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Sub 505 Level|   Humanities|   Long Passage|                        
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pr90
Can someone please explain the strategy to answer question 6 here?

6. Which of the following is an assumption underlying the author's assessment of Nightingale's creativity?
Original:
(A) Educational philosophy in Nightingale's day did not normally emphasize developing children's ability to observe.
(B) Nightingale was the first to notice the poor living conditions in British military barracks in peacetime.
(C) No educator before Nightingale had thought to enlist the help of village schoolmasters in introducing new teaching techniques.
(D) Until Nightingale began her work, there was no concept of organized help for the needy in nineteenth-century Britain.
(E) The British army's medical services had no cost- accounting system until Nightingale devised one in the 1860's.

Hi PR90, there are some good questions in this passage. Since you specifically asked for question 6, let's review how to attack assumption questions. The best strategy is to employ the Assumption Negation Technique, whereby you negate the stated assumptions and discover which cause the entire argument to fall down. If the argument still stands, then the assumption wasn't necessary. This is the best way to evaluate assumptions that all seem reasonable at first glance.

Negated:
A) Educational philosophy in Nightingale's day DID normally emphasize developing children's ability to observe: Negated, this destroys the entire premise that Nightingale had a heightened sense of creativity. In effect, every child already was subjected to what Nightingale proposed, hence her creativity was somewhere between bland and non-existant.
B) Nightingale was NOT the first to notice the poor living conditions in British military barracks in peacetime: Others had noticed before, but no one did anything. Argument still stands.
C) SOME educators before Nightingale had thought to enlist the help of village schoolmasters in introducing new teaching techniques: Some people already had done this, but what techniques? Same as Nightingale? Different techniques? Could easily be true and the argument holds.
D) Until Nightingale began her work, there WAS already the concept of organized help for the needy in ninteenth century Britain: There was a concept but Nightingale expanded upon it, argument still holds.
E) The British army's medical services had AN cost-accounting system until Nightingale designed one in 1860s: They had one, but Nightingale's was better. Same concept as D.

Once you negate all the options, it becomes clear that only A is required for Nightingale's creativity to be praised. The others could be false and her creativity could still be highly lauded. In assumption questions, the wording used can often be more important than how much the assumption strengthens the text. You're looking for the necessary assumption, not the strongest.
Hope this helps!
-Ron
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Hi everybody here,

Could anyone explain why in question 5: With which of the following statements regarding the differing interpretations of Nightingale's importance would the author most likely agree?

(C) Although Summers' account of Nightingale's role in the Crimean War may be accurate, she ignored evidence of Nightingale's subsequent achievement that suggests that her reputation as an eminent social reformer is well deserved.

where does the author mentioned that Summer's account of Nightingale's role in the Crimean War may be accurate ?

Thx
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Ron

Thanks for the reply!
I selected the answer as E. My logic was the following:
The paragraph starts with "I believe that the evidence of her letters supports continued respect for Nightingale's brilliance and creativity."
So the creativity that the author mentions should be due to something mentioned in the letters. And the last point in the previous paragraph about the letters was about the cost accounting system. Also its not given anywhere that they had a cost accounting system before Nightingale devised one.

Can you explain why this logic may be faulty?
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Ron

Thanks for the reply!
I selected the answer as E. My logic was the following:
The paragraph starts with "I believe that the evidence of her letters supports continued respect for Nightingale's brilliance and creativity."
So the creativity that the author mentions should be due to something mentioned in the letters. And the last point in the previous paragraph about the letters was about the cost accounting system. Also its not given anywhere that they had a cost accounting system before Nightingale devised one.

Can you explain why this logic may be faulty?

Hey PR90, sure thing! The reason is that the assumption can be false, and Nightingale's creativity is still fantastic. The assumption is that they had no cost-accounting system before 1860, in which case Nightingale helped them out tremendously by designing one for them. Conversely, though, they could have already had such a system, but it was terrible. Imagine they had a system which assigned a snail for every soldier injured, and used an abacus to keep track of money owed. Then anytime someone came in, they could move the numbers on the abacus and everyone would lose track of the accounting process. Or the snails could just sneak away when no one is looking. If such a terrible system were in place, then Nightingale's revolutionary ideas of "using a pen and paper" and whatever other wizardry she came up with would make her seem like a genius by comparison.

