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Sub 505 Level|   Meaning/Logical Predication|   Verb Tense/Form|                     
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Deeksha93
Hi egmat GMATNinja I have a query in option A

A) Began to melt, uncovering

, verb + ing form shows cause and effect which is perfect in this case.

However, I eliminated this option based on the "to" after began. Does the "to" not indicate the purpose of began. I.E. the ice caps began in order to melt. This got me confused and I eliminated option A. Can you please explain when we use "to" for purpose and when we use it otherwise.
That is certainly one usage of "to + verb", i.e. "I worked hard to improve my GMAT score."

However, that is not the ONLY usage of "to + verb". For example:

    "The only way to win is to cheat." It surely wouldn't make any sense to claim that "the way" intends "to win" or "to cheat." But this sentence is fine.

Or better yet:

    "It is starting to snow."

It would be a little strange to claim that "it" intends "to snow," right? But again, there's no problem here -- we're just conveying a general state of affairs.

Unfortunately there is no list of black and white rules that will help you with this sort of thing. Unless you're 100% sure that a "to" construction is absolutely wrong, be conservative and leave it. Eliminate the options with obvious errors and then compare the rest of the choices based on meaning.

I hope that helps!
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When we look at the verb-ing modifier and how it modifies preceding clauses when separated by a single comma, don't we need to check if the doer of the modifer, in this case "uncovering" and doer of the modified action "began to melt" are the same? So wouldn't we say that it's not the ice caps that were uncovering the new areas, but the melting of the ice caps? Thanks in advance!
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When we look at the verb-ing modifier and how it modifies preceding clauses when separated by a single comma, don't we need to check if the doer of the modifer, in this case "uncovering" and doer of the modified action "began to melt" are the same? So wouldn't we say that it's not the ice caps that were uncovering the new areas, but the melting of the ice caps? Thanks in advance!
Correct: it's not the ice caps themselves that uncovered the new areas. Rather, it's the action of the ice caps (that they were beginning to melt).

Check out this post, which explains how an "-ing" modifier doesn't have to be an action performed by the previous subject.
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Between 14,000 and 8,000 b.c. the ice cap that covered northern Asia, Europe, and America began to melt, uncovering vast new areas that were to be occupied by migrating peoples moving northward.

A. Correct
B. began melting, to uncover vast new areas to be occupied – IMO, GMAT prefers to+verb over (to melt-in option A) -ing verb
C. began, by melting, - meaning of sentence is changed. also commas of by melting makes it a non-essential modifier which is incorrect for this question.
D. began, after melting, uncovering vast new areas which are to be occupied – changes the meaning and causal relationship.
E. would begin to uncover, through melting, vast new areas for occupation – changes causal relationship

Answer A
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Hello experts,

Could you please help me with option E in this sentence? I eliminated E on the basis of 2 reasons: non sense meaning and usage of "would". However, I find that no one has pointed out "would" as an error. Therefore, I believe I might be going wrong somewhere. Could you please explain me the usage of would in general or share an article. I have seen that would is also used while talking about past, but I am not very clear about the usage. It would be great if you can share an article or something?

Thanking you in advance!

GMATNinjaVeritasKarishma AndrewN Skywalker18 AjiteshArun
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ashmit99
Hello experts,

Could you please help me with option E in this sentence? I eliminated E on the basis of 2 reasons: non sense meaning and usage of "would". However, I find that no one has pointed out "would" as an error. Therefore, I believe I might be going wrong somewhere. Could you please explain me the usage of would in general or share an article. I have seen that would is also used while talking about past, but I am not very clear about the usage. It would be great if you can share an article or something?

Thanking you in advance!

GMATNinjaVeritasKarishma AndrewN Skywalker18 AjiteshArun
Hi ashmit99,

Would can be used in many ways:
1. To refer to the future in the past: this is why the would in option E sounds really weird. It's as if it's referring to something in the future from a point in the past that is outside the sentence.
2. In conditional statements (especially "imaginary" or "hypothetical" situations)
3. To express an intention or a polite request

I also recommend that you go through this dictionary entry for a more complete look at would.

