The undervaluation of work that has traditionally been done by women,

Question

The undervaluation of work that has traditionally been done by women, such as jobs in the retail clothing industry, could be addressed in a number of different ways. One method is for women to organize into unions, and then collectively bargain with—or exert pressure on management to force it to commit to increases in wage levels. (Evidence that this method is effective exists: women in unions earn one-third more than do non union women.) Another is to lobby legislatures for a change in the differing pay scales that persist between predominantly female industries and those, such as auto manufacturing, that are made up largely of males.

The collective actions described above are sometimes difficult to engender. The majority of women in the workforce are employed in industries—catering and domestic and home-based workers, to name a few—in which it is often difficult to organize. Indeed, women's access to employment itsel is impeded by factors such as child care and unequal access to education and training. Once employed, women face discrimination and poor access to economic resources, including land, credit, and technology. But today's inequities and challenges notwithstanding, women workers should try to reshape or otherwise influence their work situations themselves rather than simply hoping that laws and other external means will remedy the problem for them.   1 
 1. According to the author, which of the following may be achieved through the processes of unionization and collective bargaining?

A. Overcoming market pressures that keep wages in some industries lower than in others
B. Encouraging worker flexibility in adjusting a new pay scale to economic conditions
C. Helping workers to apply group pressure on their employers
D. Aiding in determining the degree to which women are being underpaid
E. Changing the pay relationship between unionized and non-unionized workers within a single industry

2 
 2. Based on the information given in the passage, the author would be most likely to agree that

A. pay inequity for women exists because of the lack of unionization in traditionally female occupations
B. government regulation of industry to achieve pay equity for women is unnecessary “because management has the power to effectively determine wages
C. unionization would solve all industry problems relating to the valuation of women's work
D. government regulation may play a role in achieving pay equity for women in industries in which collective bargaining has not been successful in doing so
E. poor access to economic resources hampers the collective actions of not only women workers but men also

3 
 3. The author of this passage is primarily concerned with

A. criticizing the under-valuation of work traditionally done by women
B. providing evidence of effective organization methods for women in the workforce
C. arguing for the collective actions of women as a means of addressing wage inequity
D. illustrating examples representative of the male-female wage differential
E. emphasizing that women entering the workforce face challenges such as unequal access to education and training

RC Butler Competition 2021  -  Participate and Win!   
Passage # 12 Date: 8-Jan-2021
 This question is a part of RC Butler Competition 2021 .  Click here for Details

Sajjad1994 · Accepted Answer

Official Explanation

1. According to the author, which of the following may be achieved through the processes of unionization and collective bargaining?

Analyze the Question Stem:

The words  “according to the author"  signal that this is a Detail question. The correct answer will be something explicitly stated by the author.

Research the Relevant Text:

Always use the information given in the question stem to identify the relevant portion of the passage to research. This question asks about unionization and collective bargaining, concepts whose aims are discussed in the second sentence of the first paragraph.

Make a Prediction:

In the relevant sentence, the author states that organizing and collective bargaining can help women  "exert pressure on...management to force it to commit to increases in wage levels."  The correct answer will be the choice that most closely matches this quotation.

Evaluate the Answer Choices:

(C)  matches the prediction perfectly and is correct.

(A)  might sound reasonable, but it is simply not mentioned in the passage.

(B)  is wrong because there is nothing in the passage about adjusting pay scales to economic conditions.

(D)  incorrectly links unionization to figuring out just how underpaid women are. The passage simply starts with the fact that women are underpaid, and focuses on ways to find a solution. There is no discussion about determining the exact degree to which women are underpaid.

(E)  is a trap for those who noticed the parenthetical sentence in paragraph one that says women in unions earn one-third more than do non-union women. But this fact is offered solely as evidence that unionization is effective, not as part of a discussion about how the differential might be changed.

Answer: C

TAKEAWAY:  The answer to a Detail question will stick closely to the wording in the passage. Always research these; don't try to answer from memory.

2. Based on the information given in the passage, the author would be most likely to agree that

Analyze the Question Stem:

Questions that ask which statement the author would agree with are Inference questions. The correct answer to an Inference question must follow directly from the information contained in the passage.

Research the Relevant Text:

The question stem does not give any clue as to which portion of the passage will be most relevant. Refer back to details in the passage as needed when evaluating each answer choice.

Make a Prediction:

Making predictions on open-ended Inference questions is difficult. It's better to move straight to the answer choices.

Evaluate the Answer Choices:

(A)  looks tempting, but the use of  "because"  in the choice is the red flag. Though the author thinks that unionization might help address the issue, there is no reason to believe that he thinks it's the cause of the problem in the first place.

