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555-605 Level|   Humanities|   Long Passage|            
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mSKR
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Historians sometimes forget that history is continually being made and 15 Oct 2020, 07:33
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Hi AndrewN sir,

Could you please help me to comprehend the exact meaning of these below 3 statements?

____________________________
1.
Quote:

The Supreme Court had issued its ruling in this epochal desegregation case a few months before Woodward’s lectures.
Show more

What is the significance of this line in the whole passage. It seems like a isolated fact .

Similarly,
Quote:
Martin Luther King, Jr., testified to the profound effect of The Strange Career of Jim Crow on the civil rights movement by praising the book and quoting it frequently.
Show more

Should these sentences taken as extra information and use as emphasis for the meaning implied in the previous sentences? We should not bother much about these information unless specific question is asked related with these statements, right?

2.
Quote:
ironic modesty :
Show more
Modesty is humble opinion of self. By adding ironic as adjective. I am not able to comprehend the meaning
Does this mean as below:
Usually a person who writes the book do not accept faults. He is being modest by accepting the faults in the 1st version. This is irony in it?

3.
Quote:
Woodward had an unerring sense of the revolutionary moment (1), and of how historical evidence could undermine the mythological tradition that was crushing the dreams of new social possibilities (2).
Show more
(1)This line means he knows something /some idea about revolutionary moment? What does the moment mean here? The moment that with new evidence it can change the history >
(2) Historical evidence ( say something was found in 1786 ) could undermine the mythological tradition ( say some tradition is happening since 1300s) that was crushing the dreams of new social possibilities. ( Does this mean that some new meanings that could be driven based on new evidence? )
i also don't understand the meaning of using dreams here? Whose dreams? possibility is like a dream. I could not comprehend further this statement.
__________________

If we have such hard comprehension then we just take the contextual meaning as an overall idea and understand the purpose of such statements. This strategy would be in the right direction?

Please give your opinion.

Thanks!
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Historians sometimes forget that history is continually being made and 15 Oct 2020, 13:08
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Hi AndrewN sir,

Could you please help me to comprehend the exact meaning of these below 3 statements?

____________________________
1.
Quote:

The Supreme Court had issued its ruling in this epochal desegregation case a few months before Woodward’s lectures.

What is the significance of this line in the whole passage. It seems like a isolated fact .

Similarly,
Quote:
Martin Luther King, Jr., testified to the profound effect of The Strange Career of Jim Crow on the civil rights movement by praising the book and quoting it frequently.

Should these sentences taken as extra information and use as emphasis for the meaning implied in the previous sentences? We should not bother much about these information unless specific question is asked related with these statements, right?

2.
Quote:
ironic modesty :
Modesty is humble opinion of self. By adding ironic as adjective. I am not able to comprehend the meaning
Does this mean as below:
Usually a person who writes the book do not accept faults. He is being modest by accepting the faults in the 1st version. This is irony in it?

3.
Quote:
Woodward had an unerring sense of the revolutionary moment (1), and of how historical evidence could undermine the mythological tradition that was crushing the dreams of new social possibilities (2).
(1)This line means he knows something /some idea about revolutionary moment? What does the moment mean here? The moment that with new evidence it can change the history >
(2) Historical evidence ( say something was found in 1786 ) could undermine the mythological tradition ( say some tradition is happening since 1300s) that was crushing the dreams of new social possibilities. ( Does this mean that some new meanings that could be driven based on new evidence? )
i also don't understand the meaning of using dreams here? Whose dreams? possibility is like a dream. I could not comprehend further this statement.
__________________

If we have such hard comprehension then we just take the contextual meaning as an overall idea and understand the purpose of such statements. This strategy would be in the right direction?

Please give your opinion.

Thanks!
Show more
Hello, imSKR. It is the last few lines of your post that I want to comment on. Rather than toiling over individual lines, you want to see if you can form a larger (composite) idea of what the passage is about and how the paragraphs relate to one another. I have written at length about my recommended approach to RC in this post. So my answer to your final question is yes, I think that reading a line within a larger context is far more important than grasping what that line says on a word-for-word basis. (I imagine most graduate-level students would have to mull over the meaning of words such as epochal and unerring.)