In essence, it isn't necessary that NO system existed before Nightingale's input, only that the system was inefficient. (I mean, snails? Who does that!?) Don't let the placement of the information in the text sway your decision, it's not where the information is placed in the text, it's how it related to the overall point.

Hope this helps!
-Ron
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Hi Ranjith,

Read the last paragraph again, the author beings by stating her personal opinion... "I believe that the evidence of her letters........."
Given this fact we cannot conclude that the author is trying to summarize the arguments from the first 2 passages.
Hope this clarifies.


Hi Rock750,

The answer option that you have a doubt on starts with - "Although".
In my opinion "although" in this context means that "even if Summers interpretations of Nightingales work was accurate, the author believes that Nightingale has not been credited enough by Summers for the good innovative/creative work stated in paragraphs 2 and 3. :-D

Hope this addresses your thoughts.

Regards,
Chechaxo
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Hi Rock750,
Read the last line of the passage

In sum, although Nightingale [color=#ff0000]may not have achieved all other goals during the Crimean War, her breadth of vision and ability to realize ambitious projects have earned her an eminent place among the ranks of social pioneers.[/color]

These lines are Author's conclusion. Author has not taken any stance on the Summer's book, before these lines, but Author is positive about the Nightingale's subsequent role, refer to first line of last passage.

I believe that the evidence of her letters supports continued respect for Nightingale's brilliance and creativity.

Now, think why author has said that Nightingale may not have achieved all other goals during the Crimean War, it must be the case that author do acknowledge that Summer book is also valid somewhere . Remember Summers book talk about Crimean War. you also need to hold tone as well. Its a Mild Tone, and hence answer choice should replicate that as well.

Check Choice A, its too strong tone. the choice is wrong for other obvious reasons as well.

Choice C replicates both Tone and Content of the passage.
Thanks


Rock750
Hi everybody here,

Could anyone explain why in question 5: With which of the following statements regarding the differing interpretations of Nightingale's importance would the author most likely agree?

(C) Although Summers' account of Nightingale's role in the Crimean War may be accurate, she ignored evidence of Nightingale's subsequent achievement that suggests that her reputation as an eminent social reformer is well deserved.

where does the author mentioned that Summer's account of Nightingale's role in the Crimean War may be accurate ?

Thx
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Complete Question is discussed at the below mentioned link
two-recent-publications-offer-different-assessments-of-the-146026.html


Two recent publications offer different assessments of the career of the famous British nurse Florence Nightingale. A book by Anne Summers seeks to debunk the idealizations and present a reality at odds with Nightingale's heroic reputation. According to Summers Nightingale's importance during the Crimean War has been exaggerated: not until near the war's end did she become supervisor of the female nurses. Additionally, Summers writes that the contribution of the nurses to the relief of the wounded was at best marginal. The prevailing problems of military medicine were caused by army organizational practices, and the addition of a few nurses to the medical staff could be no more than symbolic. Nightingale's place in the national pantheon, Summers asserts, is largely due to the propagandistic efforts of contemporary newspaper reporters.

By contrast, the editors of a new volume of Nightingale's letters view Nightingale as a person who significantly influenced not only her own age but also subsequent generations. They highlight her ongoing efforts to reform sanitary conditions after the war. For example, when she learned that peacetime living conditions in British barracks were so horrible that the death rate of enlisted men far exceeded that of neighboring civilian populations, she succeeded in persuading the government to establish a Royal Commission on the Health of the Army. She used sums raised through public contributions to found a nurses' training hospital in London. Even in administrative matters, the editors assert her practical intelligence was formidable: as recently as 1947 the British Army's medical services were still using the cost-accounting system she had devised in the 1860's.

