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Question 1
D
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Difficulty:
75%
(hard)
Question Stats:
46% (03:13) correct
54%
(03:29) wrong
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Time
Result
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Question 2
E
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Difficulty:
45%
(medium)
Question Stats:
58% (01:19) correct 42%
(01:39) wrong
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Question 3
C
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Difficulty:
45%
(medium)
Question Stats:
58% (01:09) correct 42%
(01:20) wrong
based on 9132
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Not Attempted Yet
Question 4
B
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Difficulty:
25%
(medium)
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71% (01:06) correct 29%
(01:13) wrong
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Question 5
A
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Difficulty:
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68% (01:09) correct 32%
(01:27) wrong
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Question 6
C
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Difficulty:
65%
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Question Stats:
49% (01:23) correct 51%
(01:26) wrong
based on 8163
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Question 7
D
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Difficulty:
45%
(medium)
Question Stats:
58% (01:09) correct 42%
(01:28) wrong
based on 7824
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Jacob Burckhardt’s view that Renaissance European women “stood on a footing of perfect equality” with Renaissance men has been repeatedly cited by feminist scholars as a prelude to their presentation of rich historical evidence of women’s inequality. In striking contrast to Burckhardt, Joan Kelly in her famous 1977 essay, “Did Women Have a Renaissance?” argued that the Renaissance was a period of economic and social decline for women relative both to Renaissance men and to medieval women. Recently, however, a significant trend among feminist scholars has entailed a rejection of both Kelly’s dark vision of the Renaissance and Burckhardt’s rosy one. Many recent works by these scholars stress the ways in which differences among Renaissance women—especially in terms of social status and religion—work to complicate the kinds of generalizations both Burckhardt and Kelly made on the basis of their observations about upper-class Italian women.
The trend is also evident, however, in works focusing on those middle- and upper-class European women whose ability to write gives them disproportionate representation in the historical record. Such women were, simply by virtue of their literacy, members of a tiny minority of the population, so it is risky to take their descriptions of their experiences as typical of “female experience” in any general sense. Tina Krontiris, for example, in her fascinating study of six Renaissance women writers, does tend at times to conflate “women” and “women writers,” assuming that women’s gender, irrespective of other social differences, including literacy, allows us to view women as a homogeneous social group and make that group an object of analysis. Nonetheless, Krontiris makes a significant contribution to the field and is representative of those authors who offer what might be called a cautiously optimistic assessment of Renaissance women’s achievements, although she also stresses the social obstacles Renaissance women faced when they sought to raise their “oppositional voices.” Krontiris is concerned to show women intentionally negotiating some power for themselves (at least in the realm of public discourse) against potentially constraining ideologies, but in her sober and thoughtful concluding remarks, she suggests that such verbal opposition to cultural stereotypes was highly circumscribed; women seldom attacked the basic assumptions in the ideologies that oppressed them.
The trend is also evident, however, in works focusing on those middle- and upper-class European women whose ability to write gives them disproportionate representation in the historical record. Such women were, simply by virtue of their literacy, members of a tiny minority of the population, so it is risky to take their descriptions of their experiences as typical of “female experience” in any general sense. Tina Krontiris, for example, in her fascinating study of six Renaissance women writers, does tend at times to conflate “women” and “women writers,” assuming that women’s gender, irrespective of other social differences, including literacy, allows us to view women as a homogeneous social group and make that group an object of analysis. Nonetheless, Krontiris makes a significant contribution to the field and is representative of those authors who offer what might be called a cautiously optimistic assessment of Renaissance women’s achievements, although she also stresses the social obstacles Renaissance women faced when they sought to raise their “oppositional voices.” Krontiris is concerned to show women intentionally negotiating some power for themselves (at least in the realm of public discourse) against potentially constraining ideologies, but in her sober and thoughtful concluding remarks, she suggests that such verbal opposition to cultural stereotypes was highly circumscribed; women seldom attacked the basic assumptions in the ideologies that oppressed them.
RC00313-01.
