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Can someone please explain this?
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Can someone please explain this?

The question is explained in detail. Please read the previous page.
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Can someone please explain this?

The question is explained in detail. Please read the previous page.

Thanks Bunuel, could you suggest me which one. I could not make sense of the best Community reply.

Posted from my mobile device
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mymba99
According to its proponents, a proposed new style of aircraft could, by skimming along the top of the atmosphere, fly between most points on Earth in under two hours.


(A) According to its proponents, a proposed new style of aircraft could, by skimming along the top of the atmosphere, fly between most points on Earth in under two hours.

(B) By skimming along the top of the atmosphere, proponents of a proposed new style of aircraft say it could fly between most points on Earth in under two hours.

(C) A proposed new style of aircraft could fly between most points on Earth in under two hours, according to its proponents, with it skimming along the top of the atmosphere.

(D) A proposed new style of aircraft, say its proponents, could fly between most points on Earth in under two hours because of its skimming along the top of the atmosphere.

(E) According to its proponents, skimming along the top of the atmosphere makes it possible that a proposed new style of aircraft could fly between most points on Earth in under two hours.

This question is based on Modifiers and Construction.

Option B contains a modifier error.
The modifier “By……atmosphere” is followed by the noun ‘proponents’ after the comma, implying that proponents are skimming along the top of the atmosphere. Since this is clearly illogical, Option B can be eliminated.

In Option C, the modifier “According to its proponents” is placed far away from the subject “a proposed new style of aircraft”. Since the noun ‘Earth’ is also present before the modifier, the pronoun ‘its’ becomes ambiguous as we cannot be sure what the antecedent of the pronoun is. C also has another ambiguous pronoun ‘it’ in the latter part. So, Option C can also be eliminated.

In Option D the pronoun ‘its’ is ambiguous as we cannot be sure what the antecedent of the pronoun is. Since the noun ‘Earth’ is also present before the pronoun, the pronoun should not be used in this sentence. So, Option D can also be eliminated.

In Option E, the modifier “According to its proponents” does not have a clear subject. The construction of this sentence is not stylistically graceful either. So, Option E can be eliminated.

In Option A, the modifier “According to its proponents” is correctly placed before its intended subject – a proposed new style of aircraft. There is no pronoun in this option, so the error of ambiguous pronoun is also avoided.

Therefore, A is the most appropriate option.

Jayanthi Kumar.
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Quote:
According to its proponents, a proposed new style of aircraft could, by skimming along the top of the atmosphere, fly between most points on Earth in under two hours.


(A) According to its proponents, a proposed new style of aircraft could, by skimming along the top of the atmosphere, fly between most points on Earth in under two hours.

(B) By skimming along the top of the atmosphere, proponents of a proposed new style of aircraft say it could fly between most points on Earth in under two hours.

(C) A proposed new style of aircraft could fly between most points on Earth in under two hours, according to its proponents, with it skimming along the top of the atmosphere.

(D) A proposed new style of aircraft, say its proponents, could fly between most points on Earth in under two hours because of its skimming along the top of the atmosphere.

(E) According to its proponents, skimming along the top of the atmosphere makes it possible that a proposed new style of aircraft could fly between most points on Earth in under two hours.
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Hi Honorable Experts,
MartyTargetTestPrep, GMATNinja, GMATGuruNY, AjiteshArun, VeritasPrepHailey, BrightOutlookJenn,
I'm passing hard time to grasp the usage of the highlighted part. Can you explain how the highlighted part makes the sentences wrong?
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Quote:
According to its proponents, a proposed new style of aircraft could, by skimming along the top of the atmosphere, fly between most points on Earth in under two hours.


(A) According to its proponents, a proposed new style of aircraft could, by skimming along the top of the atmosphere, fly between most points on Earth in under two hours.

(B) By skimming along the top of the atmosphere, proponents of a proposed new style of aircraft say it could fly between most points on Earth in under two hours.

(C) A proposed new style of aircraft could fly between most points on Earth in under two hours, according to its proponents, with it skimming along the top of the atmosphere.

(D) A proposed new style of aircraft, say its proponents, could fly between most points on Earth in under two hours because of its skimming along the top of the atmosphere.