I believe that the evidence of her letters supports continued respect for Nightingale's brilliance and creativity. When counseling a village schoolmaster to encourage children to use their faculties of observation she sounds like a modern educator. Her insistence on classifying the problems of the needy in order to devise appropriate treatments is similar to the approach of modern social workers. In sum, although Nightingale may not have achieved all other goals during the Crimean War, her breadth of vision and ability to realize ambitious projects have earned her an eminent place among the ranks of social pioneers

In the last paragraph, the author is primarily concerned with...
A. Summarizing...
B. Refuting...
C. Analyzing...
D. Citing...
E. Correcting...

The answer is D. Citing...Can you please explain where the citation is?

My understanding of citing is to quote an authority to support an opinion. I see opinions and statements in the final paragraph, but I do not see a single supportive quote or reference. I was confident D. Citing... cannot be the answer!

GMATPrep's explanation is that the author cites Nightingale's letters. I see a reference to those letters, but a reference does not automatically qualify as a citation. For example, in which of her historic letters does Nightingale describe herself as being like a future educator? Clearly I do not currently agree with the answer, but I would really like to. Can someone please flesh out the explanation?
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Thanks for adding bold to the appropriate text. I have put some thought to this and have 2 new questions:

There is no citation when looking at Paragraph 3 on its own. For example, "I believe that I'm always right, and this post proves it", contains a reference without a citation. You can say it is an absurd statement without me being offended, but unfortunately, I think my example matches the academic quality of Paragraph 3 in isolation. If we accept that a dead-end reference is sufficient:

1. In the context of GMAT, can we always assume that "reference" is synonymous with "citation"?

I have identified an alternative lead; there is a stronger reference in Paragraph 2 to "the editors". Those editors are an authority on Nightingale's Letters and their insight can be used to qualify an author's opinion. I assume their authority could be inherited in Paragraph 3 with an implied cross-reference, which is an improvement on blunt opinions in isolation. However, the author has not quoted those editors, so there is still no citation.

2. When a GMAT question specifies one paragraph, can we always inherit qualifications from other paragraphs in the same passage?
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grakesh
Can someone explain the question 5.

Grakesh, the question "With which of the following statements regarding the differing interpretations of Nightingale's importance would the author most likely agree?" basically asks of the two different opinions shared about nightingale's importance, what would be the opinion the author would most agree with.

If we carefully read the 3rd paragraph we see that the author clearly accepts N's importance (read: I believe that the evidence of her letters supports continued respect for Nightingale's ). However, the author does not present anything to refute Summer's claim (read: although Nightingale may not have achieved all other goals during the Crimean War), he just feels that N's work after the war is also sufficient to sustain her historic importance - Exactly what is said in the answer option C.
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My 2 cents on Q7 as I got it wrong.
7. In the last paragraph, the author is primarily concerned with
(A) summarizing the arguments about Nightingale presented in the first two paragraphs
(D) citing evidence to support a view of Nightingale's career
Why is it D and not A?
Para1:
Negative view
Para2:
Positive view
Para3:

I believe that the evidence of her letters supports continued respect for Nightingale's brilliance and creativity. ...... In sum, although Nightingale may not have achieved all other goals during the Crimean War, her breadth of vision and ability to realize ambitious projects have earned her an eminent place among the ranks of social pioneers.
Asserting the + view from Para 2, author summarizes the overall discussion and present his view(3rd view) and not the view from the first para.Hence D is a better option compared to A.
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JarvisR
My 2 cents on Q7 as I got it wrong.
7. In the last paragraph, the author is primarily concerned with
(A) summarizing the arguments about Nightingale presented in the first two paragraphs
(D) citing evidence to support a view of Nightingale's career
Why is it D and not A?
Para1:
Negative view
Para2:
Positive view
Para3:

I believe that the evidence of her letters supports continued respect for Nightingale's brilliance and creativity. ...... In sum, although Nightingale may not have achieved all other goals during the Crimean War, her breadth of vision and ability to realize ambitious projects have earned her an eminent place among the ranks of social pioneers.
Asserting the + view from Para 2, author summarizes the overall discussion and present his view(3rd view) and not the view from the first para.Hence D is a better option compared to A.

