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08 Jan 2021, 09:00
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Question 1
C
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
45%
(medium)
Question Stats:
57% (02:31) correct
43%
(02:39) wrong
based on 1033
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Question 2
D
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
75%
(hard)
Question Stats:
42% (01:32) correct 58%
(01:33) wrong
based on 1009
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Question 3
C
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
25%
(medium)
Question Stats:
67% (00:57) correct 33%
(01:06) wrong
based on 976
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
The undervaluation of work that has traditionally been done by women, such as jobs in the retail clothing industry, could be addressed in a number of different ways. One method is for women to organize into unions, and then collectively bargain with—or exert pressure on management to force it to commit to increases in wage levels. (Evidence that this method is effective exists: women in unions earn one-third more than do non union women.) Another is to lobby legislatures for a change in the differing pay scales that persist between predominantly female industries and those, such as auto manufacturing, that are made up largely of males.
The collective actions described above are sometimes difficult to engender. The majority of women in the workforce are employed in industries—catering and domestic and home-based workers, to name a few—in which it is often difficult to organize. Indeed, women's access to employment itsel is impeded by factors such as child care and unequal access to education and training. Once employed, women face discrimination and poor access to economic resources, including land, credit, and technology. But today's inequities and challenges notwithstanding, women workers should try to reshape or otherwise influence their work situations themselves rather than simply hoping that laws and other external means will remedy the problem for them.
The collective actions described above are sometimes difficult to engender. The majority of women in the workforce are employed in industries—catering and domestic and home-based workers, to name a few—in which it is often difficult to organize. Indeed, women's access to employment itsel is impeded by factors such as child care and unequal access to education and training. Once employed, women face discrimination and poor access to economic resources, including land, credit, and technology. But today's inequities and challenges notwithstanding, women workers should try to reshape or otherwise influence their work situations themselves rather than simply hoping that laws and other external means will remedy the problem for them.
1. According to the author, which of the following may be achieved through the processes of unionization and collective bargaining?
A. Overcoming market pressures that keep wages in some industries lower than in others
B. Encouraging worker flexibility in adjusting a new pay scale to economic conditions
C. Helping workers to apply group pressure on their employers
D. Aiding in determining the degree to which women are being underpaid
E. Changing the pay relationship between unionized and non-unionized workers within a single industry
A. Overcoming market pressures that keep wages in some industries lower than in others
B. Encouraging worker flexibility in adjusting a new pay scale to economic conditions
C. Helping workers to apply group pressure on their employers
D. Aiding in determining the degree to which women are being underpaid
E. Changing the pay relationship between unionized and non-unionized workers within a single industry
2. Based on the information given in the passage, the author would be most likely to agree that
A. pay inequity for women exists because of the lack of unionization in traditionally female occupations
B. government regulation of industry to achieve pay equity for women is unnecessary “because management has the power to effectively determine wages
C. unionization would solve all industry problems relating to the valuation of women's work
D. government regulation may play a role in achieving pay equity for women in industries in which collective bargaining has not been successful in doing so
E. poor access to economic resources hampers the collective actions of not only women workers but men also
A. pay inequity for women exists because of the lack of unionization in traditionally female occupations
B. government regulation of industry to achieve pay equity for women is unnecessary “because management has the power to effectively determine wages
C. unionization would solve all industry problems relating to the valuation of women's work
D. government regulation may play a role in achieving pay equity for women in industries in which collective bargaining has not been successful in doing so
E. poor access to economic resources hampers the collective actions of not only women workers but men also
3. The author of this passage is primarily concerned with
A. criticizing the under-valuation of work traditionally done by women
B. providing evidence of effective organization methods for women in the workforce
C. arguing for the collective actions of women as a means of addressing wage inequity
D. illustrating examples representative of the male-female wage differential
E. emphasizing that women entering the workforce face challenges such as unequal access to education and training
A. criticizing the under-valuation of work traditionally done by women
B. providing evidence of effective organization methods for women in the workforce
C. arguing for the collective actions of women as a means of addressing wage inequity
D. illustrating examples representative of the male-female wage differential
E. emphasizing that women entering the workforce face challenges such as unequal access to education and training
09 Jan 2021, 09:15
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Official Explanation
1. According to the author, which of the following may be achieved through the processes of unionization and collective bargaining?