- Andrew
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Historians sometimes forget that history is continually being made and 07 Apr 2021, 02:24
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Many thanks for all of your explanations. GMATNinja, your explanations have been particularly helpful, so thank you. I have a question with regards to the approach to take when tackling a passage like this. I am familiar with the approach of reading to understand the structure of the passage and the purpose, but to do this, we also need to understand what the passage says. In this case, I found the content of the passage so abstract that I struggled to understand what main idea that the author was making in the first paragraph was. Consequently, I struggled to answer the questions because I wasn't able to comprehend the passage. Could someone please advise on how I could go about better understanding similar passages to this? I am practicing similar passages on a regular basis, so I would appreciate any tips that I can incorporate into my daily practice.
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Historians sometimes forget that history is continually being made and 29 Apr 2021, 20:14
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silverprince
Many thanks for all of your explanations. GMATNinja, your explanations have been particularly helpful, so thank you. I have a question with regards to the approach to take when tackling a passage like this. I am familiar with the approach of reading to understand the structure of the passage and the purpose, but to do this, we also need to understand what the passage says. In this case, I found the content of the passage so abstract that I struggled to understand what main idea that the author was making in the first paragraph was. Consequently, I struggled to answer the questions because I wasn't able to comprehend the passage. Could someone please advise on how I could go about better understanding similar passages to this? I am practicing similar passages on a regular basis, so I would appreciate any tips that I can incorporate into my daily practice.
Show more
I'm glad that our explanations have been helpful!

In regards to going through difficult, abstract passages: yup, the GMAT can throw some tough RC at you. When you come across a passage like this, it's best to stick to your usual process -- which means that you focus on primarily structure and purpose as you read each paragraph. Essentially, you can ask yourself why the author wrote each piece of the passage.

Then, use that "why" to draw out just a bit of the "what." The key is to only focus on the really important stuff, and let the rest of the details go until you re-read them while answering particular questions.

For this passage, it could look something like this:

Paragraph 1
    WHY did the author write P1? To introduce a difficulty.
    WHAT is that difficulty? History is continually reinterpreted, and it's hard to know when "new pasts" (interpretations) will overturn old ones.

Paragraph 2
    WHY did the author write P2? To provide an example of the difficulty intro'd in P1.
    WHAT is the example? A professor revised the usual interpretation of Jim Crow.

Paragraph 3
    WHY did the author write P3? To discuss some issues and outcomes of the example discussed in P2.
    WHAT were those issues and outcomes? The professor admitted some problems with his interpretation. However, the outcome of the professor's work was positive, even if the work was flawed.

From this, we can see that the author's purpose (drawn from the "why") was to discuss the impact of "new pasts" that are created as history is reinterpreted. When trying to make sense of the "what" of each paragraph, use the "why" to determine which ideas are important, and which are small details that you can come back to as you go through the individual questions.

One final thought: some passages are just really, really tough. Always give yourself a shot at understanding a passage, but if a particular question deals with an abstract detail that is really twisting your brain into knots, remember that you can always choose to guess and move on to the next question.

I hope that helps!
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Historians sometimes forget that history is continually being made and 01 May 2021, 02:22
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Hi GMATNinja AjiteshArun Sajjad1994, bm2201

Could you please explain the meaning of ironic modesty given in the context?

Ten years later, in a preface to the second revised edition, Woodward confessed with ironic modesty that the first edition “had begun to suffer under some of the handicaps that might be expected in a history of the American Revolution published in 1776.”

Modesty: not feeling of proud
ironic: doesn't mean what is mentioned literally

In the context: Woodward confessed but he actually was literally wrong? he believes he was wrong but he actually he didn't know?
e.g.: I accept with ironic modesty that I was right.
I accept I was right but actually I know i was not right?
is it?


Please suggest.
the meaning is very confusing when read together :(

Thanks!
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Historians sometimes forget that history is continually being made and 12 May 2021, 20:17
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Hi GMATNinja AjiteshArun Sajjad1994, bm2201

Could you please explain the meaning of ironic modesty given in the context?

Ten years later, in a preface to the second revised edition, Woodward confessed with ironic modesty that the first edition “had begun to suffer under some of the handicaps that might be expected in a history of the American Revolution published in 1776.”

Modesty: not feeling of proud
ironic: doesn't mean what is mentioned literally

In the context: Woodward confessed but he actually was literally wrong? he believes he was wrong but he actually he didn't know?
e.g.: I accept with ironic modesty that I was right.
I accept I was right but actually I know i was not right?
is it?


Please suggest.
the meaning is very confusing when read together :(

Thanks!
Show more
An alternate definition of "ironic" is "happening in the opposite way to what is expected, and typically causing wry amusement because of this."

In 1954, Woodward delivered some lectures that overturned the prevailing interpretation of Jim Crow laws. Ten years later, he admitted that there were some unexpected issues with his lectures, and he got some amusement from this unexpected turn.

So, in bringing up the example of a history of the American Revolution written just as the revolution began, Woodward is poking fun at the timing of his own work. He is being modest, and also drawing some ironic humor from the situation.

I hope that helps!
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Historians sometimes forget that history is continually being made and 01 Oct 2021, 05:12
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GMATNinja

Q5 Choices A and B, Explained


arvind910619
5. The attitude of the author of the passage toward the work of C. Vann Woodward is best described as one of

(A) respectful regard
(B) qualified approbation
(C) implied skepticism
(D) pointed criticism
(E) fervent advocacy

I am confused between A and B in question 5.
I understood the reasoning behind eliminating C,D and E but not for eliminating B .

