The global-warming effect of ocean white caps are one of the many

IMO C.

I did not solve this question with any reason further than MEANING.

A. The global-warming effect of ocean white caps - meaning is nonsensical
B. The effect on global warming of ocean white caps - same as above
D. That ocean white caps have an effect on global warming - introduces unnecessary That clause which makes meaning unclear
E. That ocean white caps have an effect on global warming - same as above

@ sdas: you're absolutely right. MEANING is always the key for every SC questions.
I, however, used grammar to select the right one. Here my 2 cents.

The global-warming effect of ocean white caps are one of the many aspects of the ocean environment that are not yet incorporated in any detail into the computer models used for predicting how rising greenhouse gas concentrations could affect climate.

The global-warming effect is singular >>> must go with "is", not "are".
The use of "that" before environment is necessary to modify "aspects"
"aspects" is plural >>>> must go with "are".
"for predicting" is not good, right idiom is "to predict".

All thing considered, C is the best.
Hope it helps.

C fits in good,
The effect of X on global warming is one of the many "Z's" of the ocean environment that "are"...... to predict.
also "models" in all the options helps to indicate use of "are"

The global-warming effect of ocean white caps are one of the many aspects of the ocean environment that are not yet incorporated in any detail into the computer models used for predicting how rising greenhouse gas concentrations could affect climate.

A. The global-warming effect of ocean white caps are one of the many aspects of the ocean environment that are not yet incorporated in any detail into the computer models used for predicting --- Subject verb error and awkward construction.
B. The effect on global warming of ocean white caps are one of the many aspects of the ocean environment not yet incorporated in any detail into computer models, which they use to predict --- Subject verb error and pronoun ambiguity.
C. The effect of ocean white caps on global warming is one of the many aspects of the ocean environment that are not yet incorporated in any detail into the computer models used to predict --- all good.
D. That ocean white caps have an effect on global warming is one of the many aspects of the ocean environment not yet having been incorporated in any detail into the computer models that are used for predicting --- having without comma always wrong on GMAT "noun, having -ed modifier blah blah" is on e of the acceptable forms; comma before or after (if opening phrase modifier) is necessary.
E. That ocean white caps have an effect on global warming is one of the many aspects of the ocean environment not yet being incorporated in any detail into computer models, which they use to predict[/quote]

The questions is measuring our skills of S-V-A & Modifier. now check the splits .

The global-warming effect of ocean white caps are one of the many aspects of the ocean environment that are not yet incorporated in any detail into the computer models used for predicting how rising greenhouse gas concentrations could affect climate


A. The global-warming effect of ocean white caps are one of the many aspects of the ocean environment that are not yet incorporated in any detail into the computer models used for predicting

B. The effect of ocean white caps on global warming are one of the many aspects of the ocean environment that are not yet incorporated in any detail into the computer models, which they use to predict

C. The effect of ocean white caps on global warming is one of the many aspects of the ocean environment that are not yet incorporated in any detail into the computer models used to predict

D. That ocean white caps have an effect on global warming is one of the many aspects of the ocean environment not yet having been incorporated in any detail into the computer models used for predicting

E. That ocean white caps have an effect on global warming is one of the many aspects of the ocean environment not yet being incorporated in any detail into the computer models, which they use to predict
In options A & B The subject "The effect " is not agree to verb "are". Eliminated

The next split is between for+ predicting and to predict. These words are not preceded by comma. to+verb is used to if the action is done with a purpose where as for verb+ing is used to modify either a noun or a verb and denotes some relation to the entity it modifies. Here is a purpose to predict the affect of rising greenhouse gas concentrations on climate . So we can eliminate option D.
Now between E and C you can easily select option C as E has pronoun "they " without anticedent.
Thanks to EGMAT for free pdf.
Regards
KK

ONE of the many THAT ARE... CORRECT
USED TO PREDICT... CORRECT.
A. Effect ARE...
B. Effect ARE
D. USED FOR
E. THEY is the problem

C is the answer:

phrase is - one of the many ... that are.. .

Effect ... is ... effects ... are ...

Can we also eliminate options (D) & (E) since they are using "ING" form (i.e., "not yet having been...", "not yet being..." right after the prepositional phrase (i.e., "many aspects of the ocean environment")? I read it somewhere that the structure "preposition + noun + ING" is wrong.

This question is based on Grammatical Construction.

The phrase “The global warming effect of ocean white caps” distorts the meaning. Since the subject ‘effect’ is singular, the verb ‘are’ doesn’t agree with it. So, Option A can be eliminated.