Analyze the Question Stem:
The words “according to the author" signal that this is a Detail question. The correct answer will be something explicitly stated by the author.
Research the Relevant Text:
Always use the information given in the question stem to identify the relevant portion of the passage to research. This question asks about unionization and collective bargaining, concepts whose aims are discussed in the second sentence of the first paragraph.
Make a Prediction:
In the relevant sentence, the author states that organizing and collective bargaining can help women "exert pressure on...management to force it to commit to increases in wage levels." The correct answer will be the choice that most closely matches this quotation.
Evaluate the Answer Choices:
(C) matches the prediction perfectly and is correct.
(A) might sound reasonable, but it is simply not mentioned in the passage.
(B) is wrong because there is nothing in the passage about adjusting pay scales to economic conditions.
(D) incorrectly links unionization to figuring out just how underpaid women are. The passage simply starts with the fact that women are underpaid, and focuses on ways to find a solution. There is no discussion about determining the exact degree to which women are underpaid.
(E) is a trap for those who noticed the parenthetical sentence in paragraph one that says women in unions earn one-third more than do non-union women. But this fact is offered solely as evidence that unionization is effective, not as part of a discussion about how the differential might be changed.
Answer: C
TAKEAWAY: The answer to a Detail question will stick closely to the wording in the passage. Always research these; don't try to answer from memory.
Analyze the Question Stem:
The words “according to the author" signal that this is a Detail question. The correct answer will be something explicitly stated by the author.
Research the Relevant Text:
Always use the information given in the question stem to identify the relevant portion of the passage to research. This question asks about unionization and collective bargaining, concepts whose aims are discussed in the second sentence of the first paragraph.
Make a Prediction:
In the relevant sentence, the author states that organizing and collective bargaining can help women "exert pressure on...management to force it to commit to increases in wage levels." The correct answer will be the choice that most closely matches this quotation.
Evaluate the Answer Choices:
(C) matches the prediction perfectly and is correct.
(A) might sound reasonable, but it is simply not mentioned in the passage.
(B) is wrong because there is nothing in the passage about adjusting pay scales to economic conditions.
(D) incorrectly links unionization to figuring out just how underpaid women are. The passage simply starts with the fact that women are underpaid, and focuses on ways to find a solution. There is no discussion about determining the exact degree to which women are underpaid.
(E) is a trap for those who noticed the parenthetical sentence in paragraph one that says women in unions earn one-third more than do non-union women. But this fact is offered solely as evidence that unionization is effective, not as part of a discussion about how the differential might be changed.
Answer: C
TAKEAWAY: The answer to a Detail question will stick closely to the wording in the passage. Always research these; don't try to answer from memory.
2. Based on the information given in the passage, the author would be most likely to agree that
Analyze the Question Stem:
Questions that ask which statement the author would agree with are Inference questions. The correct answer to an Inference question must follow directly from the information contained in the passage.
Research the Relevant Text:
The question stem does not give any clue as to which portion of the passage will be most relevant. Refer back to details in the passage as needed when evaluating each answer choice.
Make a Prediction:
Making predictions on open-ended Inference questions is difficult. It's better to move straight to the answer choices.
Evaluate the Answer Choices:
(A) looks tempting, but the use of "because" in the choice is the red flag. Though the author thinks that unionization might help address the issue, there is no reason to believe that he thinks it's the cause of the problem in the first place.
(B) contradicts the passage. Paragraph one lists government regulation as one possible way of addressing the problem of undervaluation, as an alternative to unionization. Unionization isn't always possible, as the author notes in paragraph two, because it may be difficult for the women to organize. Thus the author is implying that at least under some circumstances, government regulation may indeed be necessary.