1. The author of the passage discusses Krontiris primarily to provide an example of a writer who
A. is highly critical of the writings of certain Renaissance women
B. supports Kelly’s view of women’s status during the Renaissance
C. has misinterpreted the works of certain Renaissance women
D. has rejected the views of both Burckhardt and Kelly
E. has studied Renaissance women in a wide variety of social and religious contexts
1. The author of the passage discusses Krontiris primarily to provide an example of a writer who
A. is highly critical of the writings of certain Renaissance women
B. supports Kelly’s view of women’s status during the Renaissance
C. has misinterpreted the works of certain Renaissance women
D. has rejected the views of both Burckhardt and Kelly
E. has studied Renaissance women in a wide variety of social and religious contexts
RC00313-02.
2. According to the passage, Krontiris’s work differs from that of the scholars mentioned in highlight text in which of the following ways?
A. Krontiris’s work stresses the achievements of Renaissance women rather than the obstacles to their success.
B. Krontiris’s work is based on a reinterpretation of the work of earlier scholars.
C. Krontiris’s views are at odds with those of both Kelly and Burkhardt.
D. Krontiris’s work focuses on the place of women in Renaissance society.
E. Krontiris’s views are based exclusively on the study of a privileged group of women.
2. According to the passage, Krontiris’s work differs from that of the scholars mentioned in highlight text in which of the following ways?
A. Krontiris’s work stresses the achievements of Renaissance women rather than the obstacles to their success.
B. Krontiris’s work is based on a reinterpretation of the work of earlier scholars.
C. Krontiris’s views are at odds with those of both Kelly and Burkhardt.
D. Krontiris’s work focuses on the place of women in Renaissance society.
E. Krontiris’s views are based exclusively on the study of a privileged group of women.
RC00313-03.
3. According to the passage, feminist scholars cite Burckhardt’s view of Renaissance women primarily for which of the following reasons?
A. Burckhardt’s view forms the basis for most arguments refuting Kelly's point of view.
B. Burckhardt’s view has been discredited by Kelly.
C. Burckhardt’s view is one that many feminist scholars wish to refute.
D. Burckhardt’s work provides rich historical evidence of inequality between Renaissance women and men.
E. Burckhardt’s work includes historical research supporting the arguments of the feminist scholars.
3. According to the passage, feminist scholars cite Burckhardt’s view of Renaissance women primarily for which of the following reasons?
A. Burckhardt’s view forms the basis for most arguments refuting Kelly's point of view.
B. Burckhardt’s view has been discredited by Kelly.
C. Burckhardt’s view is one that many feminist scholars wish to refute.
D. Burckhardt’s work provides rich historical evidence of inequality between Renaissance women and men.
E. Burckhardt’s work includes historical research supporting the arguments of the feminist scholars.
RC00313-04.
4. It can be inferred that both Burckhardt and Kelly have been criticized by the scholars mentioned in highlight text for which of the following?
A. Assuming that women writers of the Renaissance are representative of Renaissance women in general
B. Drawing conclusions that are based on the study of an atypical group of women
C. Failing to describe clearly the relationship between social status and literacy among Renaissance women
D. Failing to acknowledge the role played by Renaissance women in opposing cultural stereotypes
E. Failing to acknowledge the ways in which social status affected the creative activities of Renaissance women
4. It can be inferred that both Burckhardt and Kelly have been criticized by the scholars mentioned in highlight text for which of the following?
A. Assuming that women writers of the Renaissance are representative of Renaissance women in general
B. Drawing conclusions that are based on the study of an atypical group of women
C. Failing to describe clearly the relationship between social status and literacy among Renaissance women
D. Failing to acknowledge the role played by Renaissance women in opposing cultural stereotypes
E. Failing to acknowledge the ways in which social status affected the creative activities of Renaissance women
RC00313-05.
