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Could someone please explain why in some cases such words as 'until', 'before' are enough for not placing the verb into the past perfect tense (only past simple is required), and in other cases these words are not enough and I still need to use past perfect?
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I feel answer B is correct as well. The use of the word "UNTIL" is a clear time marker which indicates that the concept was ignored before scientists produced compelling evidence.
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souvik101990
Official Solution:

The idea that earth was a ball of expanding mass never drew any takers until the well documented phenomenon of continental drifts transformed the indifference into one of interest, though the concept of drift itself was ignored until physicists produced compelling evidence to prove the occurrence of drift.

A. was a ball of expanding mass never drew any takers until the well documented phenomenon of continental drifts transformed the indifference into one of interest , though the concept of drift itself was ignored until physicists produced compelling evidence to prove the occurrence of drift.
B. is a ball of expanding mass had never drawn any takers until the well documented phenomenon of continental drifts transformed the indifference into one of interest, though the concept of drift itself was ignored until physicists produced compelling evidence to prove the occurrence of drift.
C. was a ball of expanding mass did never draw any takers until the well documented phenomenon of continental drifts has transformed the indifference into one of interest, though the concept of drift itself has been ignored until physicists produced compelling evidence to prove the occurrence of drift.
D. was a ball of expanding mass never drew any takers until the well documented phenomenon of continental drifts transformed this apathetic indifference into one of interest, though the concept of drift itself was ignored until physicists produced compelling evidence to prove the occurrence of drift.
E. is a ball of expanding mass had never drawn any takers until the well documented phenomenon of continental drifts transformed the indifference into one of interest, though the concept of drift itself had been ignored until physicists produced compelling evidence to prove the occurrence of drift.


A: A universal factor needs a present tense ’is’ rather than past tense ‘was’

B. ‘drift itself was ignored until physicists produced compelling’ – when two events occurred, one earlier than the other, the earlier one requires past perfect

C: was is wrong tense

D: same as in C

E: Proper usage of past perfect tenses; Correct choice


Answer: E


Can someone please elaborate why 'was' is wrong in B??
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souvik101990
Official Solution:

The idea that earth was a ball of expanding mass never drew any takers until the well documented phenomenon of continental drifts transformed the indifference into one of interest, though the concept of drift itself was ignored until physicists produced compelling evidence to prove the occurrence of drift.

A. was a ball of expanding mass never drew any takers until the well documented phenomenon of continental drifts transformed the indifference into one of interest , though the concept of drift itself was ignored until physicists produced compelling evidence to prove the occurrence of drift.
B. is a ball of expanding mass had never drawn any takers until the well documented phenomenon of continental drifts transformed the indifference into one of interest, though the concept of drift itself was ignored until physicists produced compelling evidence to prove the occurrence of drift.
C. was a ball of expanding mass did never draw any takers until the well documented phenomenon of continental drifts has transformed the indifference into one of interest, though the concept of drift itself has been ignored until physicists produced compelling evidence to prove the occurrence of drift.
D. was a ball of expanding mass never drew any takers until the well documented phenomenon of continental drifts transformed this apathetic indifference into one of interest, though the concept of drift itself was ignored until physicists produced compelling evidence to prove the occurrence of drift.
E. is a ball of expanding mass had never drawn any takers until the well documented phenomenon of continental drifts transformed the indifference into one of interest, though the concept of drift itself had been ignored until physicists produced compelling evidence to prove the occurrence of drift.


A: A universal factor needs a present tense ’is’ rather than past tense ‘was’

B. ‘drift itself was ignored until physicists produced compelling’ – when two events occurred, one earlier than the other, the earlier one requires past perfect

C: was is wrong tense

D: same as in C

E: Proper usage of past perfect tenses; Correct choice


Answer: E


Can someone please elaborate why 'was' is wrong in B??

Past perfect is used to depict an earlier action. The action "ignoring" occurred before the action "producing".