The construction of Option B is better but the subject-verb disagreement is present in this option also. The pronoun ‘they’ is ambiguous as there is no appropriate antecedent for this pronoun. So, Option B can also be eliminated.

The construction of Option C is ideal. Subject-verb agreement is maintained; the singular verb ‘is’ agrees with the subject ‘effect’. The participle phrase ‘used to predict’ avoids the use of an ambiguous pronoun. So, C is the best option.

In Option D, the noun clause “That ocean white caps have an effect on global warming” as the subject is wordy. There is also an idiomatic usage error at the end of the option; the verb ‘used’ should be followed by the infinitive form ‘to predict’ and not the participle form ‘for predicting’. So, Option D can be eliminated.

Option E also contains the wordy noun clause as the subject and the redundant pronoun ‘they’. Furthermore, the phrase “not yet being incorporated” is clumsy. So, Option E can be eliminated.

Therefore, C is the most appropriate option.

Jayanthi Kumar.

KarishmaB

(D) That ocean white caps have an effect on global warming is one of the many aspects of the ocean environment not yet having been incorporated in any detail into the computer models used for predicting

(E) That ocean white caps have an effect on global warming is one of the many aspects of the ocean environment not yet being incorporated in any detail into the computer models, which they use to predict

Can I eliminate D and E because of the usage of singular verb for plural subject - ocean white capS

When a clause is used as a subject, it takes singular verb. The subject here is "that ocean white caps have an effect on global warming." Hence the verb "is" is correct.

Think about what the sentence says:
A is one of the many aspects of the ocean environment that is not yet being incorporated in ...

What is one of the many aspects that is not being incorporated? It is "that ocean white caps have an effect on global warming."
Since subject is a clause, it will take singular verb "is." Hence we cannot eliminate (D) and (E) based on this.

What does the sentence tell us?
That ‘the global-warming effect of ocean white caps’ is an aspect of the ocean environment. It is one of many aspects that are not incorporated into the computer models used to predict ‘something’

If we look at just the structure of the sentence,

‘A’ is one of the many aspects of ‘B’ that are not yet incorporated in any detail into ‘C’ used to predict something.
A – The effect of ocean white caps
B – ocean environment
C – Computer models

Breaking it down:

‘A’ is one of the many aspects of ‘B’ - Main Clause (Subject ‘A’, singular verb ‘is’)

that are not yet incorporated in any detail into ‘C’ used to predict something - Relative Clause in which ‘that’ refers to ‘the many aspects of B’ since it is these aspects that are not incorporated into the models.

The subject ‘A’ is singular in every option. In both ‘the global-warming effect of ocean white caps’ and ‘the effect of ocean white caps on global warming,’ we are talking about the singular ‘effect.’
‘That ocean white caps have an effect on global warming’ is a noun clause and when clauses are used as subject, they are singular.

(A) The global-warming effect of ocean white caps are one of the many aspects of the ocean environment that are not yet incorporated in any detail into the computer models used for predicting
(B) The effect of ocean white caps on global warming are one of the many aspects of the ocean environment that are not yet incorporated in any detail into the computer models, which they use to predict

Options (A) and (B) use plural ‘are’ with the singular subject in the main clause and hence we can eliminate them.

(B) The effect of ocean white caps on global warming are one of the many aspects of the ocean environment that are not yet incorporated in any detail into the computer models, which they use to predict
(E) That ocean white caps have an effect on global warming is one of the many aspects of the ocean environment not yet being incorporated in any detail into the computer models, which they use to predict

‘used for predicting’/’used to predict’ are past participle modifiers for computer models. We know that GMAT prefers ‘used to predict’ but we cannot eliminate based on that because ‘used for predicting’ is acceptable too though less common. But, ‘which they use to predict,’ a relative clause modifying ‘computer models’ is not correct because it uses the pronoun ‘they’ which has no antecedent in our sentence. Hence options (B) and (E) are not correct.

(D) That ocean white caps have an effect on global warming is one of the many aspects of the ocean environment not yet having been incorporated in any detail into the computer models used for predicting

The use of a relative clause - ‘that are not yet incorporated …’ to modify ‘many aspects’ is correct.
Option (D) is incorrect in its use of the perfect participle ‘having been incorporated.’ Perfect participle shows an event that happened before another but we don’t have two events here.

(C) The effect of ocean white caps on global warming is one of the many aspects of the ocean environment that are not yet incorporated in any detail into the computer models used to predict

Option (C) is correct and preferable in all respects.

Answer (C)