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605-655 Level|   Grammatical/Rhetorical Construction|   Pronouns|                                 
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This one is dealing with the "Subject" of the sentence.
One has to be very clear about what has caused the disputes- It is either some of "the provisions of the new maritime code" or the "New Maritime code" as a whole. In any case "tiny islands" cannot be the subject of this sentence.

So C, D, E are WRONG. Throw them out in 2 seconds

A and B are potential candidates.


A is blatantly wrong because "they" does not have a cleat antecedent.
"They" can refer to provisions, sea areas, fisheries, oil fields or claims. "They" is creating a big mess and confusion.

B is concise and clear and well constructed. The use of "it" refers clearly to singular noun "new maritime code"

My choice will be B
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Dear Friends,

Here is a detailed explanation to this question-
gmattokyo
Because there are provisions of the new maritime code that provide that even tiny islets can be the basis for claims to the fisheries and oil fields of large sea areas, they have already stimulated international disputes over uninhabited islands.


(A) Because there are provisions of the new maritime code that provide that even tiny islets can be the basis for claims to the fisheries and oil fields of large sea areas, they have already stimulated

(B) Because the new maritime code provides that even tiny islets can be the basis for claims to the fisheries and oil fields of large sea areas, it has already stimulated

(C) Even tiny islets can be the basis for claims to the fisheries and oil fields of large sea areas under provisions of the new maritime code, already stimulating

(D) Because even tiny islets can be the basis for claims to the fisheries and oil fields of large sea areas under provisions of the new maritime code, this has already stimulated

(E) Because even tiny islets can be the basis for claims to the fisheries and oil fields of large sea areas under provisions of the new maritime code, which is already stimulating

Meaning is crucial to solving this problem:
Understanding the intended meaning is key to solving this question; the intended meaning of this sentence is that the new maritime code provides that even tiny islets can be the basis for claims to the fisheries and oil fields of large sea areas, so the code has already stimulated international disputes over uninhabited islands.

Concepts tested here: Pronouns + Grammatical Construction + Tenses

• The present perfect tense (marked by the use of the helping verb “has/have”) is used to describe events that concluded in the past but continue to affect the present.
• Present participles ("verb+ing" – "stimulating" in this sentence) are used to modify nouns, refer to ongoing events in any time period, and (when preceded by a comma) express cause-effect relationships.

A: This answer choice suffers from pronoun ambiguity, as it is unclear whether “they” refers to "provisions", "islets", "fisheries", and "oil fields". Further, Option A uses the passive voice construction “there are provisions…that provide that”, leading to awkwardness and redundancy.

B: Correct. This answer choice acts upon the independent subject “it” with the active verb “has already stimulated” to form a complete thought, leading to a complete sentence. Further, Option B corrects the pronoun errors seen in Options A and D, as it features “the new maritime code” as a clear referent for the pronoun “it”. Additionally, Option B correctly uses the present perfect tense verb “has already stimulated” to refer to an action that concluded in the past but continues to affect the present. Besides, Option B is free of any awkwardness or redundancy.

C: This answer choice incorrectly uses the present participle phrase “already stimulating” to refer to an action that concluded in the past but continues to affect the present; please remember, present perfect tense (marked by the use of the helping verb “has/have”) is used to describe events that concluded in the past but continue to affect the present, and present participles ("verb+ing" - "stimulating" in this sentence) are used to refer to ongoing events.

D: This answer choice suffers from pronoun ambiguity, as the pronoun “this” lacks a clear referent.

E: This answer choice fails to form a complete sentence; both “Because even…new maritime code” and “which is already…islands” are dependent clauses, so there are no independent subjects for the verbs “can” and “is already stimulating” to act upon.

Hence, B is the best answer choice.

To understand the concept of "Present Perfect Tense" on GMAT, you may want to watch the following video (~2 minutes):



All the best!
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Because there are provisions of the new maritime code that provide that even tiny islets can be the basis for claims to the fisheries and oil fields of large sea areas, they have already stimulated international disputes over uninhabited islands.