(E) According to its proponents, skimming along the top of the atmosphere makes it possible that a proposed new style of aircraft could fly between most points on Earth in under two hours.
Request Expert Reply:
Hi Honorable Experts,
MartyTargetTestPrep, GMATNinja, GMATGuruNY, AjiteshArun, VeritasPrepHailey, BrightOutlookJenn,
I'm passing hard time to grasp the usage of the highlighted part. Can you explain how the highlighted part makes the sentences wrong?
Thanks__
I'm eagerly expecting feedback from my honorable experts! Appreciating your help, experts.
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Hi egmat, VeritasKarishma, generis
Hope you all are doing great!

I have a doubt related to option D. Can the below-highlighted structure act as an independent clause?

(D) A proposed new style of aircraft, say its proponents, could fly between most points on Earth in under two hours because of its skimming along the top of the atmosphere.
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Hi egmat, VeritasKarishma, generis
Hope you all are doing great!

I have a doubt related to option D. Can the below-highlighted structure act as an independent clause?

(D) A proposed new style of aircraft, say its proponents, could fly between most points on Earth in under two hours because of its skimming along the top of the atmosphere.

No, it is not an independent clause. You cannot join two independent clauses with just a comma. It is a writing style which means:

The proponents of a proposed new style of aircraft say that the aircraft could fly ...
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KarishmaB

Hi Karishma,

(E) According to its proponents, skimming along the top of the atmosphere makes "it" possible that a proposed new style of aircraft could fly between most points on Earth in under two hours.

"IT" refers to what? Is it a placeholder pronoun? Or meaning-wise "it' refers to fly but grammatically not possible.

I also wanted to understand usage of "between". As per the idiom, it must be "between x & y". Are there any other usage of between ("between most points)?

Thanks in advance!
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KarishmaB

Hi Karishma,

(E) According to its proponents, skimming along the top of the atmosphere makes "it" possible that a proposed new style of aircraft could fly between most points on Earth in under two hours.

"IT" refers to what? Is it a placeholder pronoun? Or meaning-wise "it' refers to fly but grammatically not possible.

I also wanted to understand usage of "between". As per the idiom, it must be "between x & y". Are there any other usage of between ("between most points)?

Thanks in advance!

Hello Sneha2021,

We hope this finds you well.

To answer your query, here, the "it" bolded by you incorrectly serves as a placeholder pronoun.

Further, "between A and B" is the only correct usage; "between most points" is not correct, as "between" is only used to refer to a collection of two things; "among" is used to refer to a collection of more than two things.

We hope this helps.
All the best!
Experts' Global Team
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KarishmaB

Hi Karishma,

(E) According to its proponents, skimming along the top of the atmosphere makes "it" possible that a proposed new style of aircraft could fly between most points on Earth in under two hours.

"IT" refers to what? Is it a placeholder pronoun? Or meaning-wise "it' refers to fly but grammatically not possible.

I also wanted to understand usage of "between". As per the idiom, it must be "between x & y". Are there any other usage of between ("between most points)?

Thanks in advance!

Yes, "it" is a placeholder.

... skimming ... makes it possible ...

Skimming makes what possible? That the aircraft could fly between most points on Earth in under two hours.
"it" is this whole clause.

This is an informal usage. As my solution explains, a big problem with (E) is that the modifier "according to its proponents" uses the pronoun "its" which should refer to the subject after the comma. So it should be written as "According to its proponents, a proposed new style of aircraft..."
Here "its" refers to the aircraft. This is correctly written in option (A).
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KarishmaB

Why D is incorrect?
(D) A proposed new style of aircraft, say its proponents, could fly between most points on Earth in under two hours because of its skimming along the top of the atmosphere.
Are there any grammatical errors?
Why skimming can't be the reason to fly btw most points on Earth?
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Sneha2021
KarishmaB

Why D is incorrect?
(D) A proposed new style of aircraft, say its proponents, could fly between most points on Earth in under two hours because of its skimming along the top of the atmosphere.
Are there any grammatical errors?
Why skimming can't be the reason to fly btw most points on Earth?

Sneha2021

We prefer to use nouns after possessive, not gerunds in formal writing.

So use of 'skimming' after 'its' is not good. We can say 'its technology,' but not 'its skimming along the top of the atmosphere.'

Also 'by' is a better connector than 'because of' in this context. It is able to fly between most points in under two hours - how? By skimming along the top ...
This is the way in which it is able to fly in under two hours. The skimming is not the cause of a short duration flight. It is the way in which it shortens the flight duration.
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KarishmaB
According to its proponents, a proposed new style of aircraft could, by skimming along the top of the atmosphere, fly between most points on Earth in under two hours.

What's the subject of "could fly"? It should be "aircraft" but it is inside a prepositional phrase "a proposed new style of"
Can you please help to understand such SV structure?