Can you please delineate these to options and how to eliminate B
Approbation is another way of saying "praise." Qualified has multiple meanings. When used to describe a statement that someone is making, it means “limited” — not “meeting the necessary qualifications.” For instance:
  • “Bob qualified his praise of the film with a critique of a major plot hole.”
  • “Maria wasn’t happy with the candidate’s debate performance, so she offered a qualified endorsement that didn’t attract any new voters. On the other hand, Reema’s unqualified praise for the candidate motivated her entire neighborhood to show up and vote.”

The author is praising Vann Woodward’s work, but this praise doesn’t come with significant limitations or doubts. It’s consistently positive, as Vann Woodward’s lectures provide a great example for the author’s point, and the author clearly has a high opinion of the impact these lectures made on the events of their time. That’s why we eliminate (B).

Now let's check on choice (A). "Regard" is another way of saying "attention" or "consideration," and the regard that this author pays to Vann Woodward is surely respectful. This is more in line with the author’s attitude than “qualified approbation,” so we’re sticking with (A).


Thanks for the questions, everybody! I hope that the answers make some sense.
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I don't understand why is A the answer. The author says in the second paragraph that Woodward spoke with "Ironic Modesty" about the historical mistakes. Isn't the author criticizing Woodward here and, therefore, limiting his praise?

Kindly help me out.
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Historians sometimes forget that history is continually being made and 18 Oct 2021, 10:51
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Q5 Choices A and B, Explained


arvind910619
5. The attitude of the author of the passage toward the work of C. Vann Woodward is best described as one of

(A) respectful regard
(B) qualified approbation
(C) implied skepticism
(D) pointed criticism
(E) fervent advocacy

I am confused between A and B in question 5.
I understood the reasoning behind eliminating C,D and E but not for eliminating B .

Can you please delineate these to options and how to eliminate B
Approbation is another way of saying "praise." Qualified has multiple meanings. When used to describe a statement that someone is making, it means “limited” — not “meeting the necessary qualifications.” For instance:
  • “Bob qualified his praise of the film with a critique of a major plot hole.”
  • “Maria wasn’t happy with the candidate’s debate performance, so she offered a qualified endorsement that didn’t attract any new voters. On the other hand, Reema’s unqualified praise for the candidate motivated her entire neighborhood to show up and vote.”

The author is praising Vann Woodward’s work, but this praise doesn’t come with significant limitations or doubts. It’s consistently positive, as Vann Woodward’s lectures provide a great example for the author’s point, and the author clearly has a high opinion of the impact these lectures made on the events of their time. That’s why we eliminate (B).

Now let's check on choice (A). "Regard" is another way of saying "attention" or "consideration," and the regard that this author pays to Vann Woodward is surely respectful. This is more in line with the author’s attitude than “qualified approbation,” so we’re sticking with (A).


Thanks for the questions, everybody! I hope that the answers make some sense.

I don't understand why is A the answer. The author says in the second paragraph that Woodward spoke with "Ironic Modesty" about the historical mistakes. Isn't the author criticizing Woodward here and, therefore, limiting his praise?

Kindly help me out.
Show more
For an explanation of what "ironic" means in this context, check out this post. Here are a few more thoughts on the issue:

In this last paragraph, the author's purpose is to argue that Woodward's book "undermined the mythological tradition that was crushing the dreams of new social possibilities." In other words, Woodward's writings had a HUGE IMPACT.

The author's purpose in quoting Woodward's "confession" is to launch a discussion of the similarities between Thomas Paine and Woodward, and to further the argument that Woodward's writings had a huge impact: "...like Paine, Woodward had an unerring sense of the revolutionary moment..."

When Woodward confesses that his book has the same "handicaps that might be expected" from a book like Thomas Paine's Common Sense, he is implicitly comparing his writings to another book that had a HUGE IMPACT. So, although he is being modest by admitting his book has some "handicaps," there is something ironic about this modesty, because he is implicitly comparing his writings to a great book (i.e. a book like Common Sense).

Overall, keep in mind that the purpose of the last paragraph is to argue that Woodward's book had a HUGE IMPACT. The fact that he made a comment with some "ironic modesty" is an interesting side point, but it doesn't change the overall thrust of the paragraph.