(B)  contradicts the passage.  Paragraph one  lists government regulation as one possible way of addressing the problem of undervaluation, as an alternative to unionization. Unionization isn't always possible, as the author notes in paragraph two, because it may be difficult for the women to organize. Thus the author is implying that at least under some circumstances, government regulation may indeed be necessary.

(C)  is extreme. The passage claims only that unionization may remedy the problem of the undervaluation of women's work, not that it  "would solve all industry problems"  relating to undervaluation.

(D)  is supported by the passage, and is the correct answer. The author states in the first paragraph that one way to address the problem of undervaluation is through collective bargaining. But “another is to lobby legislatures" for certain changes. So government regulation may indeed play a role in achieving pay equity for women.

(E)  is simply not dealt with in the passage. There is nothing about the author's opinion of men's access to economic resources, so nothing can be inferred about it.

Answer: D

TAKEAWAY:  The answer to an Inference question must have direct support in the passage.

3. The author of this passage is primarily concerned with

Analyze the Question Stem:

This is a Global question, as it asks about the passage as a whole. The wording of this question stem is simply another way of asking about the author's Purpose.

Research the Relevant Text:

There is no need to refer back to the passage on a Global question - the passage map is all that is needed.

Make a Prediction:

Using the passage map, the answer can be predicted to say something like,  "to argue that the solution for remedying the wage differential is for women to organize."

Evaluate the Answer Choices:

(C)  best reflects this prediction, and it describes the author's intention throughout the entire passage.

(A)  is the author's starting point, but not the Purpose of the entire passage. The author clearly disapproves of the undervaluation of the work done by women, but this passage focuses on ways to remedy that undervaluation.

(B)  and  (D)  are too narrow in scope: although evidence of proven organization methods is provided in the passage, it is not the primary purpose of the passage, nor is providing examples of the wage differential.

(E)  is likewise too narrow. It presents a detail from the second paragraph.

Answer: C

Vie3nrose · Answer

Question 1. According to the author, which of the following may be achieved through the processes of unionization and collective bargaining?

A. Overcoming market pressures that keep wages in some industries lower than in others
 INCORRECT   -- Although PG1 mentions "differing pay scales that persist between predominantly female industries and those, such as auto manufacturing, that are made up largely of males" the author didn't mention that market pressures are the reason for this discrepancy
 
B. Encouraging worker flexibility in adjusting a new pay scale to economic conditions
 INCORRECT   -- author didn't mention flexibility in adjusting to a new pay scale, although they do mention differing pay scales between female vs male-dominated industries in relation to lobbying legislation 
 
C. Helping workers to apply group pressure on their employers
 CORRECT   -- PG1 "women to organize into unions, and then collectively bargain with—or  exert pressure on management  to force it to commit to increases in wage levels."
 
D. Aiding in determining the degree to which women are being underpaid
 INCORRECT   -- Author does not discuss trying to understand the degree to which women are being underpaid
 
E. Changing the pay relationship between unionized and non-unionized workers within a single industry
 INCORRECT   -- Author mentions that women in unions earn more than non-union workers as evidence that unionization is an effective way to increase wages for women (not recommending to change the pay relationship between union vs non-union workers)

Question 3. The author of this passage is primarily concerned with
 
A. criticizing the under-valuation of work traditionally done by women
 INCORRECT   -- The author isn't so much criticizing the under-valuation of women's work, but suggesting recommendations for women in these industries to work towards closing the gap (and also acknowles reasons why these goals have been difficult to achieve)
 
B. providing evidence of effective organization methods for women in the workforce
 INCORRECT   -- PG1 does provide evidence that unionization is effective, but this is not the main purpose of the passage and PG2 focuses more on highlighting challenges and barriers against women achieving these goals
 
C. arguing for the collective actions of women as a means of addressing wage inequity
 CORRECT   -- PG1 posits that the "undervaluation of work that has traditionally been done by women... could be addressed in a number of different ways. One method is for women to organize into unions, and then collectively bargain...", and also mentions lobbying for legislative change as an option to drive progress. Although PG2 acknowledges that there have been barriers to engendering collective actions, it closes on re-emphasizing the importance of women workers taking action into their own hands. 
 