You may also observe similar sequencing in the previous section of the sentence: "drawing" occurs before "transforming".

Also please note the exception that the usage of past perfect would not be required when the sequencing is made clear by using "before" - there is no "before" in this case. When "until" is used , past perfect tense is still required.
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sayantanc2k, could you pleas explain why "until" doesn't work a clear sequencing indicator here? X was until Y, clearly states that X was before Y; other options are not logical.
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I think this is a high-quality question and I don't agree with the explanation. Why is option B incorrect. since usage of UNTIL already establish the sequence of the events, usage of "was ignored" should be sufficient.
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I think this is a high-quality question and I don't agree with the explanation. Why is option B incorrect. since usage of UNTIL already establish the sequence of the events, usage of "was ignored" should be sufficient.

Please refer to the post above:

v08-202869.html#p1703626
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manlog
sayantanc2k, could you pleas explain why "until" doesn't work a clear sequencing indicator here? X was until Y, clearly states that X was before Y; other options are not logical.

It would probably be best to take the use of "until" as a grammatical rule - (use of "until" is more complicated for the past than it is generally thought of):

When the use of "until" is in future, the structure is: future + UNTIL present perfect / present
We will not leave until you finish.... correct
We will not leave until you have finished... correct

When the use of "until" is in past, the structure is: past + UNTIL past perfect OR past perfect + UNTIL past
There is a peculiar thing about using UNTIL in past. The verb after UNTIL could be the prior action or the verb before UNTIL could be the prior action.

We stayed until he had finished..... correct (the verb after UNTIL is the prior action)
We had never considered him a kind person until we knew about that incident...... correct (the verb before UNTIL is the prior action)

In either case the use of past perfect would clearly indicate which is the prior action.

There is one more use of "until": past perfect continuous + UNTIL past
We have had been feeling sad until he gave the news. ( in this usage as well the verb before UNTIL is the prior action, but the difference is that the progressive nature of the verb is highlighted.

There's a little typo in the example given by you above..
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sayantanc2k
manlog
sayantanc2k, could you pleas explain why "until" doesn't work a clear sequencing indicator here? X was until Y, clearly states that X was before Y; other options are not logical.

It would probably be best to take the use of "until" as a grammatical rule - (use of "until" is more complicated for the past than it is generally thought of):

When the use of "until" is in future, the structure is: future + UNTIL present perfect / present
We will not leave until you finish.... correct
We will not leave until you have finished... correct

When the use of "until" is in past, the structure is: past + UNTIL past perfect OR past perfect + UNTIL past
There is a peculiar thing about using UNTIL in past. The verb after UNTIL could be the prior action or the verb before UNTIL could be the prior action.

We stayed until he had finished..... correct (the verb after UNTIL is the prior action)
We had never considered him a kind person until we knew about that incident...... correct (the verb before UNTIL is the prior action)

In either case the use of past perfect would clearly indicate which is the prior action.

There is one more use of "until": past perfect continuous + UNTIL past
We have had been feeling sad until he gave the news. ( in this usage as well the verb before UNTIL is the prior action, but the difference is that the progressive nature of the verb is highlighted.

There's a little typo in the example given by you above..

You are right....corrected. Thank you for pointing out.
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I have a doubt..

Here are 4 actions in pair.

drawing and transforming
and
Ignoring and producing compelling evidence.

Is it require to establish the sequencing in between the pairs?
as it is easily understood which actions took place first but on GMAT does the answer choice which explicitly establishes the sequence is more preferable.

does the 'had never drawn ' and 'had been ignored' establishes the required sequence in OA.
Please give the expert opinion as I am confused when the two actions are acceptable as independent (on GMAT) and when are not.
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Hi,

I have a doubt in the following sentence.

"the well documented phenomenon of continental drifts transformed the indifference into one of interest"

Why do we use one? Is "one" replacing something? Wouldn't it be better to write "the well documented phenomenon of continental drifts transformed the indifference into interest"?