You could also go through this post and this post.
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ashmit99
It would be great if you can share an article or something?
Hi ashmit99, our book EducationAisle Sentence Correction Nirvana discusses usage of "would", its application and examples in significant detail. If you or someone is interested, PM me your email-id; I can mail the corresponding section.
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ashmit99
Hello experts,

Could you please help me with option E in this sentence? I eliminated E on the basis of 2 reasons: non sense meaning and usage of "would". However, I find that no one has pointed out "would" as an error. Therefore, I believe I might be going wrong somewhere. Could you please explain me the usage of would in general or share an article. I have seen that would is also used while talking about past, but I am not very clear about the usage. It would be great if you can share an article or something?

Thanking you in advance!

GMATNinjaVeritasKarishma AndrewN Skywalker18 AjiteshArun
Hi ashmit99,

Would can be used in many ways:
1. To refer to the future in the past: this is why the would in option E sounds really weird. It's as if it's referring to something in the future from a point in the past that is outside the sentence.
2. In conditional statements (especially "imaginary" or "hypothetical" situations)
3. To express an intention or a polite request

I also recommend that you go through this dictionary entry for a more complete look at would.

You could also go through this post and this post.

So do you think the usage of "would" is wrong here?

Thank you!
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ashmit99
So do you think the usage of "would" is wrong here?

Thank you!
It's definitely unexpected. :)

I would look for other reasons to take E out first, but yes, if it came down to began/would begin, I would choose began. That's just my opinion though. I can't say whether the GMAT would look at this issue the same way.
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Hello Team,
I have a query related to option A. I selected the correct answer based on PoE. In option A, we have ???ing verb used correctly to depict the result of some action i.e. the result of melting of ice cap. My query is for the verb tense. Why is ???were to???
considered correct in this sentence? Shouldn???t we be using, ideally, would in this scenario to depict something that happened in the future from past perspective?

I think I agree with everything you've said here, warriorguy! Process of elimination should lead you to the right answer, even if you think "were to be" sounds ridiculous, or isn't an ideal form of the verb. You're always looking for four wrong answers -- and you've found them, so (A) must be correct. And that's the right way to approach everything on SC.

I also agree that "would be occupied" or "would later be occupied" or even "were later occupied" would be decent alternatives to "were to be occupied." But there's nothing wrong with "were to be": it's just another way to express the future from the vantage point of the past. Technically, I think it's a form of the past subjunctive that's almost never used in modern American English, so it sounds a little bit archaic to us. I'd never use it in real life, but it's not wrong.

In my opinion, (A) "sounds bad" in its current form, but sound NEVER matters. It's still the right answer, even if it sounds like hot garbage. ;)

I hope this helps!


Hi @e-gmat GMATNinja ,

Pls help with below doubt - Both A and B answer choice has A. Began to melt and B. began melting to uncover -
Why is the logic of purpose only applicable in B and not in A .
Many Thanks
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KARISHMA315
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warriorguy
Hello Team,
I have a query related to option A. I selected the correct answer based on PoE. In option A, we have ???ing verb used correctly to depict the result of some action i.e. the result of melting of ice cap. My query is for the verb tense. Why is ???were to???
considered correct in this sentence? Shouldn???t we be using, ideally, would in this scenario to depict something that happened in the future from past perspective?

I think I agree with everything you've said here, warriorguy! Process of elimination should lead you to the right answer, even if you think "were to be" sounds ridiculous, or isn't an ideal form of the verb. You're always looking for four wrong answers -- and you've found them, so (A) must be correct. And that's the right way to approach everything on SC.

I also agree that "would be occupied" or "would later be occupied" or even "were later occupied" would be decent alternatives to "were to be occupied." But there's nothing wrong with "were to be": it's just another way to express the future from the vantage point of the past. Technically, I think it's a form of the past subjunctive that's almost never used in modern American English, so it sounds a little bit archaic to us. I'd never use it in real life, but it's not wrong.