D. illustrating examples representative of the male-female wage differential
 INCORRECT   -- Although examples were provided for male vs female-dominated industries (i.e. female retail vs male auto), this was not the purpose of the passage, and these were used to illustrate the larger point that collective action is needed in female-dominated industries 
 
E. emphasizing that women entering the workforce face challenges such as unequal access to education and training
 INCORRECT   -- Although this is mentioned in PG2 ("women's access to employment itsel is impeded by factors such as child care and unequal access to education and training"), it was simply to illustrate the larger theme of challenges women have faced in achieving collective action in their industries in order to receive fair value for their work

BaskaranK25 · Answer

Para1:  Mentions 2 of many ways to address a problem.
    Problem:  undervaluation of work that has traditionally been done by women
  First way:  organize into unions (worked in the past) 
  second way:  to lobby legislatures 
 Para2:  States that the above mentioned ways are sometimes difficult to follow & describes the difficulties that prevent womens from doing so.
 Concludes that inspite of the difficulties menioned in para2, womens should raise their voice to fulfill thier needs instead of relying on other stimulants.

Question 1: ==> C
Type: Detail 
1. According to the author, which of the following may be achieved through the processes of unionization and collective bargaining?

A. Overcoming market pressures that keep wages in some industries lower than in others
Not mentioned in the passage; trap: mentions the result of mathod2 in para1, while the stem asks for result of method1
B. Encouraging worker flexibility in adjusting a new pay scale to economic conditions
not mentioned anywhere, straight forward easy to eliminate
C. Helping workers to apply group pressure on their employers
 mentioned in para1 line5 
D. Aiding in determining the degree to which women are being underpaid
not mentioned anywhere, straight forward easy to eliminate
E. Changing the pay relationship between unionized and non-unionized workers within a single industry
 Trap:  mentioned in para1 but does not answer stem; this option mentions the evidence of success stated in para1 line6, which does not convey the expectation of the result of method1.

Question 2: ==> A
Type: Inference 
2. Based on the information given in the passage, the author would be most likely to agree that

A. pay inequity for women exists because of the lack of unionization in traditionally female occupations
 Last 4 lines in para2 points in this direction giving a solid premise to draw the above stated inference
Indeed POE leads nowhere but to this option 
B. government regulation of industry to achieve pay equity for women is unnecessary “because management has the power to effectively determine wages
Nowhere the powers of management is mentioned and the government regulation's role is not discussed.
 Possible trap:  mentions the words "government regulation" to misdirect 
C. unionization would solve all industry problems relating to the valuation of women's work
Too far from what is mentioned in passage; passage does mention that unionization would solve SOME industry problems but NOT ALL
D. government regulation may play a role in achieving pay equity for women in industries in which collective bargaining has not been successful in doing so
no premise can be found that mentions the role of government regulation in achieving pay equity for women in industries
E. poor access to economic resources hampers the collective actions of not only women workers but men also
Impact of ecom=nomic resources on mens is unkown;
 Trap:  mentions stated fact but a modifier is off way(BUT MEN ALSO)

Question 3: ==> C
Type: Main Idea 
3. The author of this passage is primarily concerned with

A. criticizing the under-valuation of work traditionally done by women
Merely states the under-valuation as a problem, does not go ahead and critize it 
B. providing evidence of effective organization methods for women in the workforce
covers partial scope; she uses this as two ways to achieve a result
C. arguing for the collective actions of women as a means of addressing wage inequity
 The author in last lines of para2 reinforces her idea which aligns with above option 
D. illustrating examples representative of the male-female wage differential
not metioned straight forward elimination
E. emphasizing that women entering the workforce face challenges such as unequal access to education and training
She mentions this to explian why the methods in para1 is sometimes difficult
 Trap:  If the first line of para2 is missed it is difficult to eliminate IMHO

Deepakjhamb · Answer

1. According to the author, which of the following may be achieved through the processes of unionization and collective bargaining?

answer is e)Changing the pay relationship between unionized and non-unionized workers within a single industry 
A. Overcoming market pressures that keep wages in some industries lower than in others :  this is not mentioned in passage and is Outside scope of the passage  
B. Encouraging worker flexibility in adjusting a new pay scale to economic conditions :  this is outside the scope of the passage , so its out 
C. Helping workers to apply group pressure on their employers :  actually this is the meaning of unionized and collective bargaaining not what may be achieved through it ,so its out  
D. Aiding in determining the degree to which women are being underpaid :  this is outside the scope of passage and this comparison is not mentioned in the passage  
E. Changing the pay relationship between unionized and non-unionized workers within a single industry:  passage states that one method is for women to organize into unions, and then collectively bargain with—or exert pressure on management to force it to commit to increases in wage levels. (Evidence that this method is effective exists: women in unions earn one-third more than do non union women.) . From this we can infer that change in pay relationship between unionized and non-unionized workers could be achieved through collective bargaining