I hope that helps!
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Historians sometimes forget that history is continually being made and 02 Oct 2022, 02:57
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KarishmaB GMATNinja

1. The “new pasts” mentioned in line 6 can best be described as the
(B) history of the activities of studying, interpreting, and reading new historical writing

Why b is incorrect?
Let's say someone has already read and written about the history, now a new person read the historical events. So the activity of studying the history is different from the past one, now this new history of activity (reading) could be the new past.
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Historians sometimes forget that history is continually being made and 03 Oct 2022, 03:50
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KarishmaB GMATNinja

1. The “new pasts” mentioned in line 6 can best be described as the
(B) history of the activities of studying, interpreting, and reading new historical writing

Why b is incorrect?
Let's say someone has already read and written about the history, now a new person read the historical events. So the activity of studying the history is different from the past one, now this new history of activity (reading) could be the new past.
Show more

1. The “new pasts” mentioned in line 6 can best be described as the

(A) occurrence of events extremely similar to past events
(B) history of the activities of studying, interpreting, and reading new historical writing
(C) change in people’s understanding of the past due to more recent historical writing
(D) overturning of established historical interpretations by politically motivated politicians
(E) difficulty of predicting when a given historical interpretation will be overturned

The point is not how we can interpret the term 'new past.'
The point is - how has the author used it?

Historians sometimes forget that history is continually being made and experienced before it is studied, interpreted, and read.
It means our actions are creating history.

The activities of studying, interpreting and reading have their own history, of course, which may impinge in unexpected ways on public events.
That these activities have their own history. In the past, there was some interpretation of bygone events and today the interpretation of the same events may have evolved.

It is difficult to predict when “new pasts” will overturn established historical interpretations and change the course of history.
We cannot say when "new pasts" (which means "new interpretations of historical events") will overturn established historical interpretations.

Hence, "new pasts" can be described as "change in people’s understanding of the past due to more recent historical writing."

Answer (C)
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Historians sometimes forget that history is continually being made and 13 Oct 2022, 08:04
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Doubt

Q1. Passage says : It is difficult to predict when ???new pasts??? will overturn established historical interpretations and change the course of history.
I interpreted as change of course of happens because of new past, so new past and change are in essence separate idea, so going by literal sense I selected B

Q5. How to eliminate option E
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Historians sometimes forget that history is continually being made and 20 Oct 2022, 19:30
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Question 1


Rickooreo
Doubt

Q1. Passage says : It is difficult to predict when ???new pasts??? will overturn established historical interpretations and change the course of history.
I interpreted as change of course of happens because of new past, so new past and change are in essence separate idea, so going by literal sense I selected B

Q5. How to eliminate option E
Show more
To understand why (B) is wrong, it's best to consider the meaning of the passage as a whole.

In the first paragraph, we learn that "new pasts" can "overturn established historical interpretations and change the course of history." Note that based on this paragraph alone, it's a little tough to know exactly what "new pasts" means.

The second paragraph then gives an "example," which supports the sentence about "new pasts" in paragraph 1. More specifically, it talks about lectures given by Woodward which provide a "revisionist view of Jim Crow legislation" (i.e. a new or revised view). The third paragraph then tells us that the book of these lectures had a "profound effect" on the civil rights movement.

Putting that all together, this example clarifies the meaning of "new pasts." In short, a "revisionist" book with a "mass readership" served to "undermine" a "mythological tradition." So basically, lots of people read this book, and as a result they developed a new understanding of the past (i.e Jim Crow). Ultimately, this had a "profound effect" on the civil rights movement.

Let's now consider question 1, answer choice (B):

Quote:
1. The “new pasts” mentioned in line 6 can best be described as the

(B) history of the activities of studying, interpreting, and reading new historical writing
Show more
In the passage, the example of a "new past" is when a "revisionist" book is read by lots of people, causing them to understand Jim Crow differently, ultimately affecting current events. Is this what (B) says?

Not really. (B) is talking about the history of studying and interpreting historical writing itself. A "new past," by contrast, is a new understanding of the past that influences current events. So we can get rid of (B).


Question 5


Let's take a look at question 5, answer choice (E):

Quote:
5. The attitude of the author of the passage toward the work of C. Vann Woodward is best described as one of

(E) fervent advocacy
Show more
The main point of the passage is that Woodward's book led to a "new past." In other words, it was an impactful book, written by an author with an "unerring sense of the revolutionary moment." So the author admires how Woodward's book was able to affect history. But does that amount to advocacy?

Well, to advocate for something to means to recommend and promote it. While the author argues that Woodward's work was impactful, he or she doesn't "fervently" recommend that we read it, or even spend all much time supporting Woodward's ideas themselves. The main point is simply that Woodward's work had an impact on history. But that's different than "fervently" supporting Woodward's ideas. For that reason, we can eliminate (E).

I hope that helps!
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Historians sometimes forget that history is continually being made and 25 Nov 2022, 16:32
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When Woodward confesses that his book has the same "handicaps that might be expected" from a book like Thomas Paine's Common Sense, he is implicitly comparing his writings to another book that had a HUGE IMPACT. So, although he is being modest by admitting his book has some "handicaps," there is something ironic about this modesty, because he is implicitly comparing his writings to a great book (i.e. a book like Common Sense).