(A) Because there are provisions of the new maritime code that provide that even tiny islets can be the basis for claims to the fisheries and oil fields of large sea areas, they have already stimulated It is not clear who “they” refers to since there are several plural antecedents.


(B) Because the new maritime code provides that even tiny islets can be the basis for claims to the fisheries and oil fields of large sea areas, it has already stimulated There is only one singular antecedent for “it” – the new maritime code. So this option clearly explains the situation at hand.

(C) Even tiny islets can be the basis for claims to the fisheries and oil fields of large sea areas under provisions of the new maritime code, already stimulating The , -ing clause - “stimulating international disputes” could be modifying “tiny islets” but this is unclear. It is the code that is actually stimulating international disputes. Change in meaning.

(D) Because even tiny islets can be the basis for claims to the fisheries and oil fields of large sea areas under provisions of the new maritime code, this has already stimulated One could imagine that “this” has been used to refer to “this fact” has already stimulated international disputes. But since there are other singular antecedents, the use of “this” could end up causing confusion.

(E) Because even tiny islets can be the basis for claims to the fisheries and oil fields of large sea areas under provisions of the new maritime code, which is already stimulating Incomplete sentence

- Nitha
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Because there are provisions of the new maritime code that provide that even tiny islets can be the basis for claims to the fisheries and oil fie lds of large sea areas. they have already stimulated international disputes over uninhabited islands.

(A) Because there are provisions of the new maritime code that provide that even tiny islets can be the basis for claims to the fisheries and oil fields of large sea areas, they have already stimulated
(B) Because the new maritime code provides that even tiny islets can be the basis for claims to the fisheries and oil fields of large sea areas, it has already stimulated
(C) Even tiny islets can be the basis for claims to the fisheries and oil fields of large sea areas under provisions of the new maritime code, already stimulating
(D) Because even tiny islets can be the basis for claims to the fisheries and oil fields of large sea areas under provisions of the new maritime code, this has already stimulated
(E) Because even tiny islets can be the basis for claims to the fisheries and oil fie lds of large sea areas under provisions of the new maritime code, which is already stimulating

This is an excellent questions......
here is my POE for the question.

A uses wrong construction "that provides that'....it is clearly mentioned in the official explanation of Q 128 Sc OG 13 answers...... hence the same rule apply here also.

B Appears to be correct.
C Modifier error........."Already Stimulating' appears after comma hence it should modify the whole clause.. Hence it modifies "basis for claims" why because when asked the question what is already stimulating it answers Basis on the claim...It should have modified Maritime code.. If it would have been mentioned without comma than would have been right.
D is also incorrect. The referent of this is incorrect.
E stimulating should be stimulated ..

Moreover

The main problem with the sentence is the construction.... Because mentions a cause for for something so The Provisions of maritme code is the main cause here hence should be placed near to it... All other construction are inverted construction hence cannot be considered correct.
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(A) Because there are provisions of the new maritime code that provide that even tiny islets can be the basis for claims to the fisheries and oil fields of large sea areas, they have already stimulated wrong verb. 'they' refers to what?
(B) Because the new maritime code provides that even tiny islets can be the basis for claims to the fisheries and oil fields of large sea areas, it has already stimulated. 'it' is acting as a placeholder and correctly refers to 'code
(C) Even tiny islets can be the basis for claims to the fisheries and oil fields of large sea areas under provisions of the new maritime code, already stimulating. 'already stimulating' modifies 'tiny islets'. it should instead modifies 'maritime code'
(D) Because even tiny islets can be the basis for claims to the fisheries and oil fields of large sea areas under provisions of the new maritime code, this has already stimulated 'this' refers to what?
(E) Because even tiny islets can be the basis for claims to the fisheries and oil fields of large sea areas under provisions of the new maritime code, which is already stimulating 'because' requires a proper connector. This sentence looks incomplete
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Hello.