5. The author of the passage suggests that Krontiris incorrectly assumes that
A. social differences among Renaissance women are less important than the fact that they were women
B. literacy among Renaissance women was more prevalent than most scholars today acknowledge
C. during the Renaissance, women were able to successfully oppose cultural stereotypes relating to gender
D. Renaissance women did not face many difficult social obstacles relating to their gender
E. in order to attain power, Renaissance women attacked basic assumptions in the ideologies that oppressed them
5. The author of the passage suggests that Krontiris incorrectly assumes that
A. social differences among Renaissance women are less important than the fact that they were women
B. literacy among Renaissance women was more prevalent than most scholars today acknowledge
C. during the Renaissance, women were able to successfully oppose cultural stereotypes relating to gender
D. Renaissance women did not face many difficult social obstacles relating to their gender
E. in order to attain power, Renaissance women attacked basic assumptions in the ideologies that oppressed them
RC00313-06.
6. The last sentence in the passage serves primarily to
A. suggest that Krontiris’s work is not representative of recent trends among feminist scholars
B. undermine the argument that literate women of the Renaissance sought to oppose social constraints imposed on them
C. show a way in which Krontiris’s work illustrates a “cautiously optimistic"assessment of Renaissance women’s achievements
D. summarize Krontiris’s view of the effect of literacy on the lives of upper- and middle-class Renaissance women
E. illustrate the way in which Krontiris’s study differs from the studies done by Burckhardt and Kelly
6. The last sentence in the passage serves primarily to
A. suggest that Krontiris’s work is not representative of recent trends among feminist scholars
B. undermine the argument that literate women of the Renaissance sought to oppose social constraints imposed on them
C. show a way in which Krontiris’s work illustrates a “cautiously optimistic"assessment of Renaissance women’s achievements
D. summarize Krontiris’s view of the effect of literacy on the lives of upper- and middle-class Renaissance women
E. illustrate the way in which Krontiris’s study differs from the studies done by Burckhardt and Kelly
RC00313-08.
7. The author of the passage implies that the women studied by Krontiris are unusual in which of the following ways?
A. They faced obstacles less formidable than those faced by other Renaissance women.
B. They have been seen by historians as more interesting than other Renaissance women.
C. They were more concerned about recording history accurately than were other Renaissance women.
D. Their perceptions are more likely to be accessible to historians than are those of most other Renaissance women.
E. Their concerns are likely to be of greater interest to feminist scholars than are the ideas of most other Renaissance women.
7. The author of the passage implies that the women studied by Krontiris are unusual in which of the following ways?
A. They faced obstacles less formidable than those faced by other Renaissance women.
B. They have been seen by historians as more interesting than other Renaissance women.
C. They were more concerned about recording history accurately than were other Renaissance women.
D. Their perceptions are more likely to be accessible to historians than are those of most other Renaissance women.
E. Their concerns are likely to be of greater interest to feminist scholars than are the ideas of most other Renaissance women.
19 May 2016, 02:18
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130. The author of the passage discusses Krontiris primarily to provide an example of a writer who
The first paragraph introduces a trend: "Recently, however, a significant trend among feminist scholars has entailed a rejection of both Kelly’s dark vision of the Renaissance and Burckhardt’s rosy one". The second paragraph takes it forward and provides an example of Tina Krontiris.
A.is highly critical of the writings of certain Renaissance women - Krontiris is not highly critical of Renaissance women
B.supports Kelly’s view of women’s status during the Renaissance - Incorrect - TK rejects Kelly's view
C.has misinterpreted the works of certain Renaissance women - Incorrect - TK has not misinterpreted the works. His work focused only on a certain class of women who were literate.
D.has rejected the views of both Burckhardt and Kelly - Correct
E.has studied Renaissance women in a wide variety of social and religious contexts - Incorrect - The passage does not state this.
131. According to the passage, Krontiris’s work differs from that of the scholars mentioned in highlight text in which of the following ways?
Refer to these lines: "Tina Krontiris, for example, in her fascinating study of six Renaissance women writers, does tend at times to conflate “women” and“women writers,” assuming that women’s gender, irrespective of other social differences, including literacy, allows us to view women as a homogeneous social group and make that group an object of analysis."
A.Krontiris’s work stresses the achievements of Renaissance women rather than the obstacles to their success. - Incorrect - TK discusses both achievements and obstacles faced by Renaissance women.
B.Krontiris’s work is based on a reinterpretation of the work of earlier scholars. - Incorrect - Out of context.
