My usual disclaimer applies here: this is an unofficial question, so it's inevitably imperfect (at the very least, "phenomenon" should be plural!), and I'd caution against overanalyzing it. Spoiler alert: the same is true of the questions that I write.

In this case, the parallelism and subject-verb agreement lead us to eliminate everything besides (B) and (D), as daagh and others have explained.
But what's wrong with (D)? Well, I'm not sure that it's grammatically
wrong, exactly -- it's just that there's no good reason to include the phase "to have begun." The meaning of the sentence is clearer without that phrase, so (B) wins.
To be fair, you could argue that the author is trying to emphasize the origins of the beliefs, and that argument would support (B). But again, I wouldn't read too much into this: an "official" version of the question wouldn't leave much reasonable space for argument.