For Q7, the word "argument" makes A incorrect. If the author is summarizing the argument, the author should not say, "I BELIEVE" because when someone is summarizing argument, I don't care about her or his opinion; I care about the facts. For example, when you are taking notes from a meeting, you don't write down, "I believe he said this and that but I think she said this and that." What they say are all facts and they are not what you believe or think. After the arguments, of course, you can conclude your opinion and say, I believe...

Clearly, "In sum, ~~~~" is the author's OPINION or VIEW rather than the summary of ARGUMENT. So the author does have a view, and what he is doing in the last paragraph is to cite all of the arguments presented and supporting his view by them, making D the right answer.

Hope this helps!
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In sum, although Nightingale may not have achieved all other goals during the Crimean War, her breadth of vision and ability to realize ambitious projects have earned her an eminent place among the ranks of social pioneers.


Why option A is incorrect in question 7.

isn't bold part summarizes first para?
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WaterFlowsUp
Good Passage. In q6 i am still not convinced how D is incorrect. Options are very close though

I have the same doubt, can someone please explain why D is incorrect??
Option D states: "Until Nightingale began her work, there was no concept of organized help for the needy in nineteenth-century Britain."

The author states: Her insistence on classifying the problems of the needy in order to devise appropriate treatments is similar to the approach of modern social workers.

It says that the approach she used is similar to the approach being used by modern social workers, implying this approach was new for her era.

Using negation doesn't really help, as I have A & D as the correct ans using negation.
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PrashantPonde

4. The passage suggests which of the following about sanitary conditions in Britain after the Crimean War?
(A) While not ideal, they were superior to those in other parts of the world.
(B) Compared with conditions before the war, they had deteriorated.
(C) They were more advanced in rural areas than in the urban centers.
(D) They were worse in military camps than in the neighboring civilian populations.
(E) They were uniformly crude and unsatisfactory throughout England.


In the question above, why is option B wrong? I agree that D is correct but B isn't wrong either if you look at the line below. Moreover, the example of the army barracks further suggests that sanitary conditions had become worse.

They highlight her ongoing efforts to reform sanitary conditions after the war

If sanitary conditions had to be "reformed", it indicates that they became a lot worse post the war than they were before the war
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PrashantPonde

4. The passage suggests which of the following about sanitary conditions in Britain after the Crimean War?
(A) While not ideal, they were superior to those in other parts of the world.
(B) Compared with conditions before the war, they had deteriorated.
(C) They were more advanced in rural areas than in the urban centers.
(D) They were worse in military camps than in the neighboring civilian populations.
(E) They were uniformly crude and unsatisfactory throughout England.


In the question above, why is option B wrong? I agree that D is correct but B isn't wrong either if you look at the line below. Moreover, the example of the army barracks further suggests that sanitary conditions had become worse.

They highlight her ongoing efforts to reform sanitary conditions after the war

If sanitary conditions had to be "reformed", it indicates that they became a lot worse post the war than they were before the war

Hi,

IMHO, the problem here is that you're making an assumption. When something doesn't happen after the war, it could happen either before the war or during the war. Therefore, this passage may imply that EITHER pre-war or during-war sanitary conditions are better than post-war conditions. However, you just assume that only pre-war sanitary conditions are better than post-war conditions.

While option (D) is clearly correct, option (B) needs an assumption to be correct. That's why (D) is better.

Hope this helps.
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Hi,
There is another meaning for citing .
praise (someone, typically a member of the armed forces) in an official report for a courageous act.
"he has been cited many times for his contributions in the intelligence area" .

Because author is praising her. I guess the GMAT is testing over this meaning.

Hence, Answer should be D.
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hi GMATNinja

Can you let us know your thoughts on Q7?

7. In the last paragraph, the author is primarily concerned with
(A) summarizing the arguments about Nightingale presented in the first two paragraphs
(B) refuting the view of Nightingale's career presented in the preceding paragraph
(C) analyzing the weaknesses of the evidence presented elsewhere in the passage
(D) citing evidence to support a view of Nightingale's career
(E) correcting a factual error occurring in one of the works under review
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