Thanks for your help!
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why E is correct?
I am still not clear about the usage of IS over here. Please guide me. thanks :)
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I think this is a poor-quality question and the explanation isn't clear enough, please elaborate. How can 'transformed the indifference into one of interest' phrase be correct? Very poor explanation given
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But the word "until" is used in option B , so we can use simple present "was" .
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souvik101990
Official Solution:

The idea that earth was a ball of expanding mass never drew any takers until the well documented phenomenon of continental drifts transformed the indifference into one of interest, though the concept of drift itself was ignored until physicists produced compelling evidence to prove the occurrence of drift.

A. was a ball of expanding mass never drew any takers until the well documented phenomenon of continental drifts transformed the indifference into one of interest , though the concept of drift itself was ignored until physicists produced compelling evidence to prove the occurrence of drift.
B. is a ball of expanding mass had never drawn any takers until the well documented phenomenon of continental drifts transformed the indifference into one of interest, though the concept of drift itself was ignored until physicists produced compelling evidence to prove the occurrence of drift.
C. was a ball of expanding mass did never draw any takers until the well documented phenomenon of continental drifts has transformed the indifference into one of interest, though the concept of drift itself has been ignored until physicists produced compelling evidence to prove the occurrence of drift.
D. was a ball of expanding mass never drew any takers until the well documented phenomenon of continental drifts transformed this apathetic indifference into one of interest, though the concept of drift itself was ignored until physicists produced compelling evidence to prove the occurrence of drift.
E. is a ball of expanding mass had never drawn any takers until the well documented phenomenon of continental drifts transformed the indifference into one of interest, though the concept of drift itself had been ignored until physicists produced compelling evidence to prove the occurrence of drift.


A: A universal factor needs a present tense ’is’ rather than past tense ‘was’

B. ‘drift itself was ignored until physicists produced compelling’ – when two events occurred, one earlier than the other, the earlier one requires past perfect

C: was is wrong tense

D: same as in C

E: Proper usage of past perfect tenses; Correct choice


Answer: E



you were correct in the sense that you figured out that this is a universal fact, eliminating all the options that started with 'was'. So, you're left with 2 sentences using 'is'. now if you look at the sub-ordinate clause in option (E), it used the correct past perfect tense
Quote:
had been
. But if you have to keep one thing in mind that both the event should not be independent events. Here, the "concept of drift itself had been ignored until physicists produced compelling evidence to prove the occurrence of drift" are talking about 2 dependant events.
. But still, one thing that haunts me is the usage of 'until'.How do you explain that?
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sayantanc2k

We stayed until he had finished..... correct (the verb after UNTIL is the prior action)

I'd like to disagree that the verb after UNTIL is the prior action.

Say, he finished at 8:40PM. The meaning of the sentence is that we stayed till 8:40PM(the time when he finished).
The action of staying was happening for a continuous time till 8:40PM(before he even finished).

If the verb after UNTIL is the prior action, then do you mean that he finished and then they stayed? Now, that doesn't make sense to me.
Then the sentence would be, We stayed after he finished.
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sayantanc2k

We stayed until he had finished..... correct (the verb after UNTIL is the prior action)

I'd like to disagree that the verb after UNTIL is the prior action.

Say, he finished at 8:40PM. The meaning of the sentence is that we stayed till 8:40PM(the time when he finished).
The action of staying was happening for a continuous time till 8:40PM(before he even finished).

If the verb after UNTIL is the prior action, then do you mean that he finished and then they stayed? Now, that doesn't make sense to me.
Then the sentence would be, We stayed after he finished.

Hi,
I was also confused and got more confused after reading your post. But after a long pause I understood what sayantanc2k is trying to convey
What you are phrasing would be -
We stayed until he finished. ( both action got over at the same time; we aren't clear with the sequence)

However, if we say
We stayed until he had finished. ( we are clear with the sequence)
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