C.Krontiris’s views are at odds with those of both Kelly and Burkhardt. - Incorrect - Feminist scholars including TK were at odds to the views of Kelly and Burkhardt.
D.Krontiris’s work focuses on the place of women in Renaissance society. - Incorrect - Out of context
E.Krontiris’s views are based exclusively on the study of a privileged group of women. - Correct - TK's work is based only on literate women.
Answer: E
132. According to the passage, feminist scholars cite Burckhardt’s view of Renaissance women primarily for which of the following reasons?
Refer to these lines: "Jacob Burckhardt’s view that Renaissance European women “stood on a footing of perfect equality” with Renaissance men has been repeatedly cited by feminist scholars as a prelude to their presentation of rich historical evidence of women’s inequality."
Answer: Clear C.
133. It can be inferred that both Burckhardt and Kelly have been criticized by the scholars mentioned in highlight text for which of the following?
A.Assuming that women writers of the Renaissance are representative of Renaissance women in general - Incorrect - Feminist scholars do not assume this.
B.Drawing conclusions that are based on the study of an atypical group of women - Correct
C.Failing to describe clearly the relationship between social status and literacy among Renaissance women - Incorrect - Passage states that feminist scholars have made analysis of the relationship between social status and literacy.
D.Failing to acknowledge the role played by Renaissance women in opposing cultural stereotypes - Incorrect
E.Failing to acknowledge the ways in which social status affected the creative activities of Renaissance women - Incorrect - Out of context
134. The author of the passage suggests that Krontiris incorrectly assumes that
Refer to these lines: " Tina Krontiris, for example, in her fascinating study of six Renaissance women writers, does tend at times to conflate “women” and“women writers,” assuming that women’s gender, irrespective of other social differences, including literacy, allows us to view women as a homogeneous social group and make that group an object of analysis. "
Answer: A
136. The author of the passage implies that the women studied by Krontiris are unusual in which of the following ways?
Refer to these lines: "The trend is also evident, however, in works focusing on those middle- and upper-class European women whose ability to write gives them disproportionate representation in the historical record"
Answer: D
The first paragraph introduces a trend: "Recently, however, a significant trend among feminist scholars has entailed a rejection of both Kelly’s dark vision of the Renaissance and Burckhardt’s rosy one". The second paragraph takes it forward and provides an example of Tina Krontiris.
A.is highly critical of the writings of certain Renaissance women - Krontiris is not highly critical of Renaissance women
B.supports Kelly’s view of women’s status during the Renaissance - Incorrect - TK rejects Kelly's view
C.has misinterpreted the works of certain Renaissance women - Incorrect - TK has not misinterpreted the works. His work focused only on a certain class of women who were literate.
D.has rejected the views of both Burckhardt and Kelly - Correct
E.has studied Renaissance women in a wide variety of social and religious contexts - Incorrect - The passage does not state this.
131. According to the passage, Krontiris’s work differs from that of the scholars mentioned in highlight text in which of the following ways?
Refer to these lines: "Tina Krontiris, for example, in her fascinating study of six Renaissance women writers, does tend at times to conflate “women” and“women writers,” assuming that women’s gender, irrespective of other social differences, including literacy, allows us to view women as a homogeneous social group and make that group an object of analysis."
A.Krontiris’s work stresses the achievements of Renaissance women rather than the obstacles to their success. - Incorrect - TK discusses both achievements and obstacles faced by Renaissance women.
B.Krontiris’s work is based on a reinterpretation of the work of earlier scholars. - Incorrect - Out of context.
C.Krontiris’s views are at odds with those of both Kelly and Burkhardt. - Incorrect - Feminist scholars including TK were at odds to the views of Kelly and Burkhardt.
D.Krontiris’s work focuses on the place of women in Renaissance society. - Incorrect - Out of context
E.Krontiris’s views are based exclusively on the study of a privileged group of women. - Correct - TK's work is based only on literate women.
Answer: E
132. According to the passage, feminist scholars cite Burckhardt’s view of Renaissance women primarily for which of the following reasons?