Overall, keep in mind that the purpose of the last paragraph is to argue that Woodward's book had a HUGE IMPACT. The fact that he made a comment with some "ironic modesty" is an interesting side point, but it doesn't change the overall thrust of the paragraph.

I hope that helps!
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GMATNinja I have highlighted a sentence taht confused me in your comment. Who dose he refer to in your context? I dont think Woodward implicitly compared him with the author of "common sense" . Instead, the author of this article did.
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Historians sometimes forget that history is continually being made and 07 Dec 2022, 14:41
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louisinau
GMATNinja


When Woodward confesses that his book has the same "handicaps that might be expected" from a book like Thomas Paine's Common Sense, he is implicitly comparing his writings to another book that had a HUGE IMPACT. So, although he is being modest by admitting his book has some "handicaps," there is something ironic about this modesty, because he is implicitly comparing his writings to a great book (i.e. a book like Common Sense).

Overall, keep in mind that the purpose of the last paragraph is to argue that Woodward's book had a HUGE IMPACT. The fact that he made a comment with some "ironic modesty" is an interesting side point, but it doesn't change the overall thrust of the paragraph.

I hope that helps!

GMATNinja I have highlighted a sentence taht confused me in your comment. Who dose he refer to in your context? I dont think Woodward implicitly compared him with the author of "common sense" . Instead, the author of this article did.
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You're right that Woodward doesn't comment directly on Thomas Paine. However, we know that he speaks with "ironic modesty" -- in other words, he's poking fun at himself in a way that isn't 100% modest when he compares his work to "a history of the American Revolution published in 1776." The author then mentions that Common Sense is an example of such a history.

What is less-than-modest about Woodward's comparison? Well, while a history of the US revolution published in 1776 might have some flaws, it also captures the sense of a revolutionary moment. So, while the accuracy of such a piece might have benefited from a bit more time before publication, there are other really important and good things about publishing right in that revolutionary moment. Woodward clearly doesn't think that he's comparing his work to something that is out-and-out bad. Instead, he's comparing his work to something that is flawed but still serves an important purpose.

The author then continues the comparison with Common Sensee specifically, drawing from Woodward's more general comment.

I hope that helps!
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Historians sometimes forget that history is continually being made and 16 Dec 2022, 10:29
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Q2, Explained


raveesh1203
Need help with Q2 .
According to C. Vann ..Jim crow laws codified traditional practice + effort to erase progress made by black people..

He challenged prevailing dogma when he said this.

So should'nt the prevailing dogma be that jim crows law were passed for uniformity and maintain order ... i.e. option B
Quote:
2. It can be inferred from the passage that the “prevailing dogma” (line 10) held that
To answer this question, let’s take a closer look at the text:

    "In the fall of 1954, for example, C. Vann Woodward delivered a lecture series at the University of Virginia which challenged the prevailing dogma concerning the history, continuity, and uniformity of racial segregation in the South.”

"Concerning" means "about." If I mention that I have a belief concerning cat videos, I haven't told you what the content of my belief is. Maybe I love cat videos, or maybe I hate them. Perhaps I have an interesting theory about cat videos and why they’re so popular. Likewise, when the author mentions “the prevailing dogma concerning the history, continuity, and uniformity of racial segregation in the South," we have learned nothing about what the prevailing dogma was. We only know that there was some dominant belief about the history, continuity, and uniformity of racial segregation in the South. Let's keep reading.

    "He argued that the Jim Crow laws of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries not only codified traditional practice but also were a determined effort to erase the considerable progress made by Black people during and after Reconstruction in the 1870’s.

Aha! Vann Woodward argued that Jim Crow not only codified traditional practice, but also meant to erase the progress that black people had made. His argument says that Jim Crow wasn't just turning traditions into law (this was the existing belief about the history, continuity, and uniformity of racial segregation). According to Van Woodward, Jim Crow was also undoing progress that black people had had made during Reconstruction (this was the revisionist view that made a big impact on how people interpreted the continuity of Jim Crow as a traditional practice).

To help understand the logical structure here, consider the following example:
  • Say that the prevailing dogma about butter is that it is bad for your heart. To keep things simple, let's say that this is the only bad thing about butter according to the prevailing view.
  • You then conduct a bunch of research related to butter and conclude that butter also kills brain cells (let's hope not!).
  • You then might say, "Butter is NOT ONLY bad for your heart BUT ALSO bad for your brain!"
  • The "not only" part was the accepted dogma, while the "but also" was something new. This new discovery challenges the existing view, which is that butter is only bad for your heart.
  • Note that you are NOT saying that butter is good for your heart, but you are still challenging the prevailing dogma.

Similarly:
  • The prevailing dogma saw Jim Crow as a continuation of traditional, discriminatory practices.
  • Vann Woodward argued that Jim Crow was also a reversal of Reconstruction.