2. Based on the information given in the passage, the author would be most likely to agree that
 
answer is d)government regulation may play a role in achieving pay equity for women in industries in which collective bargaining has not been successful in doing so

A. pay inequity for women exists because of the lack of unionization in traditionally female occupations :  actually this is one of the methods to address the The undervaluation of work that has traditionally been done by women and is not stated as the cause for pay inequity for women  
B. government regulation of industry to achieve pay equity for women is unnecessary “because management has the power to effectively determine wages :  this is extreme language as in one of collective actions author says that lobby legislatures for a change in the differing pay scales that persist between predominantly female industries and those, such as auto manufacturing, that are made up largely of males,so its out  
C. unionization would solve all industry problems relating to the valuation of women's work :  author only says that unionization could solve wage inequity problem within a single industry and saying that it will resolve all industry problems related to valuation of women work is extreme language , so ruled out  
D. government regulation may play a role in achieving pay equity for women in industries in which collective bargaining has not been successful in doing so :  yes this is type of may be language and author does say that one way to address inequity in pay is that to lobby legislatures for a change in the differing pay scales that persist between predominantly female industries and those, such as auto manufacturing, that are made up largely of males. 
E. poor access to economic resources hampers the collective actions of not only women workers but men also :  men's collective actions being hampered by poor access to economic resources is not mentioned in the passage , so its out

3. The author of this passage is primarily concerned with

answer is c) arguing for the collective actions of women as a means of addressing wage inequity

A. criticizing the under-valuation of work traditionally done by women :  author is not criticizing under valuation of women work but rather giving methods to address this issue , so this is out  
B. providing evidence of effective organization methods for women in the workforce :  evidence of effective organization methods is not provided per se in passage , passage only states that women should do collective actions like collective group bargaining and lobbying legislatures to address pay inequity  
C. arguing for the collective actions of women as a means of addressing wage inequity : c orrect , this is the answer as author states that women should do collective actions like collective group bargaining and lobbying legislatures to address pay inequity for women . 
 
D. illustrating examples representative of the male-female wage differential :  only in first para last sentence mentions about male- female wage differential , so its too limited in scope and cannot be the primary purpose  
E. emphasizing that women entering the workforce face challenges such as unequal access to education and training :  only 1 sentence in second para talks about such challenges faced by women ,so this is too limited in scope and cannot be the primary purpose of the passage

Tahamohsin · Answer

1. According to the author, which of the following may be achieved through the processes of unionization and collective bargaining?

C

A. Overcoming market pressures that keep wages in some industries lower than in others
   the processes of unionization and collective bargaining may overcome market pressures, but the passage stated that the processes of unionization and collective bargaining overcome the pressure of the employer.

B. Encouraging worker flexibility in adjusting a new pay scale to economic conditions
  the processes of unionization and collective bargaining doesn't Encourage worker  flexibility  in adjusting a new pay scale to economic conditions

C. Helping workers to apply group pressure on their employers
  Correct, the passage stated that through the processes of unionization and collective bargaining women can exert pressure on management to force it to commit to increases in wage levels.

D. Aiding in determining the degree to which women are being underpaid
  Completly wrong

E. Changing the pay relationship between unionized and non-unionized workers within a single industry
  The sole primary purpose of the unionization and collective bargaining was not sorely to increase the pay of the unionized worker.

2. Based on the information given in the passage, the author would be most likely to agree that

A

A. pay inequity for women exists because of the lack of unionization in traditionally female occupations
  The author uses the evidence that this method is effective exists: women in unions earn one-third more than do non union women. That's why pay inequity for women exists because of the lack of unionization in traditionally female occupations.

B. government regulation of the industry to achieve pay equity for women is unnecessary “because management has the power to effectively determine wages
  The passage never stated that government regulation of the industry to achieve pay equity for women is unnecessary “because management has the power to effectively determine wages

C. unionization would solve all industry problems relating to the valuation of women's work
  The author stated that unionization would solve all industry problems

D. government regulation may play a role in achieving pay equity for women in industries in which collective bargaining has not been successful in doing so
  This could be true, but we don't know for sure.

E. poor access to economic resources hampers the collective actions of not only women workers but men also
  The passage never uses the evidence that poor access to economic resources hampers the collective actions of not only women workers but men also

3. The author of this passage is primarily concerned with

C

A. criticizing the under-valuation of work traditionally done by women
  The author never criticise word done by women.

B. providing evidence of effective organization methods for women in the workforce
  No, this is not the primary purpose of the passage.