Refer to these lines: "Jacob Burckhardt’s view that Renaissance European women “stood on a footing of perfect equality” with Renaissance men has been repeatedly cited by feminist scholars as a prelude to their presentation of rich historical evidence of women’s inequality."
Answer: Clear C.
133. It can be inferred that both Burckhardt and Kelly have been criticized by the scholars mentioned in highlight text for which of the following?
A.Assuming that women writers of the Renaissance are representative of Renaissance women in general - Incorrect - Feminist scholars do not assume this.
B.Drawing conclusions that are based on the study of an atypical group of women - Correct
C.Failing to describe clearly the relationship between social status and literacy among Renaissance women - Incorrect - Passage states that feminist scholars have made analysis of the relationship between social status and literacy.
D.Failing to acknowledge the role played by Renaissance women in opposing cultural stereotypes - Incorrect
E.Failing to acknowledge the ways in which social status affected the creative activities of Renaissance women - Incorrect - Out of context
134. The author of the passage suggests that Krontiris incorrectly assumes that
Refer to these lines: " Tina Krontiris, for example, in her fascinating study of six Renaissance women writers, does tend at times to conflate “women” and“women writers,” assuming that women’s gender, irrespective of other social differences, including literacy, allows us to view women as a homogeneous social group and make that group an object of analysis. "
Answer: A
136. The author of the passage implies that the women studied by Krontiris are unusual in which of the following ways?
Refer to these lines: "The trend is also evident, however, in works focusing on those middle- and upper-class European women whose ability to write gives them disproportionate representation in the historical record"
Answer: D
29 May 2018, 13:18
Kudos
Bookmarks
Hi oasis90, thanks for the message.
When you get a question about the purpose of a particular sentence or reference in the passage, the answer is basically to prove a point that the author was in the middle of proving.
So we can ask, what point was the author in the middle of proving? Generally, this can be the main point/argument of the entire passage, the main point/argument of the paragraph, or even a mini-point that was raised one or two sentences before the sentence/reference in question.
In our case here, we find our evidence in the sentence before the reference: "is representative of those authors who offer what might be called a cautiously optimistic assessment of Renaissance women’s achievements". Boom, there we go. The author is just giving us some information that she thinks will help illustrate why Krontiris can be judged as cautiously optimistic.
(I'm not sure if I understand your question about the word achievements in the answer choice. It's the exact same word as the passage used. Here we could think about achievements representing progress or what they were able to get done, and not like winning an award, for example.)
Answer B is really out of scope. It says "undermine the argument that literate women of the Renaissance sought to oppose social constraints imposed on them." Is the author trying to undermine any argument? No. And was anyone, before this sentence, bringing up anything about women opposing the social constraints imposed on them? No.
When you get a "what's the purpose of including this information" question, say to yourself, "to prove a point the author was in the middle of proving." See if that helps you eliminate wrong answer choices faster.
When you get a question about the purpose of a particular sentence or reference in the passage, the answer is basically to prove a point that the author was in the middle of proving.
So we can ask, what point was the author in the middle of proving? Generally, this can be the main point/argument of the entire passage, the main point/argument of the paragraph, or even a mini-point that was raised one or two sentences before the sentence/reference in question.
In our case here, we find our evidence in the sentence before the reference: "is representative of those authors who offer what might be called a cautiously optimistic assessment of Renaissance women’s achievements". Boom, there we go. The author is just giving us some information that she thinks will help illustrate why Krontiris can be judged as cautiously optimistic.
(I'm not sure if I understand your question about the word achievements in the answer choice. It's the exact same word as the passage used. Here we could think about achievements representing progress or what they were able to get done, and not like winning an award, for example.)
Answer B is really out of scope. It says "undermine the argument that literate women of the Renaissance sought to oppose social constraints imposed on them." Is the author trying to undermine any argument? No. And was anyone, before this sentence, bringing up anything about women opposing the social constraints imposed on them? No.
When you get a "what's the purpose of including this information" question, say to yourself, "to prove a point the author was in the middle of proving." See if that helps you eliminate wrong answer choices faster.