Let's make sure we review every answer choice and confirm whether it matches this understanding.

Quote:
(A) Jim Crow laws were passed to give legal status to well-established discriminatory practices in the South
This matches what we’ve read. At the time, people believed that Jim Crow laws had codified (i.e. made into law) traditional practices of discrimination against black people. Vann Woodward challenged this belief in the historical continuity of racial segregation by arguing that Jim Crow laws also erased the prior progress black people had made during Reconstruction.

Quote:
(B) Jim Crow laws were passed to establish order and uniformity in the discriminatory practices of different southern states
Was the point of Jim Crow to reduce differences between individual states? No. Vann Woodward challenged a widely held belief in the historical continuity of Jim Crow, not the geographic continuity of Jim Crow. Eliminate (B).

Quote:
(C) Jim Crow laws were passed to erase the social gains that Black people had achieved since Reconstruction
This is what Vann Woodward argued, not the dogma he argued against. Eliminate (C).

Quote:
(D) the continuity of racial segregation in the South was disrupted by passage of Jim Crow laws
Both Vann Woodward and people of his time believed that Jim Crow had codified, not disrupted, traditional practices of racial segregation. Eliminate (D).

Quote:
(E) the Jim Crow laws of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries were passed to reverse the effect of earlier Jim Crow laws
There is no mention of "earlier" Jim Crow Laws anywhere in the passage. Eliminate (E).

(A) is the best choice available.
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wonderfully explained, thanks a lot. :please:

But the "not only...but also" usage that you explained above is something that seems like it is used at convenience.
Let us say that the prevailing dogma about butter is that it is not bad for your health at all.
And, I want to challenge the prevailing dogma so I can draft my sentence this way as well -

Butter is not only bad for your heart but also bad for your skin.

If the sentence is formed this way then it totally changes the way we perceive the prevailing dogma.
Please help if I am not thinking straight.
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Historians sometimes forget that history is continually being made and 26 Jan 2023, 14:38
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wonderfully explained, thanks a lot. :please:

But the "not only...but also" usage that you explained above is something that seems like it is used at convenience.
Let us say that the prevailing dogma about butter is that it is not bad for your health at all.
And, I want to challenge the prevailing dogma so I can draft my sentence this way as well -

Butter is not only bad for your heart but also bad for your skin.

If the sentence is formed this way then it totally changes the way we perceive the prevailing dogma.
Please help if I am not thinking straight.
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True. But in that case, we would need some context to help make it clear that both parts of the not only/but construction are meant to go against the prevailing view. Something like this:

    "Everyone thinks butter is very healthy. But a new study shows that butter is not only bad for your heart but also..."

It is technically possible that the "not only/but also" construction in this paragraph could be used in this way, with both parts pointed against the prevailing dogma. But there's no context for that usage, and the specifics in this construction are going in the other direction — drawing a contrast between the two parts, not stacking them up against another point:

(i) The laws codified traditional practice
(ii) The laws also erased considerable previous progress

Part (i) clarifies what the prevailing dogma was in the first place, while part (ii) conveys the "revisionist view" from Van Woodward, which challenged the dogma.

If you still aren't convinced, notice that none of the answer choices would work if we go with the alternate interpretation, so POE confirms that we're on the right track. :)

I hope that helps!
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Historians sometimes forget that history is continually being made and 28 Apr 2023, 19:11
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Hi,

Could someone explain, why Woodward mentioned 'American Revolution published in 1776' in the last paragraph?
Isn't his work around 1950s?

I couldn't make sense of the last paragraph, how can we know that Paine's work is pertained to American Revolution.

Thank you!
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Historians sometimes forget that history is continually being made and 07 May 2023, 11:00
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GMATNinja

Q2, Explained


raveesh1203
Need help with Q2 .
According to C. Vann ..Jim crow laws codified traditional practice + effort to erase progress made by black people..

He challenged prevailing dogma when he said this.

So should'nt the prevailing dogma be that jim crows law were passed for uniformity and maintain order ... i.e. option B
Quote:
2. It can be inferred from the passage that the “prevailing dogma” (line 10) held that
To answer this question, let’s take a closer look at the text:

    "In the fall of 1954, for example, C. Vann Woodward delivered a lecture series at the University of Virginia which challenged the prevailing dogma concerning the history, continuity, and uniformity of racial segregation in the South.”

"Concerning" means "about." If I mention that I have a belief concerning cat videos, I haven't told you what the content of my belief is. Maybe I love cat videos, or maybe I hate them. Perhaps I have an interesting theory about cat videos and why they’re so popular. Likewise, when the author mentions “the prevailing dogma concerning the history, continuity, and uniformity of racial segregation in the South," we have learned nothing about what the prevailing dogma was. We only know that there was some dominant belief about the history, continuity, and uniformity of racial segregation in the South. Let's keep reading.