(C) is extreme. The passage claims only that unionization may remedy the problem of the undervaluation of women's work, not that it "would solve all industry problems" relating to undervaluation.
(D) is supported by the passage, and is the correct answer. The author states in the first paragraph that one way to address the problem of undervaluation is through collective bargaining. But “another is to lobby legislatures" for certain changes. So government regulation may indeed play a role in achieving pay equity for women.
(E) is simply not dealt with in the passage. There is nothing about the author's opinion of men's access to economic resources, so nothing can be inferred about it.
Answer: D
TAKEAWAY: The answer to an Inference question must have direct support in the passage.
Analyze the Question Stem:
Questions that ask which statement the author would agree with are Inference questions. The correct answer to an Inference question must follow directly from the information contained in the passage.
Research the Relevant Text:
The question stem does not give any clue as to which portion of the passage will be most relevant. Refer back to details in the passage as needed when evaluating each answer choice.
Make a Prediction:
Making predictions on open-ended Inference questions is difficult. It's better to move straight to the answer choices.
Evaluate the Answer Choices:
(A) looks tempting, but the use of "because" in the choice is the red flag. Though the author thinks that unionization might help address the issue, there is no reason to believe that he thinks it's the cause of the problem in the first place.
(B) contradicts the passage. Paragraph one lists government regulation as one possible way of addressing the problem of undervaluation, as an alternative to unionization. Unionization isn't always possible, as the author notes in paragraph two, because it may be difficult for the women to organize. Thus the author is implying that at least under some circumstances, government regulation may indeed be necessary.
(C) is extreme. The passage claims only that unionization may remedy the problem of the undervaluation of women's work, not that it "would solve all industry problems" relating to undervaluation.
(D) is supported by the passage, and is the correct answer. The author states in the first paragraph that one way to address the problem of undervaluation is through collective bargaining. But “another is to lobby legislatures" for certain changes. So government regulation may indeed play a role in achieving pay equity for women.
(E) is simply not dealt with in the passage. There is nothing about the author's opinion of men's access to economic resources, so nothing can be inferred about it.
Answer: D
TAKEAWAY: The answer to an Inference question must have direct support in the passage.
3. The author of this passage is primarily concerned with
Analyze the Question Stem:
This is a Global question, as it asks about the passage as a whole. The wording of this question stem is simply another way of asking about the author's Purpose.
Research the Relevant Text:
There is no need to refer back to the passage on a Global question - the passage map is all that is needed.
Make a Prediction:
Using the passage map, the answer can be predicted to say something like, "to argue that the solution for remedying the wage differential is for women to organize."
Evaluate the Answer Choices:
(C) best reflects this prediction, and it describes the author's intention throughout the entire passage.
(A) is the author's starting point, but not the Purpose of the entire passage. The author clearly disapproves of the undervaluation of the work done by women, but this passage focuses on ways to remedy that undervaluation.
(B) and (D) are too narrow in scope: although evidence of proven organization methods is provided in the passage, it is not the primary purpose of the passage, nor is providing examples of the wage differential.
(E) is likewise too narrow. It presents a detail from the second paragraph.
Answer: C
Analyze the Question Stem:
This is a Global question, as it asks about the passage as a whole. The wording of this question stem is simply another way of asking about the author's Purpose.
Research the Relevant Text:
There is no need to refer back to the passage on a Global question - the passage map is all that is needed.
Make a Prediction:
Using the passage map, the answer can be predicted to say something like, "to argue that the solution for remedying the wage differential is for women to organize."
Evaluate the Answer Choices:
(C) best reflects this prediction, and it describes the author's intention throughout the entire passage.
(A) is the author's starting point, but not the Purpose of the entire passage. The author clearly disapproves of the undervaluation of the work done by women, but this passage focuses on ways to remedy that undervaluation.
(B) and (D) are too narrow in scope: although evidence of proven organization methods is provided in the passage, it is not the primary purpose of the passage, nor is providing examples of the wage differential.
(E) is likewise too narrow. It presents a detail from the second paragraph.
Answer: C
General Discussion
12 Aug 2025, 11:21
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