C. arguing for the collective actions of women as a means of addressing wage inequity
  Yes, the first para explains how women bargain for equal pay in the past, and now the author recommend collective action for present inequities and challenges.

D. illustrating examples representative of the male-female wage differential
  No, this is not the primary purpose of the passage.

E. emphasizing that women entering the workforce face challenges such as unequal access to education and training
  This is also not the primary purpose.

Sumi1010 · Answer

Short note on the passage

P1 -Addressing undervaluation of women works - 1. Organise union to pressure mgmt. 2. Change in legislatures.
P2- Difficulties - Union formation, access to employment, discriminations . Women should try.

1. According to the author, which of the following may be achieved through the processes of unionization and collective bargaining?

A.  Overcoming market pressures  that keep wages in some industries lower than in others
 Unionization may not fix market pressures.  
B. Encouraging worker flexibility in adjusting a new pay scale to economic conditions
 Unionization may not help in worker flexibility. 
C. Helping workers to apply group pressure on their employers
 Correct . "exert pressure on management to force it to commit to increases in wage levels." 
D. Aiding in determining the degree to which women are being underpaid
 The unionization is not to do assessment. 
E. Changing the pay relationship between unionized and non-unionized workers  within a single industry. 
 This is not inferred if they belong to single or different industries.

C

2. Based on the information given in the passage, the author would be most likely to agree that

A. pay inequity for women exists because of the lack of unionization in traditionally female occupations
 Correct. The author suggest unionization as a way to address inquiry. 
B. government regulation of industry to achieve pay equity for women is  unnecessary   because management has the power to effectively determine wages 
 The author simply suggests that women workers should try to reshape their work situations themselves rather than simply hoping that laws and other external means will remedy the problem for them. 
C. unionization would  solve all industry problems  relating to the valuation of women's work
 The author just considered unionisation as a way to address the problem. It may not solve all the problems though. 
D. government regulation may play a role in achieving pay equity for women in industries in which collective bargaining has not been successful in doing so
 Not true . " But today's inequities and challenges notwithstanding, women workers should try to reshape or otherwise influence their work situations themselves rather than simply hoping that laws and other external means will remedy the problem for them. "
E. poor access to economic resources hampers the collective actions of not only women workers  but men also 
 No information about the impact on men. "Once employed, women face discrimination and poor access to economic resources, including land, credit, and technology."

A

3. The author of this passage is primarily concerned with

A.  criticizing the under-valuation  of work traditionally done by women
 The author goes on the discussing on the methods to address the under-valuation.  
B.  providing evidence  of effective organization methods for women in the workforce
 The small evidence of the impact of urbanisation may not be the primary purpose of the passage. 
C. arguing for the collective actions of women as a means of addressing wage inequity
 Correct. The author emphasizes the collective actions of women .
D. illustrating examples representative of the male-female wage differential
 The passage is not just showcasing the multiple cases of the wage differences. 
E. emphasizing that women entering the workforce face challenges such as unequal access to education and training
 The authors talks on such problems as difficulties to the earlier mentioned addressal methods.

C

rocky620 · Answer

Para-1  - Women are undervalued in the jobs - They should take actions to overcome it.
 Para-2  - Difficulties / Hindrances that may arrive in taking actions - But in-spite of that women should take actions, instead of relying wholly on the Govt.

Passage -  Arguing/Emphasizing that in order to improve certain conditions, women should take actions.

1. According to the author, which of the following may be achieved through the processes of unionization and collective bargaining?

A. Overcoming market pressures that keep wages in some industries lower than in others.....  It can be done by Lobbying legislatures not by unionization and collective bargaining. Eliminate.  
B. Encouraging worker flexibility in adjusting a new pay scale to economic conditions.....  Unionization may help to improve pay scales of women. Flexibility in adjusting to a new pay scale may even mean for a reduced pay scale. ELiminate.  
C. Helping workers to apply group pressure on their employers.....  Yes. It can be achieved through unionization. As the author has also provided evidence in this regard. Keep It.  
D. Aiding in determining the degree to which women are being underpaid.....  Unionization in the next step, after the degree of underpay is determined. Once you have known the difference in pays then only you can argue in groups. You cannot group just to know the difference. Lets just suppose, a group goes to the management and say "  Tell us how much are we underpaid ". The management says " You are not underpaid. You are actually overpaid ". The group says " OK ". Then what?. What was the sense of grouping? .Eliminate.   
E. Changing the pay relationship between unionized and non-unionized workers within a single industry.....  As per teh passage grouping is done to improve individual pay not to create pay differences in grouped and un-grouped. If you are in group it might be easier to have the pay changed. Eliminate.

