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mikemcgarry please explain the verb tense in option C.

i dont really understand the verb tense arrangement here, " have shifted " present perfect is used mostly for things that happened in the past with their effect still present.
please explain

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AdityaHongunti You're right about the present perfect ("have shifted"), but it can even be used to describe things that WILL HAVE BEEN ongoing at some specified point in the future: "By the time my grandchildren have all graduated from college, I will have been teaching the GMAT for 70 years."
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Bur sir "already" is an adverb , so it should modify become , a verb. This way option b seems to be the right answer.
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With a complex verb phrase such as "will have become," there are no such easy answers. One might just as easily argue (or one might argue just as easily) that we should say "will already have become." In fact, I'd argue that "will already have become" is better than what we see in B and C.
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A newly released study on the tectonic plates forming the Pacific basin indicates that by the time they had shifted even a few miles, a vast percentage of the coastline which is currently home to major world cities, because of global warming, will have already become entirely submerged.


A. by the time they had shifted even a few miles, a vast percentage of the coastline which is currently home to major world cities, because of global warming, will have already become entirely submerged

B. by the time they shift even a few miles, a vast percentage of the coastline, which is currently a home of the major world cities, will have already become entirely submerged due to global warming

C. by the time they have shifted even a few miles, a vast percentage of the coastline currently home to major world cities already will have become entirely submerged because of global warming

D. a vast percentage of the coastline that is currently home to major world cities will have already become entirely submerged due to global warming by the time they have shifted even a few miles

E. a vast percentage of the coastline that is currently home to major world cities, by the time the plates have shifted even a few miles, will become entirely submerged because of global warming
Is ' already will have become' correct in option C or should it be 'will have already become'??

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Looking for an explanation that justifies the use of present perfect with future perfect- shouldn't the sequencing of future events be indicated using simple present/simple future and future perfect tense?
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Shivangisharmaa
Looking for an explanation that justifies the use of present perfect with future perfect- shouldn't the sequencing of future events be indicated using simple present/simple future and future perfect tense?
Here's the correct version of the sentence:

A newly released study on the tectonic plates forming the Pacific basin indicates that, by the time they have shifted even a few miles, a vast percentage of the coastline currently home to major world cities already will have become entirely submerged because of global warming.

In this version, the present perfect "they have shifted" is the marker of a point in time by which "a vast percentage of the coastline ... will have become entirely submerged." The point in time is the point in time such that "they have shifted."

The present perfect can be used to mark a point in time because one of the meanings communicated by the present perfect is that an event has occurred and is still having effects in the present. So, in this case, the present perfect "they have shifted" is used to indicate a point in time when it is the case that tectonic plates have shifted even a few miles and the effects of that shift still exist in the present.
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can somebody explain why usage of have shifted is correct,,,, as per my understanding present perfect have shifted dosent seem to fit ,,,,, can somebody explain why it is correct.
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kakakakaak
can somebody explain why usage of have shifted is correct,,,, as per my understanding present perfect have shifted dosent seem to fit ,,,,, can somebody explain why it is correct.

Hello kakakakaak,

We hope this finds you well.

To answer your query, the use of the present perfect is appropriate in this sentence due to the phrase "by the time"; this sentence refers to a point in the future at which the tectonic plates have finished shifting, but the action of the plates shifting continues to have an effect; thus, the use of the present perfect tense is appropriate.

In other words, this present perfect tense is used to refer to the order of events from the perspective of a point in the future.

We hope this helps.
All the best!
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