In my opinion, (A) "sounds bad" in its current form, but sound NEVER matters. It's still the right answer, even if it sounds like hot garbage. ;)

I hope this helps!


Hi @e-gmat GMATNinja ,

Pls help with below doubt - Both A and B answer choice has A. Began to melt and B. began melting to uncover -
Why is the logic of purpose only applicable in B and not in A .
Many Thanks

Hello KARISHMA315,

We hope this finds you well.

To answer your query, it is the infinitive verb form ("to + base form of verb") that conveys the purpose/intent of action.

Thus, Option A correctly conveys that the intent of the action "began" is "melting" because it uses the infinitive verb formation "to melt".

By contrast, Option B incorrectly implies that the purpose of the action "began melting" is "uncovering" because it uses the infinitive verb formation "to uncover".

We hope this helps.
All the best!
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AndrewN Could you please shed more light on Option A's usage of "that were to". I found it weird and out of place. I do not recall any other official question with such odd usage of "were to".
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AndrewN Could you please shed more light on Option A's usage of "that were to". I found it weird and out of place. I do not recall any other official question with such odd usage of "were to".
Hello, PyjamaScientist. You are not the only one to view such usage as weird. I would love to offer some brilliant grammatical breakdown of vast new areas that were to be occupied, but I have little to add to what GMATNinja has already written. There are several ways of expressing the same (or at least a similar) notion here, but perhaps were to be, in the eyes of the author, better conveys that the vast new areas took a long time to be occupied from the time the ice cap began to melt. Such usage bypasses the need for a timestamp word or expression such as later, in time, or over X years/centuries/millennia. I agree that the question stands out from a verb tense perspective. I cannot think of another like it.

This may not be the response you were hoping for, but I appreciate your thinking to ask, all the same.

- Andrew
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Thank you for the explanation GMATNinja @e-gmat
However, it still bothers me that the subject of first/previous clause,ice cap, doesn't make sense with the 'uncovering vast new'.

I do understand that the verb+ing is modifying the whole clause rather than just the subject and also it is representing the result. However, there were a couple of original gmat questions which I got wrong just for the same reason that verb+ing doesn't make sense with the subject of the previous clause although it depicts the result of the previous clause.

Could someone please explain. Thanks a lot
Unfortunately, all I can offer you is the same advice we give all the time: there are very few concrete "rules" that you can apply to GMAT SC. The test would be much easier if we could say, "Oh good, this thing works (or doesn't work) in one problem, so that means it will always work (or not work) in other problems!"

But, sadly, that isn't the case. When it comes to "-ing" modifiers and what they modify, you have to examine each answer choice, think about the meaning, and determine which choice is the best out of the five choices in THAT problem. Often, the "-ing" modifier DOES modify the subject of the clause in the correct answer. But sometimes, it just modifies the entire clause, and not JUST the subject.

I'm sure that this is unsatisfying, but I hope it helps a bit!

GMATNinja

Can you please provide an example of an -ing modifier just modifying the subject? Would this work below?
Sarah has not been sleeping, leading to her mistakes at work. Thank you for your time.
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sharan3
Thank you for the explanation GMATNinja @e-gmat
However, it still bothers me that the subject of first/previous clause,ice cap, doesn't make sense with the 'uncovering vast new'.

I do understand that the verb+ing is modifying the whole clause rather than just the subject and also it is representing the result. However, there were a couple of original gmat questions which I got wrong just for the same reason that verb+ing doesn't make sense with the subject of the previous clause although it depicts the result of the previous clause.

Could someone please explain. Thanks a lot
Unfortunately, all I can offer you is the same advice we give all the time: there are very few concrete "rules" that you can apply to GMAT SC. The test would be much easier if we could say, "Oh good, this thing works (or doesn't work) in one problem, so that means it will always work (or not work) in other problems!"

But, sadly, that isn't the case. When it comes to "-ing" modifiers and what they modify, you have to examine each answer choice, think about the meaning, and determine which choice is the best out of the five choices in THAT problem. Often, the "-ing" modifier DOES modify the subject of the clause in the correct answer. But sometimes, it just modifies the entire clause, and not JUST the subject.