2. Based on the information given in the passage, the author would be most likely to agree that

A. pay inequity for women exists because of the lack of unionization in traditionally female occupations.....  Pay inequity exists because of various other factors such as difficulty to organize, Govt inefficiency etc. not because of lack of unionization. Eliminate  
B. government regulation of industry to achieve pay equity for women is unnecessary “because management has the power to effectively determine wages.....  Although govt regulations have limited impact, it cannot be said that it is unnecessary. Eliminate  
C. unionization would solve all industry problems relating to the valuation of women's work.....   All , is the buzz word. Unionization may solve some problems, bot not all. Eliminate.  
D. government regulation may play a role in achieving pay equity for women in industries in which collective bargaining has not been successful in doing so.....  Yes, Lobbying Legislators, is mentioned (last sentence of first para) as a second method to improve pay inequity. Keep It  
E. poor access to economic resources hampers the collective actions of not only women workers but men also.....  The passage mentions that once the women are employed, they face certain challenges, poor access to economic resources is one of them. But We cannot infer that the author meant the same for men. Eliminate.

3. The author of this passage is primarily concerned with

A. criticizing the under-valuation of work traditionally done by women.....  Criticizing is one part. The author is arguing to uplift/take actions to remove wage inequity. Eliminate.  
B. providing evidence of effective organization methods for women in the workforce.....  Its Only part of first para. Elimnate.  
C. arguing for the collective actions of women as a means of addressing wage inequity.....  Yes, we can see that the authour has mentioned  "could be addressed in a number of different ways" ,  "But today's inequities and challenges notwithstanding, women workers should try to reshape or otherwise influence their work"  etc. Also he has suggested methods to improve under valuation of women work. So it is the main idea of the passage. Keep It.  
D. illustrating examples representative of the male-female wage differential.....  Example are given to support the main point, they them are not the main point. Eliminate.  
E. emphasizing that women entering the workforce face challenges such as unequal access to education and training.....  Yes women do face challenges after entering the work force. But had it been the main point there would have been more  "Emphasis"  on it. Eliminate.

IMO Options C, D, C

KART0506 · Answer

PG1: undervaluation of work –by women-Gives two examples on how to overcome . 1 : Forming unions 2. Discussing directly with government to change the differing pay scales in industries dominated by male and female.
PG2: states example as why the PG1 points are difficult to engender , based on women’s occupation. Women’s occupation as –catering –household-difficult to organize. Women-discrimination-economic resources..hence women should take responsibility to influence their workers.

1. According to the author, which of the following may be achieved through the processes of unionization and collective bargaining?

A. Overcoming market pressures that keep wages in some industries lower than in others- Incorrect , the passage deals mainly about women being underpaid , there is no comparison of two industries.
B. Encouraging worker flexibility in adjusting a new pay scale to economic conditions-  Incorrect  ,No where we have discussed about worker flexibility 
C. Helping workers to apply group pressure on their employers-  Correct  as stated in PG1
D. Aiding in determining the degree to which women are being underpaid-  Incorrect , union doesn’t compare , they are represent collective voice to be heard out .
E. Changing the pay relationship between unionized and non-unionized workers within a single industry-  Incorrect , no where it is mentioned about this ,there is a comparison between male dominated industry and women dominated industry , regarding their pay differences.
2. Based on the information given in the passage, the author would be most likely to agree that

A. pay inequity for women exists because of the lack of unionization in traditionally female occupations-  Incorrect , forming a union is a possible way out .
B. government regulation of industry to achieve pay equity for women is unnecessary “because management has the power to effectively determine wages-  Incorrect , it is not mentioned in the passage if management has more power or govt.
C. unionization would solve all industry problems relating to the valuation of women's work-  Incorrect , there is a strong word “all”, the author suggests that forming a union might help , and has quoted it to be successful but doesn’t guarantee.
D. government regulation may play a role in achieving pay equity for women in industries in which collective bargaining has not been successful in doing so-  Correct , “may play a role”, in the last line of the 2PG , it is state women should take ownership for their situation rather than waiting for the laws to work , which implies govt may help.
E. poor access to economic resources hampers the collective actions of not only women workers but men also-  Incorrect , poor access to economic resources has been quoted only for women, not both.