    "He argued that the Jim Crow laws of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries not only codified traditional practice but also were a determined effort to erase the considerable progress made by Black people during and after Reconstruction in the 1870’s.

Aha! Vann Woodward argued that Jim Crow not only codified traditional practice, but also meant to erase the progress that black people had made. His argument says that Jim Crow wasn't just turning traditions into law (this was the existing belief about the history, continuity, and uniformity of racial segregation). According to Van Woodward, Jim Crow was also undoing progress that black people had had made during Reconstruction (this was the revisionist view that made a big impact on how people interpreted the continuity of Jim Crow as a traditional practice).

To help understand the logical structure here, consider the following example:
  • Say that the prevailing dogma about butter is that it is bad for your heart. To keep things simple, let's say that this is the only bad thing about butter according to the prevailing view.
  • You then conduct a bunch of research related to butter and conclude that butter also kills brain cells (let's hope not!).
  • You then might say, "Butter is NOT ONLY bad for your heart BUT ALSO bad for your brain!"
  • The "not only" part was the accepted dogma, while the "but also" was something new. This new discovery challenges the existing view, which is that butter is only bad for your heart.
  • Note that you are NOT saying that butter is good for your heart, but you are still challenging the prevailing dogma.

Similarly:
  • The prevailing dogma saw Jim Crow as a continuation of traditional, discriminatory practices.
  • Vann Woodward argued that Jim Crow was also a reversal of Reconstruction.

Let's make sure we review every answer choice and confirm whether it matches this understanding.

Quote:
(A) Jim Crow laws were passed to give legal status to well-established discriminatory practices in the South
This matches what we’ve read. At the time, people believed that Jim Crow laws had codified (i.e. made into law) traditional practices of discrimination against black people. Vann Woodward challenged this belief in the historical continuity of racial segregation by arguing that Jim Crow laws also erased the prior progress black people had made during Reconstruction.

Quote:
(B) Jim Crow laws were passed to establish order and uniformity in the discriminatory practices of different southern states
Was the point of Jim Crow to reduce differences between individual states? No. Vann Woodward challenged a widely held belief in the historical continuity of Jim Crow, not the geographic continuity of Jim Crow. Eliminate (B).

Quote:
(C) Jim Crow laws were passed to erase the social gains that Black people had achieved since Reconstruction
This is what Vann Woodward argued, not the dogma he argued against. Eliminate (C).

Quote:
(D) the continuity of racial segregation in the South was disrupted by passage of Jim Crow laws
Both Vann Woodward and people of his time believed that Jim Crow had codified, not disrupted, traditional practices of racial segregation. Eliminate (D).

Quote:
(E) the Jim Crow laws of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries were passed to reverse the effect of earlier Jim Crow laws
There is no mention of "earlier" Jim Crow Laws anywhere in the passage. Eliminate (E).

(A) is the best choice available.


Q4 Choice D, Explained


papasmurf
I don't understand why the OA for question 4 isn't option D. That particular portion is even referenced in the passage!
Remember that the question asks us to pick the choice that is not a similarity between Vaan Woodward and Paine suggested in the passage.

Quote:

4. The passage suggests that C. Vann Woodward and Thomas Paine were similar in all of the following ways EXCEPT:
(D) The works of both had a significant effect on events following their publication.
  • Vaan Woodward's "The Strange Career of Jim Crow" had a significant effect on the civil rights movement. According to the passage, MLK Jr. himself testified to this effect.
  • Paine's "Common Sense" had "a comparable impact" on the American Revolution.

(D) is backed up by the passage, so we eliminate choice (D).


Q5 Choices A and B, Explained


arvind910619
5. The attitude of the author of the passage toward the work of C. Vann Woodward is best described as one of

(A) respectful regard
(B) qualified approbation
(C) implied skepticism
(D) pointed criticism
(E) fervent advocacy

I am confused between A and B in question 5.
I understood the reasoning behind eliminating C,D and E but not for eliminating B .

Can you please delineate these to options and how to eliminate B
Approbation is another way of saying "praise." Qualified has multiple meanings. When used to describe a statement that someone is making, it means “limited” — not “meeting the necessary qualifications.” For instance:
  • “Bob qualified his praise of the film with a critique of a major plot hole.”
  • “Maria wasn’t happy with the candidate’s debate performance, so she offered a qualified endorsement that didn’t attract any new voters. On the other hand, Reema’s unqualified praise for the candidate motivated her entire neighborhood to show up and vote.”

The author is praising Vann Woodward’s work, but this praise doesn’t come with significant limitations or doubts. It’s consistently positive, as Vann Woodward’s lectures provide a great example for the author’s point, and the author clearly has a high opinion of the impact these lectures made on the events of their time. That’s why we eliminate (B).