Also "According to its proponents" must modify aircraft but acc to this structure, it is modifying "new style".

Thank you for your time :)
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Dear Friends,

Here is a detailed explanation to this question-
mymba99
According to its proponents, a proposed new style of aircraft could, by skimming along the top of the atmosphere, fly between most points on Earth in under two hours.


(A) According to its proponents, a proposed new style of aircraft could, by skimming along the top of the atmosphere, fly between most points on Earth in under two hours.

(B) By skimming along the top of the atmosphere, proponents of a proposed new style of aircraft say it could fly between most points on Earth in under two hours.

(C) A proposed new style of aircraft could fly between most points on Earth in under two hours, according to its proponents, with it skimming along the top of the atmosphere.

(D) A proposed new style of aircraft, say its proponents, could fly between most points on Earth in under two hours because of its skimming along the top of the atmosphere.

(E) According to its proponents, skimming along the top of the atmosphere makes it possible that a proposed new style of aircraft could fly between most points on Earth in under two hours.

Meaning is crucial to solving this problem:
Understanding the intended meaning is key to solving this question; the intended meaning of this sentence is that according to proponents of the new style of aircraft, it could fly between most points on Earth in under two hours by skimming along the top of the atmosphere.

Concepts tested here: Meaning + Modifiers + Pronouns + Idioms

• In a “phrase + comma + noun” construction, the phrase must correctly modify the noun; this is one of the most frequently tested concepts on GMAT sentence correction.
• "due to" is used to modify nouns and "because of" is used to modify verbs and clauses.
• A pronoun and its derivatives can only refer to one noun in a sentence.

A: Correct. This answer choice correctly modifies the clause "a proposed new style of aircraft could" with the phrase "by skimming along the top of the atmosphere", conveying the intended meaning - that the new style of aircraft could fly between most points on Earth in under two hours, and it could do so by skimming along the top of the atmosphere. Further, Option A correctly uses the pronoun "its" to refer only to "a...new style of aircraft". Additionally, Option A avoids the idiomatic error seen in Option D, as it uses the phrase "by skimming" rather than "because of" or "due to". Besides, Option A is free of any awkwardness or redundancy.

B: This answer choice incorrectly uses "By skimming along the top of the atmosphere" to modify "proponents of a proposed new style of aircraft", illogically implying that the proponents skim along the top of the atmosphere; the intended meaning is that the new style of aircraft skims along the top of the atmosphere; remember, in a “phrase + comma + noun” construction, the phrase must correctly modify the noun.

C: This answer choice alters the meaning of the sentence through the phrase "with it skimming along the top of the atmosphere"; the construction of this phrase leads to an incoherent meaning; the intended meaning is that according to proponents of the new style of aircraft, it could fly between most points on Earth in under two hours by skimming along the top of the atmosphere.

D: This answer choice alters the meaning of the sentence through the phrase "because of its skimming"; the construction of this phrase incorrectly implies that the new style of aircraft could fly between most points on Earth in under two hours because it has already skimmed along the top of the atmosphere; the intended meanings that the new style of aircraft could fly between most points on Earth in under two hours by skimming along the top of the atmosphere. Further, Option D unidiomatically uses "because of" to refer to the noun phrase "its skimming"; remember, "due to" is used to modify nouns, and "because of" is used to modify verbs and clauses.

E: This answer choice incorrectly uses "its" to refer to "a...new style of aircraft" and as a placeholder pronoun; remember, a pronoun and its derivatives can only refer to one noun in a sentence. Further, Option E uses the needlessly wordy phrase "makes it possible that", leading to awkwardness and redundancy.

Hence, A is the best answer choice.

To understand the concept of "Phrase Comma Subject" and "Subject Comma Phrase" on GMAT, you may want to watch the following video (~1 minute):



All the best!
Experts' Global Team


I thought "because of" can also precedes a noun phrase, so "because of" in D is not necessarily incorrect, or am I wrong?
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Schachfreizeit

I thought "because of" can also precedes a noun phrase, so "because of" in D is not necessarily incorrect, or am I wrong?



Hello Schachfreizeit,

I will be glad to help you with this query. :)

Yes, you are correct. The phrase "because of" is always followed by a noun because a preposition is always followed by a noun, and this phrase "because of" ends with the preposition "of". So, grammatically, the use of "because of" is not incorrect as such. However, the phrasing of this choice does not present the intended meaning clearly.


Hope this helps. :)
Thanks.
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