3. The author of this passage is primarily concerned with

A. criticizing the under-valuation of work traditionally done by women-  Incorrect , the author doesn’t criticize the under-valuation of work done by women.
B. providing evidence of effective organization methods for women in the workforce-  Incorrect , the
C. arguing for the collective actions of women as a means of addressing wage inequity-  Correct , the author is primarily touching upon various sectors where there is wage inequality for women.
D. illustrating examples representative of the male-female wage differential-  Incorrect , we do not have examples quoted anywhere for wage differences.
E. emphasizing that women entering the workforce face challenges such as unequal access to education and training-  Incorrect , though he states that women don’t have access to such basic needs, but he mentions at the women should influence their work and fight fo

TarunKumar1234 · Answer

1. According to the author, which of the following may be achieved through the processes of unionization and collective bargaining?

A. Overcoming market pressures that keep wages in some industries lower than in others -> No. It is incorrect.
B. Encouraging worker flexibility in adjusting a new pay scale to economic conditions -> Incorrect.
C. Helping workers to apply group pressure on their employers-> By unionization, employers can be pressurized.  Correct. 
D. Aiding in determining the degree to which women are being underpaid -> How can we determine degree. Incorrect.
E. Changing the pay relationship between unionized and non-unionized workers within a single industry-> No. Incorrect.

2. Based on the information given in the passage, the author would be most likely to agree that

A. pay inequity for women exists because of the lack of unionization in traditionally female occupations -> It is correct partially. But author is trying to say about Gov. regulations are not needed too. Incorrect.
B. government regulation of industry to achieve pay equity for women is unnecessary “because management has the power to effectively determine wages ->  Correct. 
C. unionization would solve all industry problems relating to the valuation of women's work -> No, It won't resolve. Because, there are some industries, where unionization doesn't work. Incorrect.
D. government regulation may play a role in achieving pay equity for women in industries in which collective bargaining has not been successful in doing so --> Gov. regulations is more like external forces, changes need internal forces. Incorrect.
E. poor access to economic resources hampers the collective actions of not only women workers but men also -> "Men also" Incorrect.

3. The author of this passage is primarily concerned with

A. criticizing the under-valuation of work traditionally done by women -> No. It is incorrect. Author is suggesting solutions.
B. providing evidence of effective organization methods for women in the workforce -> Incorrect.
C. arguing for the collective actions of women as a means of addressing wage inequity ->  Perfect . Author talks the same in the last para.
D. illustrating examples representative of the male-female wage differential -> incorrect.
E. emphasizing that women entering the workforce face challenges such as unequal access to education and training -> No. It is not major concern of Author. Incorrect.

RashmikaAnegama · Answer

1. According to the author, which of the following may be achieved through the processes of unionization and collective bargaining?

A. Overcoming market pressures that keep wages in some industries lower than in others

B. Encouraging worker flexibility in adjusting a new pay scale to economic conditions

C. Helping workers to apply group pressure on their employers

D. Aiding in determining the degree to which women are being underpaid

E. Changing the pay relationship between unionized and non-unionized workers within a single industry

2. Based on the information given in the passage, the author would be most likely to agree that

A. pay inequity for women exists because of the lack of unionization in traditionally female occupations

B. government regulation of industry to achieve pay equity for women is unnecessary “because management has the power to effectively determine wages

C. unionization would solve all industry problems relating to the valuation of women's work 
It just solves 1/3rd, not all

D. government regulation may play a role in achieving pay equity for women in industries in which collective bargaining has not been successful in doing so

E. poor access to economic resources hampers the collective actions of not only women workers but men also

3. The author of this passage is primarily concerned with

A. criticizing the under-valuation of work traditionally done by women
 
 B. providing evidence of effective organization methods for women in the workforce

C. arguing for the collective actions of women as a means of addressing wage inequity

D. illustrating examples representative of the male-female wage differential

E. emphasizing that women entering the workforce face challenges such as unequal access to education and training

So, IMO, D, D, A are the answers.

Neha2404 · Answer

1-C
2-D
3-C

IMO-C
Supporting Lines :-The undervaluation of work that has traditionally been done by women, such as jobs in the retail clothing industry, could be addressed in a number of different ways. One method is for women to organize into unions, and then collectively bargain with—or exert pressure on management to force it to commit to increases in wage levels

1. According to the author, which of the following may be achieved through the processes of unionization and collective bargaining?