Now let's check on choice (A). "Regard" is another way of saying "attention" or "consideration," and the regard that this author pays to Vann Woodward is surely respectful. This is more in line with the author’s attitude than “qualified approbation,” so we’re sticking with (A).


Q6, Explained


subhadeepb4
Can someone explain question 6.

Check out this earlier post.



Thanks for the questions, everybody! I hope that the answers make some sense.
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In ques 5, doesn't the author also mention that the first edition began to suffer handicaps. Isn't that a negative thing about Vann??
Hence, the answer can be qualified approbabtion?
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Historians sometimes forget that history is continually being made and 14 May 2023, 08:31
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likitwill
Hi,

Could someone explain, why Woodward mentioned 'American Revolution published in 1776' in the last paragraph?

Isn't his work around 1950s?

I couldn't make sense of the last paragraph, how can we know that Paine's work is pertained to American Revolution.

Thank you!
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This is an old passage that hasn't appeared in any newer study materials -- possibly because it assumes some "common knowledge" that might not actually be common knowledge.

In terms of why Woodward talked about the American Revolution, though, you can pick that up from context clues in the rest of the passage: we know that Woodward was lecturing just months after a major court case in his area of study. Ten years later, Woodward mentions a handicap and gives an example that he thinks would have a similar handicap: "a history of the American Revolution published in 1776.”

So, what is the handicap? Well, he published the lectures very soon after the actual events. Similarly, a history of the American Revolution published in 1776 would be very soon after the revolution itself.

I hope that helps!
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Historians sometimes forget that history is continually being made and 16 May 2023, 12:56
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Question 4


rgoel2305
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shubham2312
hi

guys can someone explain why OA for question 4 is E not A,

in my understanding the reason is both the works were published during an important historical event.

kindly someone throw some light on it.

Quote:
4. The passage suggests that C. Vann Woodward and Thomas Paine were similar in all of the following ways EXCEPT:

(A) Both had works published in the midst of important historical events.

(B) Both wrote works that enjoyed widespread popularity.

(C) Both exhibited an understanding of the relevance of historical evidence to contemporary issues.

(D) The works of both had a significant effect on events following their publication.

(E) Both were able to set aside worries about historical anachronism in order to reach and inspire.

Yes, (A) must be eliminated because both had works published in the midst of important historical events:

  • Woodward's work was published during the civil rights movement.
  • Paine's work was published during the American revolutionary movement.

As for (E), the passage does say that Paine was not concerned with the dangers of historical anachronism. However, we don't know that he was ever really worried about historical anachronism or that he had to set those worries aside. Similarly, we don't know whether Woodward worried about historical anachronism and set those worries aside.

(E) is the best answer.

Quote:
Paine's work was published during the American revolutionary movement.

I couldn't find where it is written in the passage that Paine's work was published during the American revolutionary movement. Please help.

GMATNinja Sajjad1994
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Where and how does the passage suggest that Thomas Paine had a work "published in the midst of important historical events?" To answer that question, let's start by recalling the context established by the first two paragraphs:

  • Purpose of Paragraph 1: To suggest that the study of the past can itself affect public events in the present.
  • Purpose of Paragraph 2: To present an example of a study of the past, which is later (in paragraph 3) shown to have affected the civil rights movement.

Next, here's a chunk of the last paragraph:

Quote:
Ten years later, in a preface to the second revised edition, Woodward confessed with ironic modesty that the first edition “had begun to suffer under some of the handicaps that might be expected in a history of the American Revolution published in 1776.” That was a bit like hearing Thomas Paine apologize for the timing of his pamphlet Common Sense, which had a comparable impact.
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In these sentences, note that Woodward is comparing his book to a "history of the American Revolution published during 1776." The passage then likens this statement of Woodward's to Thomas Paine apologizing for the "timing of his pamphlet Common Sense, which had a comparable impact." What does this comparison imply? Well, it suggests that the "history of the American Revolution published in 1776" is referring to Thomas Paine's Common Sense.

Here's another sentence from the passage:

Quote:
Yet, like Paine, Woodward had an unerring sense of the revolutionary moment, and of how historical evidence could undermine the mythological tradition that was crushing the dreams of new social possibilities.
Show more
This tells us that BOTH Paine and Woodward had "an unerring sense of the revolutionary moment," and of how "historical evidence" can impact the world. Recall also that the passage is talking about how the study of the past can affect public events in the present, and that Woodward is an example of this.

Putting all of this together provides support for our interpretation above -- namely, that Thomas Paine, like Woodward, published a work in the midst of an important historical event (i.e. the American Revolution).

Overall, the passage never explicitly tells us when Thomas Paine's pamphlet was published, but the context strongly suggests that it was published during the American Revolution. For that reason, we can conclude that both Paine and Woodward published works in the midst of important historical events, and (A) can be eliminated.

I hope that helps!
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