Quick question guys. Does a sentence has to contain an independent clause in order to be a correct sentence? I am of the view that it does. If that's the case then which is the Independent clause in option B? Appreciate the help.
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Hello.

Quick question guys. Does a sentence has to contain an independent clause in order to be a correct sentence? I am of the view that it does. If that's the case then which is the Independent clause in option B? Appreciate the help.

Yes, a sentence MUST have an independent clause for it to be correct.

(B) Because the new maritime code provides that even tiny islets can be the basis for claims to the fisheries and oil fields of large sea areas, it has already stimulated

"Because... areas" - Dependent Clause starting with a subordinating conjunction - because.
"It has already stimulated international disputes over uninhabited islands." - Independent Clause

Hope this helps!
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Hi Experts, I think in A "that" could refer back to "provisions", so I don't think that's enough to mark A wrong. Could you please tell what other errors are in A? Thanks.
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Hi Experts, I think in A "that" could refer back to "provisions", so I don't think that's enough to mark A wrong. Could you please tell what other errors are in A? Thanks.

1. The pronoun "they" is ambiguous.
2. The usage "there are provisions of the new maritime code that provide" is wordy - the structure in B "the new maritime code provides" is more concise.
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look at choice A
it is wordy when compared to choice B.
moreover, "they" is ambiguous. grammatically, subject as pronoun of second clause can refer to subject of the first clause. but the first clause is " there are" which have no subject and "they" in second clause become unclear.

so, A suffer two problems.
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thangvietnam

look at choice A
it is wordy when compared to choice B.
moreover, "they" is ambiguous. grammatically, subject as pronoun of second clause can refer to subject of the first clause. but the first clause is " there are" which have no subject and "they" in second clause become unclear.

so, A suffer two problems.


Hello thangvietnam,


Your wordiness analysis of Choice A is correct. It indeed is wordy. However, in the expression there are provisions of the new maritime code, there is NOT the subject for the verb are.

The subject for the verb are is provisions of the new maritime code because the number of the noun following the verb decides the number of the verb in such structures. For example:

There is a book that describes in detail the phenomenon of global warming.

There are many provisions that can be used for the welfare of the poor.


In such structures, the word there just acts as a placeholder.


Hope this helps. :-)
Thanks.
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Because there are provisions of the new maritime code that provide that even tiny islets can be the basis for claims to the fisheries and oil fields of large sea areas, they have already stimulated international disputes over uninhabited islands.

(A) Because there are provisions of the new maritime code that provide that even tiny islets can be the basis for claims to the fisheries and oil fields of large sea areas, they have already stimulated
--that .. that .. is not a preferable construction.
--code is singular .... so provides should be used
--no referent for they


(B) Because the new maritime code provides that even tiny islets can be the basis for claims to the fisheries and oil fields of large sea areas, it has already stimulated
--Correct

(C) Even tiny islets can be the basis for claims to the fisheries and oil fields of large sea areas under provisions of the new maritime code, already stimulating
--we don't need "comma" + verb+ing modifier

(D) Because even tiny islets can be the basis for claims to the fisheries and oil fields of large sea areas under provisions of the new maritime code, this has already stimulated
--No referent for this

(E) Because even tiny islets can be the basis for claims to the fisheries and oil fields of large sea areas under provisions of the new maritime code, which is already stimulating
--This is a sentence fragment
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gmattokyo
The Official Guide for GMAT Review 13th Edition, 2012

Practice Question
Question No.: SC 115
Because there are provisions of the new maritime code that provide that even tiny islets can be the basis for claims to the fisheries and oil fields of large sea areas, they have already stimulated international disputes over uninhabited islands.