A. Overcoming market pressures that keep wages in some industries lower than in others
INCORRECT:-it is incorrect that unionation help in Overcoming market pressures that keep wages in some industries lower than in others

B. Encouraging worker flexibility in adjusting a new pay scale to economic conditions
INCORRECT:- NOT mentioned in passage

C. Helping workers to apply group pressure on their employers
CORRECT:- Union help to workers to apply group pressure on their employers to increase their pay scale

D. Aiding in determining the degree to which women are being underpaid
INCORRECT:- NOT MENTIONED

E. Changing the pay relationship between unionized and non-unionized workers within a single industry
INCORRECT 
IMO-D

2. Based on the information given in the passage, the author would be most likely to agree that

A. pay inequity for women exists because of the lack of unionization in traditionally female occupations
INCORRECT:- NOT MENTIONED in passage author explained two method

B. government regulation of industry to achieve pay equity for women is unnecessary “because management has the power to effectively determine wages
INCORRECT:-Author not agree that government regulation of industry to achieve pay equity for women is unnecessary “because management has the power to effectively determine wages

C. unionization would solve all industry problems relating to the valuation of women's work
INCORRECT:- ALL is extreme here

D. government regulation may play a role in achieving pay equity for women in industries in which collective bargaining has not been successful in doing so
CORRECT:- Where union not possible Govt rule can help to women in achieving pay equity for women in industries

E. poor access to economic resources hampers the collective actions of not only women workers but men also
INCORRECT :-No information about men mentioned

IMO-C

3. The author of this passage is primarily concerned with

A. criticizing the under-valuation of work traditionally done by women

INCORRECT:- NO criticizing the under-valuation of work traditionally done by women

B. providing criticizing the under-valuation of work traditionally done by women
INCORRECT No criticizing the under-valuation of work traditionally done by women is mentioned in passage

C. arguing for the collective actions of women as a means of addressing wage inequity
CORRECT According to last line of passage

D. illustrating examples representative of the male-female wage differential
Incorrect no illustrating examples representative of the male-female wage differential

E. emphasizing that women entering the workforce face challenges such as unequal access to education and training

INCORRECT:- NO emphasizing that women entering the workforce face challenges such as unequal access to education and training

RajatJ79 · Answer

1. According to the author, which of the following may be achieved through the processes of unionization and collective bargaining?

A. Overcoming market pressures that keep wages in some industries lower than in others
  Option A sounds right.

B. Encouraging worker flexibility in adjusting a new pay scale to economic conditions
 No mention of worker flexibility in the passage .

C. Helping workers to apply group pressure on their employers
 No mention of applying group pressure on their employers in the passage .

D. Aiding in determining the degree to which women are being underpaid
 Determining the degree is not the purpose of unionization .

E. Changing the pay relationship between unionized and non-unionized workers within a single industry
 Trick Option.

Answer should be Option A

3. The author of this passage is primarily concerned with

A. criticizing the under-valuation of work traditionally done by women
 Only para 1 speaks about the criticism. Option does not encompass primary concern of the passage

B. providing evidence of effective organization methods for women in the workforce
 Same error as Option A. Only para 1 speaks about the criticism. Option does not encompass primary concern of the passage

C. arguing for the collective actions of women as a means of addressing wage inequity
  Option C sounds right.

D. illustrating examples representative of the male-female wage differential

E. emphasizing that women entering the workforce face challenges such as unequal access to education and training
 Only para 2 speaks about the criticism. Option does not encompass primary concern of the passage

Answer should be Option C

Sajjad1994 · Answer

Question number 2 is harder compared to question #1 and 3, C and especially E are trap options in question #1, A and D are close option in question #2.  BaskaranK25  Welcome to RC butler competition this is probably your first post here. You have explained the Q#1 well but missed the others two.  rocky620  truly rocked this one 10/10.  KART0506  Welcome you too and great work done by having all correct. Good Work  Neha2404 .

Official explanation will be posted soon, you can check your answers and match your explanations. Points table will be updated shortly. Saturday and Sundays are off I will post new questions on Monday at 8 am pacific time and winner will be announced on 16th Jan. Until then take rest and take best care of yourself.

Regards

Prerana94 · Answer

I rejected option c for primary purpose passage because of the following. 
But today's inequities and challenges notwithstanding, women workers should try to reshape or otherwise influence their work situations themselves rather than simply hoping that laws and other external means will remedy the problem for them.

This suggests that the author later thinks that it is better for women to work on their own rather than unionizing because of the challenges they face!

Kindly advise on the same. ( I actually tried to notice the shift in the thought of the author and that led me in the wrong direction!)

GMATNinja   Sajjad1994   bb

Rockka · Answer

Can someone please explain question no. 2?

Sajjad1994 · Answer

Hello Rockka Welcome to GMAT Club! Follow the link below to read the explanation to question #2. https://gmatclub.com/forum/the-underval ... l#p2700256 Cheers.

VerbalBot · Answer

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The undervaluation of work that has traditionally been done by women,

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