions.
  • B: Need for filtration systems.
 
Quote:
Therefore, if a factory has not installed such a system since last year, it must be emitting pollutants below the required level.
This is trying to say that not having installed the filtration system means the factory does not emit high pollutants.
  • ¬B → ¬A
  • ¬B: No filtration systems installed.
  • ¬A: Low emissions.

Flaw: Just because a factory with high emissions needs filtration systems (premise), it does not logically follow that a factory without filtration systems must have low emissions (conclusion).

Option E: All professional athletes must undergo regular drug testing; hence, if someone has not undergone drug testing, they must not be a professional athlete.


All professional athletes must undergo regular drug testing.
  • P→Q
  • P: Professional athlete.
  • Q: Undergo drug testing.

 If someone has not undergone drug testing, they must not be a professional athlete.
  • ¬Q → ¬P
  • ¬Q: Not undergone drug testing.
  • ¬P: Not a professional athlete.

This mirrors the flaw in the original argument by reversing the necessity condition.
 ­
User avatar
temulenbatbayr90
Joined: 06 Sep 2022
Last visit: 18 Nov 2025
Posts: 45
Own Kudos:
53
 [1]
Given Kudos: 2
Posts: 45
Kudos: 53
 [1]
1
Kudos
Add Kudos
Bookmarks
Bookmark this Post
Our flaw is. if emit above, then install. but if not install, then emit below. which just makes the result as the condition. so we need to find the similar one to this.
A. our argument is flawed. but this one is not flawed. it is just contrapositive statement.
B. If driver, then Passed. so If Passed, then Driver. this kind of logical flaw here
C. there is no flaw here. correct logic.
D. This one doesn't follow the reasoning in the argument. Instead it just gives relationship between increase in the customs officer and the decrease in the number of people living in the country.
E. CORRECT. This one has the same flaw as the original argument, which states any factory not installing the filtration system has the below pollution level, because athletes not going through drug test doesn't mean they are athletes.
User avatar
0ExtraTerrestrial
Joined: 04 Jul 2023
Last visit: 16 Sep 2025
Posts: 63
Own Kudos:
68
 [1]
Given Kudos: 5
Posts: 63
Kudos: 68
 [1]
1
Kudos
Add Kudos
Bookmarks
Bookmark this Post
Bunuel
­Since new environmental regulations were enacted last year, factories emitting pollutants above a certain level must install advanced filtration systems. Therefore, any factory that has not installed such a system since last year must be emitting pollutants below the required level.

The reasoning above exhibits a flaw similar to one in which of the following?

A. Any animal classified as a reptile must be cold-blooded, so if an animal is not cold-blooded, it cannot be classified as a reptile.

B. All licensed drivers must pass a driving test, and since Jorge has passed a driving test, he must be a licensed driver.

C. A person who is an elected official must reside in the district they represent, so anyone who does not reside in a particular district cannot be an elected official there.

D. Every person entering the country must go through customs; therefore, the increase in the number of customs agents will necessarily lead to a decrease in the number of people entering the country.

E. All professional athletes must undergo regular drug testing; hence, if someone has not undergone drug testing, they must not be a professional athlete.



­
 


This question was provided by GMAT Club
for the GMAT Club Olympics Competition

Win over $30,000 in prizes such as Courses, Tests, Private Tutoring, and more

 

­

The main flaw in the argument is that, although regulations have been imposed, it's not necessary that those regulation are abided by.
Let's eliminate each option one by one.

A. Overlooks the possiblity of a not- yet classified animal that is warm blooded but has genetic similarities and ancestry to reptiles. This is different from the main passage where the lines are not so blurry.
B. This is not even close to the original flaw.
C. Although I have not marked this, this seems to be the correct answer, the structure as well as the flaw are the same.
D. Not even going to bother thinking about what's wrong here, it's the most easily eliminable option out of the five.
E. E and C are close, but E is wrong because there's no temporality like C and the original flaw that implies change, i.e whether an athlete might get drug testing in the future as testing is said to be regular. I marked E to be correct earlier, eliminating C.

Posted from my mobile device
User avatar
Chimz
Joined: 19 May 2024
Last visit: 03 Jul 2025
Posts: 91
Own Kudos:
Given Kudos: 5
Location: India
Concentration: General Management, Sustainability
Posts: 91
Kudos: 52
Kudos
Add Kudos
Bookmarks
Bookmark this Post
Option A as it mirrors the premise mentioned in passage that only those who default certain level will be require to install filter
User avatar
Catman
Joined: 03 Aug 2017
Last visit: 12 Feb 2025
Posts: 320
Own Kudos:
Given Kudos: 219
Products:
Posts: 320
Kudos: 328
Kudos
Add Kudos
Bookmarks
Bookmark this Post
X must do Y. If Y is not done, they are not X. Here X is a subset of all factories. X cannot be any company, All company, every company.

A. Any animal classified as a reptile must be cold-blooded, so if an animal is not cold-blooded, it cannot be classified as a reptile.
 Argument is not about any factory, X is one of the subset of all factories.

B. All licensed drivers must pass a driving test, and since Jorge has passed a driving test, he must be a licensed driver. 
Argument is not about all factories, X is one of the subset of all factories.​​​​​​​

C. A person who is an elected official must reside in the district they represent, so anyone who does not reside in a particular district cannot be an elected official there.
Correct Analogy X must Y. If Y, they are not X. Also X is a person, who is a subset of all the person.

D. Every person entering the country must go through customs; therefore, the increase in the number of customs agents will necessarily lead to a decrease in the number of people entering the country.
Argument is not about every factory, X is one of the subset of all factories.

E. All professional athletes must undergo regular drug testing; hence, if someone has not undergone drug testing, they must not be a professional athlete.­ 
Argument is not about all factories, X is one of the subset of all factories.

IMO C.­
   1   2   3   4   5   
Moderators:
GMAT Club Verbal Expert
7445 posts
GMAT Club Verbal Expert
234 posts
188 posts