(A) Because there are provisions of the new maritime code that provide that even tiny islets can be the basis for claims to the fisheries and oil fields of large sea areas, they have already stimulated

(B) Because the new maritime code provides that even tiny islets can be the basis for claims to the fisheries and oil fields of large sea areas, it has already stimulated

(C) Even tiny islets can be the basis for claims to the fisheries and oil fields of large sea areas under provisions of the new maritime code, already stimulating

(D) Because even tiny islets can be the basis for claims to the fisheries and oil fields of large sea areas under provisions of the new maritime code, this has already stimulated

(E) Because even tiny islets can be the basis for claims to the fisheries and oil fields of large sea areas under provisions of the new maritime code, which is already stimulating


generis can you please explain :-) if you have tome :) many thanks :-)

What does "it" refer to in B ? what if instead of "it" would be "this" in B ? :?

isn't it whole sentence construction ambiguous - be it "it' or "this"

what does "it" refer to ? isn't it better to use a specific noun instead of "it" :?

B) Because the new maritime code provides that even tiny islets can be the basis for claims to the fisheries and oil fields of large sea areas, this initiative has already
stimulated
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What does "it" refer to in B ? what if instead of "it" would be "this" in B ? :?

isn't it whole sentence construction ambiguous - be it "it' or "this"

what does "it" refer to ? isn't it better to use a specific noun instead of "it" :?

B) Because the new maritime code provides that even tiny islets can be the basis for claims to the fisheries and oil fields of large sea areas, this initiative has already
stimulated

Hey dave13 ,

"It" in B is referring to the new maritime code.

You need to understand the following construction:

Because Clause 1, Independent Clause 2

Here the Subject of the independent clause 2 refers to the subject of the Clause 1.

In the given question,

Clause 1 : Because the new maritime code(Subject) provides that even tiny islets can be the basis for claims to the fisheries and oil fields of large sea areas

Independent Clause 2: It(Subject) has already stimulated

Therefore, "It" is referring back to the code.

Does that make sense?
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Because there are provisions of the new maritime code that provide that even tiny islets can be the basis for claims to the fisheries and oil fields of large sea areas, they have already stimulated international disputes over uninhabited islands.

(A) Because there are provisions of the new maritime code that provide that even tiny islets can be the basis for claims to the fisheries and oil fields of large sea areas, they have already stimulated

(B) Because the new maritime code provides that even tiny islets can be the basis for claims to the fisheries and oil fields of large sea areas, it has already stimulated

(C) Even tiny islets can be the basis for claims to the fisheries and oil fields of large sea areas under provisions of the new maritime code, already stimulating

(D) Because even tiny islets can be the basis for claims to the fisheries and oil fields of large sea areas under provisions of the new maritime code, this has already stimulated

(E) Because even tiny islets can be the basis for claims to the fisheries and oil fields of large sea areas under provisions of the new maritime code, which is already stimulating

We should not split hairs whether something does something or something else in the something does something.
If we say the hospital provides the best medical care, we cannot ask how a hospital can give the care, but only the people there can give.
If we say that France beat Croatia in the world cup, the French team beat the Croatian side. We cannot ask how France, a country can beat another country.
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I did not choose (B) as ???it??? did not have a clear subject.
My reply is not specific to this question, but generally, we shouldn't worry too much about pronoun ambiguity. Look for other "bigger" problems in the options. Start looking for ambiguity errors only once you're sure that there are no major grammar/meaning splits.
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GMATNinja, daagh

I want to take this question as an example to get clarity on usage of Noun+noun modifiers with IC, without any conjunctions.

Because the new maritime code provides that even tiny islets can be the basis for claims to the fisheries and oil fields of large sea areas, it has already stimulated international disputes over uninhabited islands.

It has already stimulated international disputes over uninhabited islands. - This portion is considered an independent clause; However, to get complete clarity, we need to know what IT refers to. Are we still good to call this as IC? From above explanations it clearly explains that it is good to use. So by extending similar understanding to the below sentence, please clear my doubt

let us consider the below noun+noun modifier case.
James created a magnificent design by using the latest graphic design tools, an experiment that many feared to do

an experiment that many feared to do is an independent clause - Though we don't know what this experiment is - It clearly can stand as a subject
This joins the first part of the sentence that is an IC as well, without any of the FANBOYS.
Can we generalize the cases like where an IC acts as a modifier of another clause, it can be connected without any conjunction?
Please help!
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