I'm sure that this is unsatisfying, but I hope it helps a bit!

GMATNinja

Can you please provide an example of an -ing modifier just modifying the subject? Would this work below?
Sarah has not been sleeping, leading to her mistakes at work. Thank you for your time.

Hello woohoo921,

We hope this finds you well.

To answer your query, no; in "Sarah has not been sleeping, leading to her mistakes at work.", "leading" modifies the entirety of the preceding clause to convey that Sarah has not been sleeping, and this action is leading to her mistakes at work.

We hope this helps.
All the best!
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sharan3
Thank you for the explanation GMATNinja @e-gmat
However, it still bothers me that the subject of first/previous clause,ice cap, doesn't make sense with the 'uncovering vast new'.

I do understand that the verb+ing is modifying the whole clause rather than just the subject and also it is representing the result. However, there were a couple of original gmat questions which I got wrong just for the same reason that verb+ing doesn't make sense with the subject of the previous clause although it depicts the result of the previous clause.

Could someone please explain. Thanks a lot
Unfortunately, all I can offer you is the same advice we give all the time: there are very few concrete "rules" that you can apply to GMAT SC. The test would be much easier if we could say, "Oh good, this thing works (or doesn't work) in one problem, so that means it will always work (or not work) in other problems!"

But, sadly, that isn't the case. When it comes to "-ing" modifiers and what they modify, you have to examine each answer choice, think about the meaning, and determine which choice is the best out of the five choices in THAT problem. Often, the "-ing" modifier DOES modify the subject of the clause in the correct answer. But sometimes, it just modifies the entire clause, and not JUST the subject.

I'm sure that this is unsatisfying, but I hope it helps a bit!

GMATNinja

Can you please provide an example of an -ing modifier just modifying the subject? Would this work below?
Sarah has not been sleeping, leading to her mistakes at work. Thank you for your time.
If the "-ing" follows a full clause and a comma, the "-ing" phrase will almost always modify the entire previous clause. That would be true in the example you offered. It's not Sarah herself that leads to mistakes; it's the fact that she hasn't been sleeping well.

Others have noted that "including" seems to be one exception to this tendency. For instance:

    "Tim has rocked out to many albums, including Appetite for Destruction and The Best of Yanni."

Here, "including" only modifies "albums", despite following a full clause. But that's fine: it wouldn't make a whole lot of sense for anything other than a noun to include stuff.

The takeaway: this isn't an ironclad rule, but the exceptions are so rare that it's fair to assume that if you see a clause + comma + "-ing", the "-ing" will generally modify the full clause. Just know that when "-ing" words show up in other constructions, they can modify almost anything, so you'll always have to use context.

I hope that clears things up!
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Hi egmat GMATNinja I have a query in option A

A) Began to melt, uncovering

, verb + ing form shows cause and effect which is perfect in this case.

However, I eliminated this option based on the "to" after began. Does the "to" not indicate the purpose of began. I.E. the ice caps began in order to melt. This got me confused and I eliminated option A. Can you please explain when we use "to" for purpose and when we use it otherwise.
That is certainly one usage of "to + verb", i.e. "I worked hard to improve my GMAT score."

However, that is not the ONLY usage of "to + verb". For example:

    "The only way to win is to cheat." It surely wouldn't make any sense to claim that "the way" intends "to win" or "to cheat." But this sentence is fine.

Or better yet:

    "It is starting to snow."

It would be a little strange to claim that "it" intends "to snow," right? But again, there's no problem here -- we're just conveying a general state of affairs.

Unfortunately there is no list of black and white rules that will help you with this sort of thing. Unless you're 100% sure that a "to" construction is absolutely wrong, be conservative and leave it. Eliminate the options with obvious errors and then compare the rest of the choices based on meaning.

I hope that helps!

Hi GMATNinja Sir,

In continuation,

Can you please help me out with the below doubt?

is the use of "to melt" means below in A option?

"that the intent of the action "began" is "melting" because it uses the infinitive verb formation "to melt"".

Thanks in advance sir
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